Global Exploration, 176-BAR

This general category includes a selection of more specific topics.
Back To Global Exploration Page

Global Exploration Encyclopedia Articles By Title

1763, Proclamation of
Proclamation of 1763, proclamation declared by the British crown at the end of the French and Indian War in North......
Abreu, Capistrano de
Capistrano de Abreu was a Brazilian historian best known for his large-scale interpretive work on Brazil’s colonial......
Abruzzi, Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, Duke d’
Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, duke d’Abruzzi was a Spanish mountaineer and explorer whose ventures......
Acehnese War
Acehnese War, (1873–1904), an armed conflict between the Netherlands and the Muslim sultanate of Aceh (also spelled......
Acontius, Jacobus
Jacobus Acontius was an advocate of religious toleration during the Reformation whose revolt took a more extreme......
Acosta, Joaquín
Joaquín Acosta was a Colombian scientist, historian, and statesman who sought to preserve knowledge of his country’s......
Adams, Samuel
Samuel Adams was a politician of the American Revolution, leader of the Massachusetts “radicals,” who was a delegate......
Adams, William
William Adams was a navigator, merchant-adventurer, and the first Englishman to visit Japan. At the age of 12 Adams......
Administration of Justice Act
Administration of Justice Act, British act (1774) that had the stated purpose of ensuring a fair trial for British......
Afghan interlude
Afghan interlude, (1722–30), period in Iranian history that began with the Afghan conquest of Iran and ended with......
Afonso V
Afonso V was the 10th king of Portugal (1438–81), known as the African from his campaigns in Morocco. The son of......
Agostino Di Duccio
Agostino Di Duccio was an early Renaissance sculptor whose work is characterized by its linear decorativeness.......
Agricola, Johann
Johann Agricola was a Lutheran Reformer, friend of Martin Luther, and advocate of antinomianism, a view asserting......
Aguirre, Lope de
Lope de Aguirre was a Spanish adventurer whose name practically became synonymous with cruelty and treachery in......
Akbar
Akbar was the greatest of the Mughal emperors of India. He reigned from 1556 to 1605 and extended Mughal power......
Akeley, Carl E.
Carl E. Akeley was an American naturalist and explorer who developed the taxidermic method for mounting museum......
Albany Congress
Albany Congress, conference in U.S. colonial history (June 19–July 11, 1754) at Albany, New York, that advocated......
Alberti, Leon Battista
Leon Battista Alberti was an Italian humanist, architect, and principal initiator of Renaissance art theory. In......
Albertinelli, Mariotto
Mariotto Albertinelli was a painter associated with Fra Bartolommeo, and an artist whose style upheld the principles......
Albuquerque, Afonso de
Afonso de Albuquerque was a Portuguese soldier, conqueror of Goa (1510) in India and of Melaka (1511) on the Malay......
Aleandro, Girolamo
Girolamo Aleandro was a cardinal and Humanist who was an important opponent of the Lutheran Reformation. A remarkable......
Allen, Ethan
Ethan Allen was a soldier and frontiersman, leader of the Green Mountain Boys during the American Revolution. After......
Alliance for Progress
Alliance for Progress, former international economic development program established by the United States and 22......
Almagro, Diego de
Diego de Almagro was a Spanish soldier who played a leading role in the Spanish conquest of Peru. Following service......
Almeida, Francisco de
Francisco de Almeida was a soldier, explorer, and the first viceroy of Portuguese India. After Almeida had achieved......
Almeida, Lourenço de
Lourenço de Almeida was a Portuguese sea captain and leader of a 1505 expedition to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), probably......
Altichiero
Altichiero was an early Renaissance painter who was the effective founder of the Veronese school and perhaps the......
Alvarado, Pedro de
Pedro de Alvarado was a Spanish conquistador who helped conquer Mexico and Central America for Spain in the 16th......
Amboina Massacre
Amboina Massacre, execution that took place in Amboina (now Ambon, Indon.) in 1623, when 10 Englishmen, 10 Japanese,......
American frontier
American frontier, in United States history, the advancing border that marked those lands that had been settled......
Americas
Americas, the two continents, North and South America, of the Western Hemisphere. The climatic zones of the two......
Amery, L.S.
L.S. Amery was a British politician who was a persistent advocate of imperial preference and tariff reform and......
Amherst, William Pitt Amherst, lst Earl, Viscount Holmesdale, Baron Amherst Of Montreal
William Pitt Amherst, lst Earl Amherst was a diplomat who, as British governor-general of India (1823–28), played......
Amiens, Treaty of
Treaty of Amiens, (March 27, 1802), an agreement signed at Amiens, Fr., by Britain, France, Spain, and the Batavian......
Amritsar, Treaty of
Treaty of Amritsar, (April 25, 1809), pact concluded between Charles T. Metcalfe, representing the British East......
Amsdorf, Nikolaus von
Nikolaus von Amsdorf was a Protestant Reformer and major supporter of Martin Luther. Educated at Leipzig and then......
Amundsen, Roald
Roald Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer who was the first to reach the South Pole, the first to make a ship voyage......
Anabaptist
Anabaptist, (from Greek ana, “again”) member of a fringe, or radical, movement of the Protestant Reformation and......
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, union territory, India, consisting of two groups of islands at the southeastern edge......
Andean Community
Andean Community, South American organization founded to encourage industrial, agricultural, social, and trade......
Andrea del Sarto
Andrea del Sarto was an Italian painter and draftsman whose works of exquisite composition and craftsmanship were......
Andrews, Charles McLean
Charles McLean Andrews was a U.S. teacher and historian whose Colonial Period of American History, vol. 1 of 4,......
Andrews, Roy Chapman
Roy Chapman Andrews was a naturalist, explorer, and author, who led many important scientific expeditions for which......
Andros, Sir Edmund
Sir Edmund Andros was an English administrator in North America who made an abortive attempt to stem growing colonial......
Angelico, Fra
Fra Angelico was an Italian painter, one of the greatest 15th-century painters, whose works within the framework......
Anglo-Afghan Wars
Anglo-Afghan Wars, three conflicts (1839–42; 1878–80; 1919) in which Great Britain, from its base in India, sought......
Anglo-Burmese Wars
Anglo-Burmese Wars, (1824–26, 1852, 1885), three conflicts that collectively forced Burma (now Myanmar) into a......
Anglo-Zanzibar War
Anglo-Zanzibar War, (August 27, 1896), brief conflict between the British Empire and the East African island sultanate......
Anglo-Zulu War
Anglo-Zulu War, decisive six-month war in 1879 in Southern Africa, resulting in British victory over the Zulus.......
Ango, Jean
Jean Ango was a French shipowner who, succeeding to his father’s import-export business, eventually controlled,......
Anguilla
Anguilla, island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, a British overseas territory. It is the most northerly of the Leeward......
Anguissola, Sofonisba
Sofonisba Anguissola was a late Renaissance painter best known for her portraiture. She was one of the first known......
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda, islands that form an independent state in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea,......
Apelles
Apelles was an early Hellenistic Greek painter whose work was held in such high esteem by ancient writers on art......
Apology of the Augsburg Confession
Apology of the Augsburg Confession, a defense and elaboration of the Augsburg Confession, one of the basic confessions......
Araucanian wars
Araucanian wars, series of conflicts between the Araucanian Indians of Chile and the Spanish conquistadores in......
Arciniegas, Germán
Germán Arciniegas was a Colombian historian, essayist, diplomat, and statesman whose long career in journalism......
Argall, Sir Samuel
Sir Samuel Argall was an English sailor and adventurer who defended British colonists in North America against......
Arias Dávila, Pedro
Pedro Arias Dávila was a Spanish soldier and colonial administrator who led the first Spanish expedition to found......
Arnold, Benedict
Benedict Arnold served the cause of the American Revolution as an officer until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance......
arts, the
the arts, modes of expression that use skill or imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments,......
Ascension
Ascension, island in the South Atlantic Ocean, part of the British overseas territory of St. Helena, Ascension......
Association Internationale Africaine
Association Internationale Africaine, a society of explorers, geographers, and philanthropists formed in September......
Association Internationale du Congo
Association Internationale du Congo, association under whose auspices the Congo region (coextensive with present-day......
Augsburg Interim
Augsburg Interim, temporary doctrinal agreement between German Catholics and Protestants, proclaimed in May 1548......
Augsburg, Peace of
Peace of Augsburg, first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany, promulgated......
Aumale, Henri-Eugène-Philippe-Louis d’Orléans, Duke d’
Henri-Eugène-Philippe-Louis d’Orléans, duke d’Aumale was the fourth son of King Louis-Philippe of France, a colonialist,......
Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb was the emperor of India from 1658 to 1707, the last of the great Mughal emperors. Under him, the Mughal......
Australian Colonies Government Act
Australian Colonies Government Act, legislation of the British House of Commons that separated the southeastern......
Australian federal election of 2010
Less than a month after becoming Australia’s first woman prime minister, Julia Gillard of the centre-left Australian......
Ayllón, Lucas Vázquez de
Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón was a Spanish explorer and the first European colonizer of what is now South Carolina.......
Aḥmad Shah
Aḥmad Shah was the Mughal emperor of India from 1748 to 1754, a period when the Mughal dynasty was in decline.......
Baccio d’Agnolo
Baccio d’Agnolo was a wood-carver, sculptor, and architect who exerted an important influence on the Renaissance......
Back, Sir George
Sir George Back was a naval officer who helped to trace the Arctic coastline of North America. He twice accompanied......
Bacon, Francis
Francis Bacon was the lord chancellor of England (1618–21). A lawyer, statesman, philosopher, and master of the......
Baer, Karl Ernst von
Karl Ernst von Baer was a Prussian-Estonian embryologist who discovered the mammalian ovum and the notochord and......
Baffin, William
William Baffin was a navigator who searched for the Northwest Passage and gave his name to Baffin Island, now part......
Bahadurpur, Battle of
Battle of Bahadurpur, (Feb. 24, 1658), conflict that helped decide the war of succession among the sons of Shah......
Bahamas, The
The Bahamas, archipelago and country on the northwestern edge of the West Indies. Formerly a British colony, The......
Bahādur Shah I
Bahādur Shah I was the Mughal emperor of India from 1707–12. As Prince Muʿaẓẓam, the second son of the emperor......
Bahādur Shāh II
Bahādur Shāh II was the last Mughal emperor of India (reigned 1837–57). He was a poet, musician, and calligrapher,......
Baikie, William Balfour
William Balfour Baikie was an explorer and philologist whose travels into Nigeria helped open up the country to......
Baines, Thomas
Thomas Baines was an English-born artist, explorer, naturalist, and author who spent most of his life in Southern......
Baker, Sir Samuel White
Sir Samuel White Baker was an English explorer who, with John Hanning Speke, helped to locate the sources of the......
Balboa, Vasco Núñez de
Vasco Núñez de Balboa was a Spanish conquistador and explorer, who was head of the first stable settlement on the......
Baldung, Hans
Hans Baldung was a painter and graphic artist, one of the most outstanding figures in northern Renaissance art.......
Balfour, Sir James
Sir James Balfour was a Scottish judge who, by frequently shifting his political allegiances, influenced the course......
Baltimore, George Calvert, 1st Baron
George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore was an English statesman who projected the founding of the North American province......
Banaras, Treaties of
Treaties of Banaras, (1773 and 1775), two agreements regulating relations between the British government of Bengal......
Bancroft, Ann
Ann Bancroft is an American explorer who was the first woman to participate in and successfully finish several......
bandeira
bandeira, Portuguese slave-hunting expedition into the Brazilian interior in the 17th century. The bandeirantes......
Banks, Sir Joseph
Sir Joseph Banks was a British explorer, naturalist, and longtime president of the Royal Society, known for his......
Barbados
Barbados, island country in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, situated about 100 miles (160 km) east of Saint Vincent......
Barclay, Robert
Robert Barclay was a Quaker leader whose Apology for the True Christian Divinity (1678) became a standard statement......

Global Exploration Encyclopedia Articles By Title