PEOPLE KNOWN FOR: social movement
American religious leader and civil-rights activist
Martin Luther King, Jr. was a Baptist minister and social activist who led the civil rights movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968. His leadership was...
American first lady
Nancy Reagan was an American first lady (1981–89)—the wife of Ronald Reagan, 40th president of the United States—and actress, noted for her efforts to discourage drug use by American youths. Christened...
Myanmar politician and opposition leader
Aung San Suu Kyi is a politician and opposition leader of Myanmar, daughter of Aung San (a martyred national hero of independent Burma) and Khin Kyi (a prominent Burmese diplomat), and winner of the Nobel...
American first lady
Rosalynn Carter was an American first lady (1977–81)—the wife of Jimmy Carter, 39th president of the United States—and mental health advocate. She was one of the most politically astute and active of all...
Chinese official
Lin Zexu was a leading Chinese scholar and official of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty, known for his role in the events leading up to the first Opium War (1839–42) between Britain and China. He was a proponent...
American first lady
Pat Nixon was an American first lady (1969–74), the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th president of the United States, who espoused the cause of volunteerism during her husband’s term. Nicknamed “Pat” because...
American social reformer
Margaret Sanger was the founder of the birth control movement in the United States and an international leader in the field. She is credited with originating the term birth control. Sanger was the sixth...
American scientist
Norman Ernest Borlaug was an American agricultural scientist and plant pathologist, and winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1970. Known as the “Father of the Green Revolution,” Borlaug helped lay the...
American activist
Maggie Kuhn was an American social activist who was central in establishing the group that became known as the Gray Panthers, which works for the rights and welfare of the elderly. Kuhn was raised in the...
American temperance leader
Mary Hannah Hanchett Hunt was an American temperance leader who adopted a physiological basis for her campaign against the use of alcoholic beverages. Mary Hanchett taught school for a year before attending...
British botanist and social worker
Marie Stopes was an advocate of birth control who, in 1921, founded the United Kingdom’s first instructional clinic for contraception. Although her clinical work, writings, and speeches evoked violent...
American temperance leader
Carry Nation was an American temperance advocate famous for using a hatchet to demolish barrooms. Carry Moore as a child experienced poverty, her mother’s mental instability, and frequent bouts of ill...
Guatemalan activist
Rigoberta Menchú is a Guatemalan Indian-rights activist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1992. Menchú, of the Quiché Maya group, spent her childhood helping with her family’s agricultural...
American nun
Sister Helen Prejean is an American nun, who was a leader in the movement to abolish the death penalty. Prejean worked actively on behalf of both death row inmates and family members of murder victims....
American social reformer
Anna Adams Gordon was an American social reformer who was a strong and effective force in the American temperance movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Gordon studied at Mount Holyoke Female...
American social reformer
Madeline McDowell Breckinridge was an American social reformer whose efforts focused on child welfare, health issues, and women’s rights. She was educated in Lexington, Kentucky, and at Miss Porter’s School...
Bulgarian political leader
Aleksandŭr Stamboliyski was the leader of the Agrarian Party in Bulgaria, supporter of the Allied cause during World War I in opposition to his pro-German king Ferdinand, and prime minister of a reformist...
American educator
Mary McLeod Bethune was an American educator who was active nationally in African American affairs and was a special adviser to U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt on the problems of minority groups. Mary...
American civil-rights activist
Walter White was the foremost spokesman for African Americans for almost a quarter of a century and executive secretary (1931–55) of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)....
Syrian politician
Akram al-Hawrani was a radical politician and populist leader who had a determining influence on the course of Syrian politics in the two decades after World War II. Hawrani’s radical orientation had its...
American activist
Bobby Seale is an American political activist who founded, along with Huey P. Newton, the Black Panther Party; Seale also served as the national chairman. He was one of a generation of young African American...
American activist
Martha McClellan Brown was an American temperance leader who is believed to have drafted the call for the convention that organized the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Martha McClellan was reared...
American activist
Jody Williams is an American activist who helped found the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) in 1992. In 1997 she and the campaign were named corecipients of the Nobel Prize for Peace. (Read...
American political activist
Rebecca Ann Felton was an American political activist, writer, and lecturer, and the first woman seated in the U.S. Senate. Rebecca Latimer was graduated first in her class from the Madison Female College,...
French politician
Pierre Poujade was a French bookseller, publisher, and politician who led a much publicized right-wing protest movement in France during the 1950s. Poujade served (1939–40) in the aviation wing of the...
American farm organizer
Mary Anne Bryant Mayo was an American farm organizer, noted for her efforts toward farm-community improvement as part of the Granger movement in the United States. Mary Anne Bryant became a district school...
Danish politician
Anton Frederik Tscherning was a military reformer and radical champion of democracy in mid-19th-century Denmark. While still an artillery officer in the Danish army, Tscherning developed a hatred for his...
Japanese politician and social reformer
Suzuki Bunji was a Japanese Christian who was one of the primary organizers of the labour movement in Japan. An early convert to Christianity, Suzuki, like many of his co-religionists, soon became active...
Argentine sculptor and architect
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel is an Argentine sculptor and architect, who became a champion of human rights and nonviolent reform in Latin America. His work as secretary-general of Peace and Justice (Paz y Justicia),...
Norwegian politician
Halvor Hoel was a peasant agitator who influenced peasant opinion against Norway’s early 19th-century political leaders. A member of a wealthy peasant family, Hoel opposed the upper-class, urban-dominated...
Norwegian peasant leader
Christian Jensen Lofthuus was a leader of a reform movement who sought redress for the grievances of Norway’s peasantry from the absolutist Danish-Norwegian government. His imprisonment and death made...
English crusader
William FitzOsbert was an English crusader and populist, a martyr for the poorer classes of London. A London citizen of good family, FitzOsbert took part in the English expedition against the Muslims in...
Danish politician
Rasmus Møller Sørensen was a teacher and politician who was a leading agitator for agrarian reform and for the establishment of representative government in Denmark. In the 1820s and 1830s Sørensen, serving...
Danish politician and journalist
Jens Andersen Hansen was a journalist and politician, a leading 19th-century champion of Denmark’s peasantry. A self-educated shoemaker, Hansen became coeditor, with Rasmus Sørensen, of the peasant newspaper...
Swedish politician
Anders Danielsson was the foremost peasant leader in early 19th-century Sweden. Danielsson was elected to the peasant chamber of the Riksdag (Parliament) in 1809. At the height of his career he came to...
Norwegian educator and politician
Ole Gabriel Gabrielson Ueland was a teacher and politician, the foremost champion of Norway’s peasant class during the middle of the 19th century. A schoolteacher when first elected to the Storting (national...
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- Nobel Prize (all)
- Nobel Prize - Economics
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- social movement
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- socialism
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- temperance movement
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- women's movement