Global Exploration, PLY-SAL
This general category includes a selection of more specific topics.
Global Exploration Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Plymouth Company, commercial trading company chartered by the English crown in 1606 to colonize the eastern coast......
Poliziano was an Italian poet and humanist, a friend and protégé of Lorenzo de’ Medici, and one of the foremost......
Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant and adventurer who traveled from Europe to Asia in 1271–95, remaining in China......
Juan Ponce de León was a Spanish explorer who founded the first European settlement on Puerto Rico and who is credited......
Pordenone was a High Renaissance Italian painter chiefly known for his frescoes of religious subjects. Pordenone......
Port Phillip Association, (1836–39), organization of settlers from Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) formed to purchase......
portolan chart, navigational chart of the European Middle Ages (1300–1500). The earliest dated navigational chart......
Gaspar de Portolá was a Spanish military officer, the first governor of Upper California, and founder of Monterey......
Panayotis Potagos was a physician and traveler attached to the Egyptian Service who explored the Uele River system......
John Wesley Powell was an American explorer, geologist, and ethnologist, best known for his exploration of the......
Powhatan War, (1622–44), relentless struggle between the Powhatan Indian confederacy and early English settlers......
Sir Edward Poynings was the lord deputy of Ireland from September 1494 to December 1495, mainly remembered for......
presbyter, (from Greek presbyteros, “elder”), an officer or minister in the early Christian Church intermediate......
William H. Prescott was an American historian, best known for his History of the Conquest of Mexico, 3 vol. (1843),......
Australia, established as a federated union in 1901, is a constitutional monarchy, and its government is led by......
proprietary colony, in British American colonial history, a type of settlement dominating the period 1660–90, in......
protectorate, in international relations, the relationship between two states one of which exercises some decisive......
Protestantism, Christian religious movement that began in northern Europe in the early 16th century as a reaction......
- Introduction
- Germany, Switzerland, France
- Reformation, Luther, 95 Theses
- Diet of Worms, Luther, Reformation
- Anabaptists, Pacifism, Reformation
- French Reformation, Calvinism, Huguenots
- Reformation, England, Scotland
- John Knox, Reformation, Scotland
- Charles I, Civil War, Reformation
- Restoration, 1660-85
- Expansion, Europe, Reformation
- Renewal, Denominations, Reformation
- Pietism, 17th Century, Revival
- Pietism, Central Europe, England
- Rationalism, Reformation, Doctrine
- Revival, Pietism, Reformation
- Missions, Expansion, Globalization
- Biblical Criticism
- Modernization, Ecumenism, Globalization
- Pentecostalism, Charismatic, Revivalism
- Ecumenism, Unity, Reformation
Nikolay Przhevalsky was a Russian traveler, who, by the extent of his explorations, route surveys, and plant and......
Pueblo Rebellion, (1680), carefully organized revolt of Pueblo Indians (in league with Apaches), who succeeded......
Scipione Pulzone was an Italian Renaissance painter whose early work typified the 16th-century International style.......
Treaty of Purandhar, (March 1, 1776), pact between the peshwa (chief minister) of the Marāthā people and the supreme......
Israel Putnam was an American general in the American Revolution. After moving to Pomfret, Connecticut, about 1740,......
Rufus Putnam was an American soldier and pioneer settler in Ohio. Putnam fought in the French and Indian War from......
Isaac Dignus Fransen van de Putte was a Liberal Dutch statesman who energetically attacked the exploitative colonial......
Pytheas was a navigator, geographer, astronomer, and the first Greek to visit and describe the British Isles and......
Quartering Act, (1765), in American colonial history, the British parliamentary provision (actually an amendment......
Quattrocento, the totality of cultural and artistic events and movements that occurred in Italy during the 15th......
Quebec Act, act of the British Parliament in 1774 that vested the government of Quebec in a governor and council......
Queen Anne’s War, (1702–13), second in a series of wars fought between Great Britain and France in North America......
Ra, either of two papyrus boats with which the Norwegian scientist-explorer Thor Heyerdahl crossed the Atlantic......
radio direction finder, radio receiver and directional antenna system used to determine the direction of the source......
Pierre-Esprit Radisson was a French explorer and fur trader who served both France and England in Canada. Radisson......
John Rae was a physician and explorer of the Canadian Arctic. Rae studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh......
Sir Stamford Raffles was a British East Indian administrator and founder of the port city of Singapore (1819),......
Marcantonio Raimondi was an Italian Renaissance master of engraving whose production of more than 300 prints did......
Sir Walter Raleigh was an English adventurer and writer, a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, who knighted him in......
Edward Randolph was a British royal agent, customs officer, and American colonial official. Randolph worked in......
Raphael was a master painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance. Raphael is best known for his Madonnas......
Knud Rasmussen was a Danish-Inuit explorer and ethnologist who, in the course of completing the longest dog-sledge......
John Ray was a leading 17th-century English naturalist and botanist who contributed significantly to progress in......
Guillaume-Thomas Raynal, abbé de Raynal was a French writer and propagandist who helped set the intellectual climate......
Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st marquess of Reading was a politician, lord chief justice of England, and diplomat. Called......
reason, in philosophy, the faculty or process of drawing logical inferences. The term “reason” is also used in......
Johannes Rebmann was a German missionary and explorer, the first European to penetrate Africa from its Indian Ocean......
Reformation, the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders......
region, in the social sciences, a cohesive area that is homogeneous in selected defining criteria and is distinguished......
Renaissance, period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have......
Renaissance art, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and literature produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th......
Renaissance man, an ideal that developed in Renaissance Italy from the notion expressed by one of its most-accomplished......
Paul Revere was a folk hero of the American Revolution whose dramatic horseback ride on the night of April 18,......
Rafael Reyes was an explorer and statesman who was president and dictator of Colombia from 1904 to 1909. He attempted......
Rhode Island, constituent state of the United States of America. It was one of the original 13 states and is one......
Cecil Rhodes was a financier, statesman, and empire builder of British South Africa. He was prime minister of Cape......
Jean Ribaut was a French naval officer, explorer, and colonizer. Jean Ribaut began his naval career as a youth,......
Andrea Riccio was a Renaissance sculptor and goldsmith best known for his miniature sculptures in bronze. Riccio......
Cardinal Richelieu was the chief minister to King Louis XIII of France from 1624 to 1642. His major goals, which......
Nicholas Ridley was a Protestant martyr, one of the finest academic minds in the early English Reformation. Ridley......
Jan van Riebeeck was a Dutch colonial administrator who founded (1652) Cape Town and thus opened Southern Africa......
Rif War, (1921–26), conflict between Spanish colonial forces and Rif peoples led by Muhammad Abd el-Krim. It was......
Charles Rigault de Genouilly was an admiral who initiated the French invasion of Vietnam in 1858 and the subsequent......
Luigi Robecchi-Bricchetti was an Italian explorer, the first European to cross the Somali peninsula (the Horn of......
The following article was written for the 1982 Britannica Book of the Year (events of 1981) by Robert Mugabe, who......
Jean-François de La Rocque, sieur de Roberval was a French colonizer chosen by Francis I to create a settlement......
Sir Hercules Robinson was a British colonial governor who was high commissioner in South Africa in 1880–89 and......
Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd marquess of Rockingham was the prime minister of Great Britain from July 1765 to......
John Rogers was a religious Reformer and the first Protestant martyr of the English queen Mary I’s reign. He was......
Robert Rogers was an American frontier soldier who raised and commanded a militia force, known as Rogers’s Rangers,......
Rohilla War, (1774), in the history of India, the conflict in which Warren Hastings, British governor-general of......
Gerhard Rohlfs was a German explorer renowned for his dramatic journeys across the deserts of North Africa. More......
John Rolfe was a Virginia planter and colonial official who was the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the Indian......
Roman Catholicism, Christian religion that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization.......
- Introduction
- Emergence, Beliefs, Practices
- Early Church, Sacraments, Doctrine
- Popular Christianity, Sacraments, Beliefs
- Crusades, Papacy, Doctrine
- Monasticism, Orders, Canons
- Scholasticism, Aquinas, Theology
- Babylonian Captivity, Papal Authority, Schism
- Reformation, Beliefs, Practices
- Reformation, Counter-Reformation, Church
- Reformation, Papacy, Doctrine
- Jansenism, Papal Authority, Grace
- Suppression, Jesuits, Papal
- Pius IX, Papal States, Syllabus Errorum
- Vatican II, Ecumenism, Liturgy
- Roman Catholicism in the United States and Canada
- Hierarchy, Sacraments, Doctrine
- Papal Authority, Medieval Church, Ancient Church
- Clergy, Sacraments, Doctrine
- Monasticism, Clergy, Laity
- Sacraments, Dogma, Liturgy
- Revelation, Dogma, Sacraments
- Dogmas, Doctrines, Beliefs
- Baptism, Sacraments, Faith
- Anointing, Healing, Sacrament
- Paraliturgical Devotions
- Liturgy, Scripture, Sacraments
- Church-State Relations
- Ecumenism, Liturgy, Doctrine
Romance languages, group of related languages all derived from Vulgar Latin within historical times and forming......
- Introduction
- Classification, Problems, Methods
- Latin, Development, Dialects
- Religion, Culture, Latin
- Latin, Indo-European, Dialects
- Vowel Shifts, Grammar, Dialects
- Grammar, Dialects, Vocabulary
- Verbal Inflection, Grammar, Dialects
- Syntax, Grammar, Vocabulary
- Latin, French, Spanish
- Orthography, Grammar, Vocabulary
Il Romanino was an Italian painter, leading artist of the Brescia school during the Renaissance. Romanino is believed......
Cândido Rondon was a Brazilian explorer and protector of indigenous people. As a young soldier, he was assigned......
Finn Ronne was a Norwegian-born American explorer and writer who visited Antarctica nine times, discovering and......
Sir James Clark Ross was a British naval officer who carried out important magnetic surveys in the Arctic and Antarctic......
Sir John Ross was a British naval officer whose second Arctic expedition in search of the Northwest Passage, the......
Antonio Rossellino was a notable and prolific Italian Renaissance sculptor who was the youngest brother of the......
Bernardo Rossellino was an influential early Italian Renaissance architect and sculptor, who established a new......
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Swiss-born philosopher, writer, and political theorist whose treatises and novels inspired......
Royal Geographical Society (RGS), British group founded as the Geographical Society of London in 1830. Its headquarters......
Royal Niger Company, 19th-century British mercantile company that operated in the lower valley of the Niger River......
Palazzo Rucellai, early Renaissance palace in Florence, designed c. 1445–70 by Leon Battista Alberti for the Rucellai,......
Benjamin Rush was an American physician and political leader, a member of the Continental Congress and a signer......
Eduard Rüppell was a German naturalist and explorer of northeastern Africa who is remembered as much for the zoological......
Sacagawea was a Shoshone Indian woman who, as an interpreter, traveled thousands of wilderness miles with the Lewis......
George Sackville-Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville was an English soldier and politician. He was dismissed from the......
Egidius Sadeler, II was a Flemish engraver, print dealer, and painter, most noted for his reproduction engravings......
Safavid dynasty, (1501–1736), ruling dynasty of Iran whose establishment of Twelver Shiʿism as the state religion......
Treaty of Saigon, (June 1862), agreement by which France achieved its initial foothold on the Indochinese Peninsula.......
Saint Helena, island and British overseas territory in the South Atlantic Ocean. It lies about 1,200 miles (1,950......
Saint Kitts and Nevis, state composed of two islands of the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Their......
Sir Anthony Saint Leger was an English lord deputy of Ireland from 1540 to 1548, 1550 to 1551, and 1553 to 1556.......
Saint Lucia, island state in the Caribbean Sea. It is the second largest of the Windward group in the Lesser Antilles......
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, island country lying within the Lesser Antilles, in the eastern Caribbean Sea.......
Louis Juchereau de Saint-Denis was a French-Canadian explorer and soldier, leader of a 1714 expedition from French-held......
Shishaku Saitō Makoto was a Japanese naval officer and statesman who was prime minister of Japan (1932–34) and......
Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd marquess of Salisbury was a Conservative political leader who was a three-time......
Salt March, major nonviolent protest action in India led by Mahatma Gandhi in March–April 1930. The march was the......