Global Exploration, NIN-PLA
This general category includes a selection of more specific topics.
Global Exploration Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Ninety-five Theses, propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written (in Latin) and......
Marcos de Niza was a Franciscan friar who claimed to have sighted the legendary “Seven Golden Cities of Cibola”......
Umberto Nobile was an Italian aeronautical engineer and pioneer in Arctic aviation who in 1926, with the Norwegian......
Nonimportation Agreements, (1765–75), in U.S. colonial history, attempts to force British recognition of political......
Nootka Sound controversy, (1790), dispute over the seizure of vessels at Nootka Sound, an inlet on the western......
Adolf Erik, Baron Nordenskiöld was a Swedish geologist, mineralogist, geographer, and explorer who sailed from......
Otto Nordenskjöld was a Swedish geographer and explorer whose expedition to the Antarctic was distinguished by......
Norfolk Island, external territory of Australia, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, 1,041 miles (1,676 km) northeast......
Norodom was the king of Cambodia (1860–1904) who, under duress, placed his country under the control of the French......
North Africa campaigns, (1940–43), in World War II, series of battles for control of North Africa. At stake was......
North America, third largest of the world’s continents, lying for the most part between the Arctic Circle and the......
- Introduction
- Geology, Plate Tectonics, Erosion
- Geology, Forests, Lakes
- Tectonics, Evolution, Geology
- Prehistoric, Geology, Plate Tectonics
- Late Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Geology
- Glaciation, Migration, Megafauna
- Marginal Mountains, Geology, Climate
- Lowlands, Plains, Coastlines
- Lakes, Rivers, Coastlines
- Grassland, Desert, Tundra
- Air Masses, Climate, Weather
- Climate, Geography, Wildlife
- Boreal Forest, Wildlife, Ecosystems
- Prairies, Steppes, Savannas
- Indigenous, Settlers, Immigration
- Dispossession, Indigenous, Colonization
- African Heritage, Culture, History
- Economy, Trade, Resources
- Coal Deposits, Mining, Geology
- Wildlife, Flora, Fauna
- Farming, Crops, Livestock
- Hydroelectricity, Rivers, Dams
- Trade, Resources, Markets
- Transportation, Infrastructure, Trade
North Carolina, constituent state of the United States of America. One of the 13 original states, it lies on the......
Frederick North, Lord North was the prime minister from 1770 to 1782, whose vacillating leadership contributed......
Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, lying in the northeastern quadrant of the island of Ireland, on the......
- Introduction
- Maritime, Temperate, Rainfall
- Religion, Protestantism, Catholicism
- Economy, Agriculture, Manufacturing
- Economy, Taxation, Investment
- Politics, Sectarianism, Devolution
- Justice, Law, Conflict
- Security, Conflict, Peace
- Culture, Traditions, Music
- Cultural, Institutions, History
- Plantations, Conflict, Union
- Home Rule, Troubles, Peace Process
- Disintegration of stability
João da Nova was a Spanish navigator who in the service of Portugal discovered the islands of Ascension and St.......
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca was a Spanish explorer who spent eight years in the Gulf region of present-day Texas.......
Nādir Shāh was an Iranian ruler and conqueror who created an Iranian empire that stretched from the Indus River......
Nūr Jahān was the de facto ruler of India during the later years of the reign of her husband Jahāngīr, who was......
Bernardino Ochino was a Protestant convert from Roman Catholicism who became an itinerant Reformer and influenced......
Johann Oecolampadius was a German humanist, preacher, and patristic scholar who, as a close friend of the Swiss......
Peter Skene Ogden was a Canadian fur trader and a major explorer of the American West—the Great Basin, Oregon and......
James Edward Oglethorpe was an English army officer, philanthropist, and founder of the British colony of Georgia......
Ohio Company, in U.S. colonial history, organization of Englishmen and Virginians, established in 1748, to promote......
Bartolomé Ordóñez was a sculptor who was one of the originators of the Spanish school of Renaissance sculpture.......
Francisco de Orellana was a Spanish soldier and the first European explorer of the Amazon River. After participating......
Andreas Osiander was a German theologian who helped introduce the Protestant Reformation to Nürnberg. The son of......
James Otis was an American political activist during the period leading up to the American Revolution. He helped......
Nicolás de Ovando was a Spanish military leader and the first royal governor of the West Indies. He was the first......
Adolf Overweg was a German geologist, astronomer, and traveler who was the first European to circumnavigate and......
John Oxley was a surveyor-general and explorer who played an important part in the exploration of eastern Australia......
Juan de Oñate was a conquistador who established the colony of New Mexico for Spain. During his despotic governorship,......
Duarte Pacheco Pereira was a Portuguese seafarer and compiler of sailing directions. The Portuguese poet Luís de......
Michael Pacher was a late Gothic painter and wood-carver, one of the earliest artists to introduce the principles......
Padri War, (1821–37), armed conflict in Minangkabau (Sumatra) between reformist Muslims, known as Padris, and local......
Thomas Paine was an English-American writer and political pamphleteer whose Common Sense pamphlet and Crisis papers......
Pakistan, populous multiethnic country of South Asia. Having a predominately Indo-Iranian speaking population,......
- Introduction
- Himalayas, Karakoram, Indus
- Balochistan, Plateau, Geography
- Indus River, Plains, Agriculture
- Deserts, Thar, Indus
- Flora, Fauna, Ecosystems
- Ethnic Groups, Languages, Religions
- Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism
- Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan
- Urbanization, Cities, Megacities
- Agriculture, Manufacturing, Services
- Resources, Power, Economy
- Economy, Banking, Taxation
- Labour, Taxation, Economy
- Federalism, Democracy, Constitution
- Constitution, Federalism, Democracy
- Politics, Constitution, Democracy
- Housing, Urbanization, Migration
- Culture, Cuisine, Traditions
- Arts, Culture, Heritage
- Partition, Independence, Conflict
- Muslim League, Jinnah, Partition
- Partition, Independence, 1947
- Political Decline, Bureaucratic Ascendancy
- Military, Government, Politics
- Disunion, Zia-ul-Huq, Era
- Zia-ul-Haq, Military Rule, Islamization
- Fragmentation, Ethnicity, Conflict
- Bhutto, Politics, Economy
- Conflict, Economy, Nuclear Tests
- Pervez Musharraf, Government, Politics
- Constitution, Politics, Society
- Politics, Economy, Society
- Nawaz Sharif, Politics, Economy
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was an Italian Renaissance composer of more than 105 masses and 250 motets, a......
Nathaniel Palmer was an American sea captain and explorer after whom Palmer Land, a stretch of western Antarctic......
Palomino De Castro Y Velasco was a Spanish painter, scholar, and author, the last court painter to King Charles......
Pan-American Union, Organization formed in 1890 to promote cooperation among the countries of Latin America and......
Panama, country of Central America located on the Isthmus of Panama, the narrow bridge of land that connects North......
- Introduction
- Tropical, Rainforest, Maritime
- Urbanization, Migration, Trade
- Finance, Banking, Economy
- Democracy, Constitution, Politics
- Culture, Traditions, Festivals
- Sports, Recreation, Culture
- Transcontinental Railroad, Canal Projects
- WWII, Intrigues, Canal
- Invasion, US, 1989
- US Relations, Canal, Trade
Pangkor Engagement, (1874), treaty between the British government and Malay chiefs in Perak, the first step in......
Battles of Panipat, (1526, 1556, 1761), three military engagements, important in the history of northern India,......
Papua New Guinea, island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It encompasses the eastern half of New Guinea,......
Paraguay, landlocked country in south-central South America. Paraguay’s recent history has been characterized by......
- Introduction
- Rivers, Forests, Plains
- Wildlife, Ecosystems, Forests
- Agriculture, Industry, Trade
- Hydroelectricity, Agriculture, Timber
- Trade, Agriculture, Manufacturing
- Politics, Constitution, Society
- Security, Military, Politics
- Culture, Traditions, Cuisine
- Colonial History, Jesuit Missions, Independence
- War, Triple Alliance, Conflict
- Dictatorship, Stroessner, Repression
- Politics, Economy, Society
Treaty of Paris, (1763), treaty concluding the Franco-British conflicts of the Seven Years’ War (called the French......
Mungo Park was a Scottish explorer of the Niger. Educated as a surgeon at the University of Edinburgh, Park was......
Matthew Parker was an Anglican archbishop of Canterbury (1559–75) who presided over the Elizabethan religious settlement......
Francis Parkman was an American historian noted for his classic seven-volume history of France and England in North......
Admonition to Parliament, Puritan manifesto, published in 1572 and written by the London clergymen John Field and......
Parmigianino was an Italian painter who was one of the first artists to develop the elegant and sophisticated version......
Battle of Passchendaele, (July 31–November 6, 1917), World War I battle that served as a vivid symbol of the mud,......
Francis Daniel Pastorius was a German educator, humanitarian, author, and public official who helped settle Pennsylvania......
Walter Pater was an English critic, essayist, and humanist whose advocacy of “art for art’s sake” became a cardinal......
William Paterson was a Scottish founder of the Bank of England, writer on economic issues, and the prime mover......
José Patiño, marquis de Patiño was a Spanish statesman who was one of the most outstanding ministers of the Spanish......
Auguste Pavie was a French explorer and diplomat, who is best known for his explorations of the upper Mekong River......
Robert Peary was a U.S. Arctic explorer usually credited with leading the first expedition to reach the North Pole......
Christiern Pedersen was a Danish humanist who was among the first to rediscover Denmark’s national literary and......
Penang, island of Malaysia, lying in the Strait of Malacca off the northwest coast of peninsular Malaya, from which......
Edmund Pendleton was a Virginia patriot during the American Revolution. Pendleton’s father and grandfather died......
William Penn was an English Quaker leader and advocate of religious freedom, who oversaw the founding of the American......
Pennsylvania, constituent state of the United States of America, one of the original 13 American colonies. The......
Pequot War, war fought in 1636–37 by the Pequot people against a coalition of English settlers from the Massachusetts......
Perak War, (c. 1874–76), rebellion against the British by a group of dissident Malay chiefs that culminated in......
Pedro de Peralta was a Spanish colonial official who established Santa Fe as the capital of New Mexico. Peralta......
Ami Perrin was a Swiss opponent of the religious Reformer John Calvin at Geneva and leader of the anti-Calvinist......
Nicolas Perrot was a French fur trader, North American colonial official, and explorer. Perrot immigrated to New......
Sir John Perrot was the lord deputy of Ireland from 1584 to 1588, who established an English colony in Munster......
Peru, country in western South America. Except for the Lake Titicaca basin in the southeast, its borders lie in......
- Introduction
- Amazon Rainforest, Indigenous Tribes, Andes
- Rainforest, Wildlife, Flora
- Quechua, Aymara, Spanish
- Colonial Patterns, Inca Empire, Andes
- Population, Migration, Urbanization
- Mining, Agriculture, Tourism
- Services, Labour, Taxation
- Politics, Constitution, Society
- Culture, Cuisine, Traditions
- Inca, Archaeology, Museums
- Inca, Spanish Conquest, Pre-Columbian
- Spanish Conquest, Inca Empire, Andes
- Independence, Revolution, Viceroyalty
- War of Pacific, Chile, Bolivia
- Aprista Movement, Politics, History
- Democracy, Elections, Stability
- The second junta
Perugino was an Italian Renaissance painter of the Umbria school and the teacher of Raphael. His work (e.g., Christ......
Pesellino was an Italian artist of the early Renaissance who excelled in the execution of small-scale paintings.......
Peter Martyr d’Anghiera was a chaplain to the court of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile,......
Carl Peters was a German explorer who advanced the establishment of the German East African protectorate of Tanganyika,......
John Petherick was a British trader and explorer who investigated the western tributaries of the Nile River and......
Petrarch was an Italian scholar, poet, and humanist whose poems addressed to Laura, an idealized beloved, contributed......
Laurentius Petri was a Lutheran churchman, a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Sweden and the first Protestant......
Olaus Petri was a Lutheran churchman who, with his brother Laurentius, played a decisive role in the reformation......
Petrofina SA, former Belgian petroleum conglomerate that was acquired in 1999 by Total, a French oil firm, to create......
Phan Thanh Gian was a Vietnamese government official and diplomat whose conservatism and strict adherence to the......
Phaulkon-Tachard conspiracy, (1685–88), in Thai history, an unsuccessful attempt to establish French control over......
Sir Arthur Purves Phayre was a British commissioner in Burma (Myanmar), who made a novel attempt to spread European......
Paul-Louis-Félix Philastre was a French administrator and diplomat who, in the formative years of colonialism in......
H. Saint John Philby was a British explorer and Arabist, the first European to cross the Rubʿ al-Khali, or Empty......
Arthur Phillip was a British admiral whose convict settlement established at Sydney in 1788 was the first permanent......
philosophy, (from Greek, by way of Latin, philosophia, “love of wisdom”) the rational, abstract, and methodical......
photogrammetry, technique that uses photographs for mapmaking and surveying. As early as 1851 the French inventor......
Carlo Piaggia was an Italian explorer who discovered Lake Kyoga (in Uganda) and investigated the Upper (southern)......
Piero della Francesca was a painter whose serene, disciplined exploration of perspective had little influence on......
Piero di Cosimo was an Italian Renaissance painter noted for his eccentric character and his fanciful mythological......
Zebulon Pike was a U.S. army officer and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado was named. In 1805 Pike, then......
Pilgrim Fathers, in American colonial history, settlers of Plymouth, Massachusetts, the first permanent colony......
Pilgrimage of Grace, (1536), a rising in the northern counties of England, the only overt immediate discontent......
Pinturicchio was an early Italian Renaissance painter known for his highly decorative frescoes. By 1481 Pinturicchio......
Martín Alonso Pinzón and Vicente Yáñez Pinzón were brothers from a family of Spanish shipowners and navigators......
William Pitt, the Elder was a British statesman, twice virtual prime minister (1756–61, 1766–68), who secured the......
William Pitt, the Younger was a British prime minister (1783–1801, 1804–06) during the French Revolutionary and......
Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conqueror of the Inca empire and founder of the city of Lima in Peru. Pizarro was......
Gonzalo Pizarro was a Spanish conqueror and explorer and leader of antiroyal forces in Peru. Pizarro is considered......
Battle of Plassey, battle fought between troops of the British East India Company, led by Robert Clive, and forces......