PEOPLE KNOWN FOR: economics
Scottish philosopher
Adam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and political economist, instrumental in the rise of classical liberalism. Adam Smith is a towering figure in the history of economic thought. Known primarily...
British economist
F.A. Hayek was an Austrian-born British economist noted for his criticisms of the Keynesian welfare state and of totalitarian socialism. In 1974 he shared the Nobel Prize for Economics with Swedish economist...
German sociologist
Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist best known for his thesis of the “Protestant ethic,” relating Protestantism to capitalism, and for his ideas on bureaucracy. Weber was the eldest...
American economist
John Kenneth Galbraith was a Canadian-born American economist and public servant known for his support of public spending and for the literary quality of his writing on public affairs. After study at the...
German philosopher
Friedrich Engels was a German socialist philosopher, the closest collaborator of Karl Marx in the foundation of modern communism. They coauthored The Communist Manifesto (1848), and Engels edited the second...
British philosopher and economist
Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher, economist, and theoretical jurist, the earliest and chief expounder of utilitarianism. At the age of four, Bentham, the son of an attorney, is said to have read...
American economist
Milton Friedman was an American economist and educator, one of the leading proponents of monetarism in the second half of the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1976. (Read Milton...
American economist and sociologist
Thorstein Veblen was an American economist and social scientist who sought to apply an evolutionary, dynamic approach to the study of economic institutions. With The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)...
English economist and demographer
Thomas Malthus was an English economist and demographer who is best known for his theory that population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply and that betterment of humankind is impossible...
British economist
John Maynard Keynes was an English economist, journalist, and financier best known for his economic theories (Keynesian economics) on the causes of prolonged unemployment. His most important work, The...
president of Côte d’Ivoire
Alassane Ouattara is an Ivoirian economist and politician who was elected president of Côte d’Ivoire in 2010. Despite Ouattara’s victory, the incumbent, Laurent Gbagbo, refused to step down, and the two...
British economist and journalist
Walter Bagehot was an economist, political analyst, and editor of The Economist who was one of the most influential journalists of the mid-Victorian period. His father’s family had been general merchants...
British economist
David Ricardo was an English economist who gave systematized, classical form to the rising science of economics in the 19th century. His laissez-faire doctrines were typified in his Iron Law of Wages,...
Italian criminologist
Cesare Beccaria was an Italian criminologist and economist whose Dei delitti e delle pene (1764; Eng. trans. J.A. Farrer, Crimes and Punishment, 1880) was a celebrated volume on the reform of criminal...
French bishop, scholar, and economist
Nicholas Oresme was a French Roman Catholic bishop, scholastic philosopher, economist, and mathematician whose work provided some basis for the development of modern mathematics and science and of French...
president of Liberia
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is a Liberian politician and economist who was president of Liberia (2006–18). She was the first woman to be elected head of state of an African country. Sirleaf was one of three...
French economist
Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, baron de l’Aulne was a French economist who was an administrator under Louis XV and served as the comptroller general of finance (1774–76) under Louis XVI. His efforts at instituting...
Scottish philosopher, historian, and economist
James Mill was a Scottish philosopher, historian, and economist. He was prominent as a representative of philosophical radicalism, a school of thought also known as Utilitarianism, which emphasized the...
American economist
Alan Greenspan is an American economist and was the chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, whose chairmanship (1987–2006) continued through the administrations of four American...
Indian economist
Amartya Sen is an Indian economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory and for his interest in the problems of...
Zambian economist and writer
Dambisa Moyo is a Zambisa economist and writer whose books, articles, and public lectures centre on the creation of wealth and the perpetuation of poverty in a global economy. Much of her writing focuses...
German economist and politician
Horst Köhler is a German economist and politician who served as managing director of the International Monetary Fund (2000–04) and as president of Germany (2004–10). Köhler’s parents were ethnic Germans...
French lawyer and politician
Christine Lagarde is a French lawyer and politician who was the first woman to serve as France’s finance minister (2007–11), as the managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF; 2011–19),...
French economist and politician
Dominique Strauss-Kahn is a French economist and politician who served (2007–11) as the managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)—the United Nations agency that helps maintain a stable...
American economist
Paul Volcker was an American economist and banker who, as chairman of the board of governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve System (1979–87), played a key role in the economic program of President Ronald...
prime minister of Italy
Mario Monti is an Italian economist, academic, and bureaucrat who served as prime minister of Italy (2011–13). Monti, the son of a banker, studied economics and management at Bocconi University in Milan...
American economist
Ben Bernanke is an American economist who served as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“the Fed”), the central bank of the United States, from 2006 to 2014. In 2022 he and...
American economist and game theorist
Thomas C. Schelling was an American economist who shared the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences with Robert J. Aumann. Schelling specialized in the application of game theory to cases in which adversaries...
Swedish economist and sociologist
Gunnar Myrdal was a Swedish economist and sociologist regarded as a major theorist of international relations and developmental economics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1974 (his cowinner...
Chinese economist
Zhou Xiaochuan is a Chinese economist, banking executive, and government official who served as the governor of the People’s Bank of China (PBC) from 2002 to 2018. Zhou was born in far northeastern China...
Argentine economist and politician
Domingo Cavallo is an Argentine economist and politician who served as economy minister of Argentina (1991–96, 2001). Cavallo was trained as a certified public accountant (1966) and earned master’s (1968)...
British industrialist and politician
David Simon, Lord Simon of Highbury is a British industrialist and politician who served as the chief executive officer of British Petroleum (BP; now BP PLC) from 1992 to 1997 and as minister for trade...
president of Botswana
Festus Mogae is an economist and politician who served as president of Botswana (1998–2008). Mogae was a member of the Ngwato, the largest Tswana group in colonial Botswana (Bechuanaland Protectorate)....
prime minister of Italy
Mario Draghi is an Italian economist who served from 2011 to 2019 as president of the European Central Bank (ECB), the financial institution responsible for making monetary decisions within the eurozone,...
American economist
Irving Fisher was an American economist best known for his work in the field of capital theory. He also contributed to the development of modern monetary theory. Fisher was educated at Yale University...
British economist
Mervyn King is a British economist who served as governor of the Bank of England (BOE; 2003–13). King, the son of a railway clerk, grew up in modest circumstances. His intelligence and drive took him to...
American economist
Arthur Laffer is an American economist who propounded the idea that lowering tax rates could result in higher revenues. His theory on taxes influenced U.S. economic policy in the 1980s, which during the...
American economist
Thomas J. Sargent is an American economist who, with Christopher A. Sims, was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize for Economics. He and Sims were honoured for their independent but complementary research on how...
French economist
Pierre-Samuel du Pont was a French economist whose numerous writings were mainly devoted to spreading the tenets of the physiocratic school and whose adherence to those doctrines largely explains his conduct...
Italian economist and sociologist
Vilfredo Pareto was an Italian economist and sociologist who is known for his theory on mass and elite interaction as well as for his application of mathematics to economic analysis. After his graduation...
American economist
Henry George was a land reformer and economist who in Progress and Poverty (1879) proposed the single tax: that the state tax away all economic rent—the income from the use of bare land but not from improvements—and...
American political scientist
Emily Greene Balch was an American sociologist, political scientist, economist, and pacifist, a leader of the women’s movement for peace during and after World War I. She received the Nobel Prize for Peace...
prime minister of Palestinian Authority
Salam Fayyad is a Palestinian economist who served as a technocratic prime minister (2007–09, 2009–13) of the Palestinian Authority (PA). He is known for his state-building program as prime minister as...
British economist and banker
Eddie George was a British economist and banker who, as governor (1993–2003) of the Bank of England (BOE), guided the British central bank to independence and thus full control over the country’s monetary...
American economist and statistician
Simon Kuznets was a Russian-born American economist and statistician who won the 1971 Nobel Prize for Economics, cited “for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new...
American economist
Helen Laura Sumner Woodbury was an American economist whose investigative work centred largely on historical and contemporary labour issues, particularly in relation to women and children. Helen Sumner...
Canadian economist
Robert A. Mundell was a Canadian-born economist who in 1999 received the Nobel Prize for Economics for his work on monetary dynamics and optimum currency areas. Mundell attended the University of British...
French economist
J.-B. Say was a French economist, best known for his law of markets, which postulates that supply creates its own demand. After completing his education, Say worked briefly for an insurance company and...
Portuguese South African economist and businesswoman
Maria Ramos is a Portuguese South African economist and businesswoman who served as CEO of the transportation company Transnet (2004–09) and later of the financial group Absa (2009–19). Ramos moved to...
American economist
Jeffrey D. Sachs is an American economist, who advised countries throughout the world in economic reform and developed initiatives intended to eradicate poverty on a global scale. Sachs studied economics...
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