Yingluck Shinawatra: …the For Thais Party (Phak Puea Thai; PPT), was formed in late 2008. Parliamentary elections were announced in early May 2011 for July 3, and Yingluck Shinawatra declared her candidacy for office shortly thereafter. Seen as a fresh face in Thai politics and aided considerably by her family name,…

Parti Québécois, provincial Canadian political party founded in 1968 by journalist René Lévesque and other French Canadian separatists in the largely French-speaking province of Quebec. In 1968 Lévesque merged his Mouvement Souveraineté-Association (Sovereignty-Association Movement)—which advocated

Italy: Years of crisis: …by Felice Cavallotti and the Radical group in parliament, who in the 1890s strongly denounced bank scandals, tariff protectionism, colonial wars, and the Triple Alliance. The Radicals were a northern, anticlerical, moralistic group that denounced the corruption of the south (Crispi was the first southern prime minister), of the monarchy,…

Republican Party, French political party formed in May 1977 when the former National Foundation of Independent Republicans (Fédération Nationale des Républicains Indépendents)—founded in 1966 by Valéry Giscard d’Estaing—was merged with other small groups. It is conservative in domestic social and

praseodymium (Pr), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Praseodymium is a moderately soft, ductile, and malleable silvery white metal. It rapidly displaces hydrogen from water in diluted acids (except hydrofluoric acid [HF]) and slowly oxidizes in

public relations, aspect of communications involving the relations between an entity subject to or seeking public attention and the various publics that are or may be interested in it. The entity seeking attention may be a business corporation, an individual politician, a performer or author, a

Malaysia: Malaysia in the 21st century: …coalition of opposition parties—called the People’s Alliance (Pakatan Rakyat; PR)—that gained more than one-third of the seats in Malaysia’s lower house of parliament, even though he still could not run for office. Anwar officially returned to politics later that year, and in October he won a solid victory in a…

Guatemala: Political process: …the most continuity are the Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario; PR), which has shifted from left to right in political orientation, the centrist Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party (Partido Democracia Cristiana Guatemalteca; PDCG), and the right-wing National Liberation Movement (Movimiento de Liberación Nacional; MLN). In the slightly more open political atmosphere of…

Pra, river of southern Ghana. The Pra River rises in the Kwahu Plateau near Mpraeso and flows 150 miles (240 km) southward to enter the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) at Shama. Its main tributaries are the Ofin, Anum, and Birim. Constantly broken by cataracts—especially the Bosomasi Rapids at

nuclear reactor: The Reactor Safety Study of 1972–75: …study involved the application of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) techniques for the first time on a system as complex as a large nuclear power reactor. Also for the first time, the study compared the risk of a nuclear power plant accident with other events such as natural disasters and human-caused…

Re, in ancient Egyptian religion, god of the sun and creator god. He was believed to travel across the sky in his solar bark and, during the night, to make his passage in another bark through the underworld, where, in order to be born again for the new day, he had to vanquish the evil serpent

Probolinggo, city, central East Java (Jawa Timur) propinsi (or provinsi; province), Java, Indonesia. It is located on the southern side of Madura Strait, about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Surabaya. There is a good harbour for small ships, and the fishing industry is important. Cottage industries

Fa Ngum: …it is believed that the Prabang Buddha image, which served as the kingdom’s palladium and gave Luang Prabang its new name, was brought from Ceylon.

Central Asian arts: Sculpture and painting: …fully developed in scrolls, or prabhas (most of them, vertical), on cotton known from the 13th century. These scrolls are of two kinds: one consists of arrays of religious images with a large figure of the main deity in their midst; the other consists of a maṇḍala, the Hindu and…

Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: …Knowledge,” 12th century ce) and Prabhachandra’s Prameyakamalamartanda (“The Sun of the Lotus of the Objects of True Knowledge,” 11th century ce), were written during this period. Under the Chola kings (c. 850–1279) and later in the Vijayanagara kingdom (which, along with Mithila in the north, remained strongholds of Hinduism until…

Indian philosophy: The logical period: Mimamshakas Kumarila (7th century), Prabhakara (7th–8th centuries), Mandana Mishra (8th century), Shalikanatha (9th century), and Parthasarathi Mishra (10th century) belong to this age. The greatest Indian philosopher of the period, however, was Shankara. All these men defended Brahmanism against the “unorthodox” schools, especially against the criticisms of Buddhism. The…

bhūmi: …vimalā (“free from impurities”), (3) prabhākarī (“luminous” with the noble doctrine), (4) arciṣmatī (“brilliant,” the rays of his virtue consuming evil passions and ignorance), (5) sudurjayā (“hard to conquer”), (6) abhimukhī (“turning toward” both transmigration and nirvana), (7) dūraṅgamā (“far-going”), (8) acalā

South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: North Indian style of Gujarāt: …and rebuilt, the Somanātha at Prabhāsa Patan was the most famous temple of Gujarāt, its best known structure dating from the time of Kumārapāla (mid-12th century). It has been now dismantled, but a great temple built at the site in recent years testifies to the survival of ancient traditions in…

A. C. Bhaktivedanta was an Indian religious leader and author who in 1965 founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, commonly known as the Hare Krishna movement. In 1920 Bhaktivedanta completed his B.A. in chemistry at the Scottish Churches’ College in Calcutta; by that time, his

Korean architecture: Unified Silla, or Great Silla, period (668–935): The other pagoda (Tabot’ap) is more elaborate and symbolizes the Prabhutaratna Buddha, or the Buddha of the Past. The arrangement apparently symbolizes the Buddhist legend that, when Shakyamuni preached the Avatamsaka-sutra, the pagoda of Prabhutaratna emerged out of the earth in witness of the greatness and truth of…

Indonesia: Indonesia after Suharto: …of Jakarta, defeated former general Prabowo Subianto of the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Partai Gerkan Indonesia Raya; Gerindra) in the July 2014 presidential election. Jokowi faced a legislative challenge, however, because Gerindra, led by Prabowo, was able to form a large-majority coalition in the parliament that included the PD, Golkar,…

Anápolis: …with attractive squares, such as Praça Bom Jesus, and is the northwestern terminus of railroads leading inland from coastal Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. It has an airport and is also strategically situated on the highway linking Brasília, the national capital, with Goiânia, the state capital, and with São…

Prachanda is a Nepali rebel leader and politician who headed the Maoist insurgency that ended Nepal’s monarchy and established the country as a democratic republic. He served as its first prime minister (2008–09) and later was returned to that office (2016–17 and 2022– ). Pushpa Kamal Dahal was

Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre): …proposed what it called the Prachanda Path, which combined indoctrination of the masses with Marxist, Leninist, and Maoist thought and the creation of military bases in rural areas. The success of the CPN (M) in the villages can be attributed to its ability to deliver a modicum of governance where…

Prachin Buri, town, south-central Thailand. Prachin Buri lies along the Bang Pakong River and is a collecting centre for rice and sugar. It also trades in hardwoods and charcoal and is linked to Bangkok, 60 miles (97 km) southwest, by rail. Pop. (2000)

Prachin Buri, town, south-central Thailand. Prachin Buri lies along the Bang Pakong River and is a collecting centre for rice and sugar. It also trades in hardwoods and charcoal and is linked to Bangkok, 60 miles (97 km) southwest, by rail. Pop. (2000)

Sikhism: Devotional and other works: …Bhangu’s Panth Prakash (later termed Prachin Panth Prakash to distinguish it from Gian Singh’s work of the same name), was composed in 1809 and completed in 1841; it is notable for its description and high praise of the Khalsa. The two remaining works are Gian Singh’s Panth Prakash and his…

Girolamo Cardano: …lectures, the more important being Practica arithmetica et mensurandi singularis (“Practice of Mathematics and Individual Measurements”). His Ars magna (1545) contained the solution of the cubic equation, for which he was indebted to the Venetian mathematician Niccolò Tartaglia, and also the solution of the quartic equation found by Cardano’s former…

China: Yuan China and the West: …was so important that the Practica della mercatura, a handbook on foreign trade, included the description of trade routes to China.

Fibonacci: Life: …produced a brief work, the Practica geometriae (“Practice of Geometry”), which included eight chapters of theorems based on Euclid’s Elements and On Divisions.

tuning and temperament: Temperament: …in 1496 in the treatise Practica musica by the Italian theorist Franchino Gafori, who stated that organists flatten fifths by a small, indefinite amount. This practice tends to spread out the mistuning of the fifth D–A over several fifths, so that all are tolerable although none is perfect. This principle…

John Jay Chapman: …books—Causes and Consequences (1898) and Practical Agitation (1900). Both stressed his belief that individuals should take a moral stand on issues troubling the nation.

I.A. Richards: …of Literary Criticism (1924) and Practical Criticism (1929), companion volumes that he used to develop his critical method. The latter two were based on experimental pedagogy: Richards would give students poems in which the titles and authors’ names had been removed and then use their responses for further development of…

Richard Lovell Edgeworth: Practical Education (1798), written in collaboration with his daughter, was inspired by the French-Swiss moralist Jean-Jacques Rousseau and by Edgeworth’s second wife, Honora. The book argued that children should be given a strong motive to learn and that the pace should be adjusted to the…

Perl, a cross-platform open-source computer programming language used widely in the commercial and private computing sectors. Perl was a favourite in the late 20th and early 21st centuries among Web developers for its flexible, continually evolving text-processing and problem-solving capabilities.

Hinduism: Practical Hinduism: Practical Hinduism is both a quest to achieve well-being and a set of strategies for locating sources of affliction and removing or appeasing them. Characterized in this way, it has much in common with the popular beliefs and practices of many other religions.…

humor: Situational humor: …type of humor is the practical joke: pulling away the chair from under the dignitary’s lowered bottom. The victim is perceived first as a person of consequence, then suddenly as an inert body subject to the laws of physics: authority is debunked by gravity, mind by matter; man is degraded…

Silhak, (Korean: “Practical Learning”), school of thought that came into existence in the midst of the chaotic conditions of 18th-century Korea, dedicated to a practical approach to statecraft, instead of the blind and uncritical following of Confucian teachings. The Silhak school attacked

Alice Hoffman: Practical Magic (1995; film 1998) is about two sisters trying to leave behind their family’s tradition of witchcraft. The book was the first in a popular series that included the prequels The Rules of Magic (2017) and Magic Lessons (2020) and the sequel The Book…

Sandra Bullock: …Hope Floats and the comedy Practical Magic; Bullock starred in both movies. That same year her voice was featured in the animated The Prince of Egypt. She returned to familiar territory as an endearing but eccentric lead in the romantic comedy Forces of Nature (1999), opposite Ben Affleck. In 2000…

Robert Burns Woodward: Early life and education: …a copy of Ludwig Gattermann’s Practical Methods of Organic Chemistry and requested issues of chemistry journals from Verlag Chemie of Berlin. Later in life he did nothing to discourage a persistent legend that he had performed all the experiments in Gattermann’s book.

practical reason, Rational capacity by which (rational) agents guide their conduct. In Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy, it is defined as the capacity of a rational being to act according to principles (i.e., according to the conception of laws). Unlike the ethical intuitionists (see intuitionism),

seawater: Dissolved inorganic substances: Practical salinity, symbol S, is determined through measurements of the electrical conductivity and temperature of seawater, which are interpreted by an algorithm developed by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Practical salinity, along with temperature, can be used to calculate precisely the…

Aristotle: Virtue: …formulation of prescriptions for action—“practical syllogisms,” as Aristotle calls them. A practical syllogism consists of a general recipe for a good life, followed by an accurate description of the agent’s actual circumstances and concluding with a decision about the appropriate action to be carried out.

animal learning: Circumstances that produce learning: …claim that learning depends on practice. (An older generation of experimental psychologists would have claimed that it depended on “reinforced” practice.) This definition can be misleading, however, if it causes one to attribute to learning all behavioral changes that follow what appears to be practice. In other words, it is…

Bertrand Russell: …communism, which he expressed in The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism (1920).

mental disorder: Behavioral psychotherapy: …described by Joseph Wolpe in The Practice of Behavior Therapy (1973),

François de Callières: …négocier avec les souverains (1716; The Practice of Diplomacy) was considered a model introduction to the subject of diplomacy.

English literature: Effect of religion and science on early Stuart prose: …by 1640) and Lewis Bayly’s Practice of Piety (1611; some 50 editions followed), two copies of which formed the meagre dowry of preacher and author John Bunyan’s first wife. Puritans preferred sermons in the plain style too, eschewing rhetoric for an austerely edifying treatment of doctrine, though some famous preachers,…

Christianity: The readjustment: …at the Blessed Sacrament” (The Practice of the Presence of God, chapter 4). Second, the spiritual marriage is a theopathic state: the soul is felt to be in all things the organ or instrument of God. In the unitive life Mme Guyon says that the soul “no longer lives…

David E. Kelley: …shows included Ally McBeal (1997–2002), The Practice (1997–2004), and Boston Legal (2004–08).

Stephen Greenblatt: In Practicing New Historicism (2000), Greenblatt and coauthor Catherine Gallagher mounted a rigorous defense of New Historicism in response to charges that it lacked definition, casting it as an empirical means of interpretation rather than a dogmatic theory. Greenblatt’s Hamlet in Purgatory (2001) delved into Shakespeare’s…

Christian Science: Beliefs and practices: …ministry are called Christian Science practitioners and are listed in a directory published monthly in the denomination’s major religious periodical, The Christian Science Journal. Practitioners usually charge their patients a nominal fee.

Gauda: In literature, the poetic style Gauda or Gaudi, also known as Pracya (Eastern), is described by Dandin in his work on poetics, Kavyadarsha (“Mirror of Poetry”).

Miuccia Prada: …the PradaMilanoarte, later renamed the Prada Foundation (Fondazione Prada), a nonprofit organization dedicated to the support of various up-and-coming contemporary designers, including architects and artists. In the same year, Prada launched a menswear line, and in 1995 she gained international recognition after top Hollywood actress Uma Thurman wore one of…

Rem Koolhaas: …of international stores for the Prada fashion house; the Netherlands embassy (1997–2003) in Berlin; a student centre at the Illinois Institute of Technology (1997–2003) in Chicago; the Seattle (Washington) Public Library (1999–2004); Casa da Música (House of Music; 1999–2005), Porto, Portugal; and the headquarters for Beijing’s state-owned China Central Television…

Miuccia Prada is an Italian fashion designer best known as the head designer at the Prada fashion house. She is renowned for using minimalist designs to achieve a traditional style with modern influence. The second of three children, Maria Bianchi was born into an affluent family. Her father, Luigi

pradakshina, in Hinduism and Buddhism, the rite of circumambulating in a clockwise direction an image, relic, shrine, or other sacred object. The worshiper, by beginning in the east and keeping the sacred object on his right-hand side, proceeds to the south, thus moving in the direction followed

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a rare human genetic disorder characterized by weak muscle tone at birth, small stature, intellectual disabilities, overeating leading to childhood obesity, and high rates of morbidity and mortality. PWS arises from the deletion or disruption of genes in a particular

chakravartin: …powerful than the first; and pradesha chakravartin, a monarch who leads the people of only a part of a continent, the equivalent of a local king. The first reference to a secular king who achieved the status of a chakravala chakravartin appears in texts and monuments from the Mauryan dynasty…

prakriti, in the Samkhya system (darshan) of Indian philosophy, material nature in its germinal state, eternal and beyond perception. When prakriti (female) comes into contact with the spirit, purusha (male), it starts on a process of evolution that leads through several stages to the creation of

Gustave Flaubert: Mature career: …the adventures and misfortunes of Louise Pradier (née d’Arcet), the wife of the sculptor James Pradier, as dictated by herself, and, apart from the suicide, it bears a strong resemblance to the story of Emma Bovary. Flaubert, out of kindness as well as out of professional curiosity, had continued to…

Prado Museum, art museum in Madrid, housing the world’s richest and most comprehensive collection of Spanish painting, as well as masterpieces of other schools of European painting, especially Italian and Flemish art. The Prado’s building had its start in 1785 when Charles III commissioned the

Brazilian literature: Poetry: …urban, tormented, feminist voice, and Adélia Prado, who produced earthy yet mystical verses.

Peru: Troubled democracy: … of 1939, the Apristas supported Manuel Prado, a banker and a member of an aristocratic family of Lima.

Talambo affair: Mariano Ignacio Prado to oust him in 1865. Prado forged an alliance with Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile and declared war against Spain in 1866; that year the South American allies defeated the Spanish fleet off Callao, Peru, thus effectively ending the Spanish intervention, although the…

Avanti: …enough at that time, under King Pradyota the Fierce, to threaten the empire of Magadha. In the same period there was also an Avanti-daksinapatha (Sanskrit: “Avanti of the South”; perhaps modern Nimar), of which Mahismati may have been the capital.

Indian philosophy: Vaishnava schools: …and courage predominate (known as Pradyumna); and the form in which power and energy predominate (known as Aniruddha). Shankara identified Samkarshana with the individual soul, Pradyumna with mind, and Aniruddha with the ego sense. Furthermore, five powers of God are distinguished: creation, maintenance, destruction, favour, and disfavour. Bhakti is regarded…

Benedict de Spinoza: Early life and career: In 1655 a book titled Prae-Adamitae (Latin: “Men Before Adam”), by the French courtier Isaac La Peyrère, appeared in Amsterdam. It challenged the accuracy of the Bible and insisted that the spread of human beings to all parts of the globe implies that there must have been humans before Adam…

constitutiones principum: …of imperial legislation were (1) edicta, or proclamations, which the emperor, like other magistrates, might issue, (2) mandata, or instructions to subordinates, especially provincial governors, (3) rescripta, written answers to officials or others who consulted the emperor, in particular on a point of law, and (4) decreta, or decisions of…

Joachim Camerarius: …classics in Latin verse (Praecepta honestatis atque decoris puerilis, 1528) and Latin biographies of Hessus (1553) and Melanchthon (1566). He was present with Melanchthon at the reading of the Confutatio pontificia at Augsburg in 1530, and also at a diet there in 1555. In the same year he was…

Anthimus VII Tsatsos: …world refuting a papal encyclical, Praeclara Gratulationis (“Splendid Rejoicing”) of Pope Leo XIII (June 20, 1894), which proposed grounds for the reunion of the Orthodox and Roman churches. Besides citing the traditional Eastern arguments attacking Western corruption of early Christian doctrine, Anthimus made new charges occasioned by Roman Catholic teaching…

Australian literature: The century after settlement: …by the late 1800s were Rosa Praed—her Policy and Passion (1881) is an interesting account of the personal life of a Queensland politician—and the prolific Ada Cambridge.

Winthrop Mackworth Praed was an English writer and politician remembered for his humorous verse. After a brilliant career at Eton College and the University of Cambridge, Praed entered Parliament in 1830 as a Tory. In 1834–35 he was secretary to the Board of Control. Expectations of a great

prefect, in ancient Rome, any of various high officials or magistrates having different functions. In the early republic, a prefect of the city (praefectus urbi) was appointed by the consuls to act in the consuls’ absence from Rome. The position lost much of its importance temporarily after the

prefect, in ancient Rome, any of various high officials or magistrates having different functions. In the early republic, a prefect of the city (praefectus urbi) was appointed by the consuls to act in the consuls’ absence from Rome. The position lost much of its importance temporarily after the

prefect: …prefect of the city, two praetorian prefects (praefectus praetorio), a prefect of the fire brigade, and a prefect of the grain supply. The prefect of the city was responsible for maintaining law and order within Rome and acquired full criminal jurisdiction in the region within 100 miles (160 km) of…

prefect: …a prefect of the city (praefectus urbi) was appointed by the consuls to act in the consuls’ absence from Rome. The position lost much of its importance temporarily after the mid-4th century bc, when the consuls began to appoint praetors to act in the consuls’ absence. The office of prefect…

Robert Morison: Morison’s Praeludia botanica (1669), based on the catalog of plants at Blois, contained detailed criticism of the seminal classification theories of Jean and Gaspard Bauhin. Morison was dissatisfied with classification based on habit, inflorescence, and vegetative or medicinal qualities; he argued for basing it on morphological…

Praemium Imperiale, an international arts prize awarded annually since 1989 by the Japan Art Association in Tokyo. The prize is awarded in five fields: architecture, music, painting, sculpture, and theatre/film. It is considered one of the highest honours among awards in the arts. The Japan Art

United Kingdom: Domestic achievements: …benefices in England, and the Statute of Praemunire two years later forbade appeals to Rome in patronage disputes. The crown in practice had sufficient weapons available to it to deal with these matters, but Edward was ready to accept the views of his subjects, even though he did little about…

Praeneste, ancient city of Latium, located 23 miles east-southeast of Rome on a spur of the Apennines, home of the great temple to Fortuna Primigenia. After the Gallic invasion (390 bc), Praeneste fought many battles with Rome; defeated in the Latin War (340–338), it lost part of its territory and

Romance languages: Latin and the protolanguage: …is an inscription on a cloak pin (fibula) of the 6th century bce, from Palestrina (Praeneste). Other Latinian inscriptions show marked differences from Roman Latin, for which there is, however, little evidence before the end of the 3rd century bce. What is certain is that the language changed so rapidly…

name: European patterns of naming: …personal name consisted of a praenomen (given name, forename) and a nomen (or nomen gentile). Only intimates used the praenomen, and its choice was restricted to fewer than 20 names, among them Gaius, Gnaeus, Marcus, Quintus, Publius, Tiberius, and Titus. The nomen that followed was hereditary in each gens (a…

Syrian and Palestinian religion: Sources of modern knowledge: …section of Eusebius of Caesarea’s Praeparatio evangelica (“Preparation for the Gospel”; 4th century ce) that cites extracts from a history of Phoenicia by Philo of Byblos (c. 100 ce); Philo himself claimed to be translating the work of an early Phoenician priest, Sanchuniathon. While indigenous sources now confirm isolated elements…

ancient Egypt: Byzantine government of Egypt: …military officials were established (the praeses and the dux, respectively). By the middle of the 6th century the emperor Justinian was eventually forced to recognize the failure of this policy and to combine civil and military power in the hands of the dux with a civil deputy (the praeses) as…

Praesepe, (catalog numbers NGC 2632 and M 44), open, or galactic, cluster of about 1,000 stars in the zodiacal constellation Cancer and located about 550 light-years from Earth. Visible to the unaided eye as a small patch of bright haze, it was first distinguished as a group of stars by Galileo. It

John Ruskin: Cultural criticism of John Ruskin: …last major work: his autobiography, Praeterita (1885–89). Unfinished, shamelessly partial (it omits, for example, all mention of his marriage), and chronologically untrustworthy, it provides a subtle and memorable history of the growth of Ruskin’s distinctive sensibility.

ultrasonics: Hypersound, sometimes called praetersound or microsound, is sound waves of frequencies greater than 1013 hertz. At such high frequencies it is very difficult for a sound wave to propagate efficiently; indeed, above a frequency of about 1.25 × 1013 hertz it is impossible for longitudinal…

praetor, in ancient Rome, a judicial officer who had broad authority in cases of equity, was responsible for the production of the public games, and, in the absence of consuls, exercised extensive authority in the government. The institution of consuls arose c. 510 bc with the expulsion of the

Praetorian Guard, household troops of the Roman emperors. The cohors praetoria existed by the 2nd century bc, acting as bodyguards for Roman generals. In 27 bc the emperor Augustus created a permanent corps of nine cohorts, stationing them around Rome; in 2 bc he appointed two equestrian prefects

Praetorian Guard, household troops of the Roman emperors. The cohors praetoria existed by the 2nd century bc, acting as bodyguards for Roman generals. In 27 bc the emperor Augustus created a permanent corps of nine cohorts, stationing them around Rome; in 2 bc he appointed two equestrian prefects

Koper: …several Venetian palaces, including the Praetorian Palace, which dates from the mid-15th century. In 1991, when Slovenia gained independence, the port of Koper was the scene of the departure of the Yugoslav army, which is commemorated by a monument. In 1957 work on new port facilities on the eastern side…

prefect: …prefect of the city, two praetorian prefects (praefectus praetorio), a prefect of the fire brigade, and a prefect of the grain supply. The prefect of the city was responsible for maintaining law and order within Rome and acquired full criminal jurisdiction in the region within 100 miles (160 km) of…

Michael Praetorius was a German music theorist and composer whose Syntagma musicum (1614–20) is a principal source for knowledge of 17th-century music and whose settings of Lutheran chorales are important examples of early 17th-century religious music. He studied at Frankfurt an der Oder and was

Florence Prag Kahn was an American public official who, after winning her husband’s seat in the U.S. Congress following his death, established herself as an effective representative in her own right. Florence Prag graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1887. Her ambition to study

scapigliatura: …the novelists Giuseppe Rovani and Emilio Praga. Other members included the poet and musician Arrigo Boito (chiefly remembered today as Verdi’s librettist), the poet and literary professor Arturo Graf, and Iginio Ugo Tarchetti.

Pragian Stage, second of the three standard worldwide divisions of Early Devonian rocks and time. Pragian time spans the interval between 410.8 million and 407.6 million years ago. The name is derived from Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic. The section is made up of fine-grained gray

Guwahati, city, western Assam state, northeastern India. It lies along the Brahmaputra River (there bridged) and is picturesquely situated with an amphitheatre of wooded hills to the south. Guwahati was the capital of the Hindu kingdom of Kamarupa (under the name of Pragjyotisa) about 400 ce. In

truth: Coherence and pragmatist theories: Starting in the mid-19th century, this line of criticism led some philosophers to think that they should concentrate on larger theories, rather than sentences or assertions taken one at a time. Truth, on this view, must be a feature of the overall body…