history of the Low Countries: The Habsburgs: …(“Circle”) (1548) and in the Pragmatic Sanction (1549), which stated that succession would be regulated in identical fashion in all the regions of the Low Countries that he had included in his empire. The Low Countries were thus prevented from being split up.

Italy: The end of the Roman world: …in 554 Justinian issued the Pragmatic Sanction setting forth its terms: Italy was made a province of the Byzantine Empire, with its capital still at Ravenna (Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica, however, were to remain administratively separate), and the Ostrogothic political system was to be dissolved. Indeed, the Ostrogoths virtually vanished…

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, (July 7, 1438), decree issued by King Charles VII of France after an assembly had examined the decrees of the Council of Basel (see Basel, Council of). It approved the decree Sacrosancta of the council, which asserted the supremacy of a council over the pope, and

Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI, (April 19, 1713), decree promulgated by the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI with the intent that all his Habsburg kingdoms and lands descend as an integral whole without partition. It stipulated that his undivided heritage go to his eldest son, should he have

Pragmatic Sanction of King Ferdinand VII, (March 29, 1830), decree of Ferdinand VII of Spain, which promulgated his predecessor Charles IV’s unpublished decision of 1789 revoking the Salic law of succession, which had denied royal succession to females. The Pragmatic Sanction was intended to permit

pragmatics, In linguistics and philosophy, the study of the use of natural language in communication; more generally, the study of the relations between languages and their users. It is sometimes defined in contrast with linguistic semantics, which can be described as the study of the rule systems

Polybius: Conception of history: …military matters; and this is pragmatiké historia, in contrast to other sorts of history (IX, 1–2)—genealogies and mythical stories, appealing to the casual reader, and accounts of colonies, foundations of cities, and ties of kindred, which attract the man with antiquarian interests. Its nature is austere, though it may include…

pragmatism, school of philosophy, dominant in the United States in the first quarter of the 20th century, based on the principle that the usefulness, workability, and practicality of ideas, policies, and proposals are the criteria of their merit. It stresses the priority of action over doctrine, of

chess: The pragmatists: The most important changes in chess thinking after 1970 concerned a more practical approach to competition. The Soviets maintained that by unbalancing a position they placed an onus on each player to find the best moves. In quieter positions, second-best moves could be permitted.…

Max Wertheimer: …argument was Wertheimer’s concept of Pragnanz (“precision”) in organization; when things are grasped as wholes, the minimal amount of energy is exerted in thinking. To Wertheimer, truth was determined by the entire structure of experience rather than by individual sensations or perceptions.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: From Figaro to Don Giovanni: …a new symphony there, the Prague (K 504), a demanding work that reflects his admiration for the capabilities of that city’s musicians. After accepting a further operatic commission for Prague, he returned to Vienna in February 1787.

Prague, city, capital of the Czech Republic. Lying at the heart of Europe, it is one of the continent’s finest cities and the major Czech economic and cultural centre. The city has a rich architectural heritage that reflects both the uncertain currents of history in Bohemia and an urban life

Czechoslovak history: The Hussite wars: …known as the Compacts (Compactata) of Basel. The agreement followed the Four Articles of Prague but weakened them with subtle clauses (e.g., the council granted the Czechs the Communion in both kinds but under vaguely defined conditions). After the promulgation of the compacts in 1436, an agreement followed with…

Prague Castle, collective name for an aggregation of palaces, churches, offices, fortifications, courtyards, and gardens in Prague, covering approximately 110 acres (45 hectares). The castle was formerly the seat of the kings of Bohemia and is currently the official residence of the president of

Czechoslovak history: The Hussite wars: …known as the Compacts (Compactata) of Basel. The agreement followed the Four Articles of Prague but weakened them with subtle clauses (e.g., the council granted the Czechs the Communion in both kinds but under vaguely defined conditions). After the promulgation of the compacts in 1436, an agreement followed with…

Czechoslovak history: The Hussite wars: …known as the Compacts (Compactata) of Basel. The agreement followed the Four Articles of Prague but weakened them with subtle clauses (e.g., the council granted the Czechs the Communion in both kinds but under vaguely defined conditions). After the promulgation of the compacts in 1436, an agreement followed with…

Czechoslovak history: Struggle for independence: …domestic political group called the Prague National Committee proclaimed a republic on October 28, and two days later at Turčiansky Svätý Martin (now Martin, Slvk.) a Slovak counterpart, the Slovak National Council, acceded to the Prague proclamation.

Philip Roth: …republished together with the novella The Prague Orgy (film 2019) under the title Zuckerman Bound (1985). After a fourth Zuckerman novel, The Counterlife (1986), Roth released Sabbath’s Theater (1995), about the aging and lascivious Mickey Sabbath, a former puppeteer; it won the National Book Award.

20th-century international relations: The nature and role of Germany: The Soviets’ Prague Proposals of October 1950 had envisioned a united, demilitarized German state—Kennan now endorsed such a neutral zone in central Europe to separate the Cold War rivals—but the Soviets insisted on a Constituent Council with equal representation for East and West Germany, even though the…

Prague school, school of linguistic thought and analysis established in Prague in the 1920s by Vilém Mathesius. It included among its most prominent members the Russian linguist Nikolay Trubetskoy and the Russian-born American linguist Roman Jakobson; the school was most active during the 1920s and

Prague Spring, brief period of economic and political liberalization in Czechoslovakia under Alexander Dubček that began in January 1968 and effectively ended on August 20, 1968, when Soviet forces invaded the country. By the early 1960s, Antonín Novotný, Czechoslovakia’s communist leader, was

Prague: …Mozart lived there, and his Prague Symphony and Don Giovanni were first performed in the city. In addition, the lyric music of the great Czech composers Bedřich Smetana, Antonín Dvořák, and Leoš Janáček is commemorated each year in a spring music festival. The

Prague Zoological Garden, zoological garden 4 km (2.5 miles) from downtown Prague, noted for breeding the rare Przewalski’s horse. This municipal zoo, opened in 1931, occupies 45 hectares (111 acres) and houses more than 2,300 specimens of about 465 species. Besides serving as a conservation centre

Prague Zoological Garden, zoological garden 4 km (2.5 miles) from downtown Prague, noted for breeding the rare Przewalski’s horse. This municipal zoo, opened in 1931, occupies 45 hectares (111 acres) and houses more than 2,300 specimens of about 465 species. Besides serving as a conservation centre

Battle of Prague, (25–26 November 1741). The armies of eighteenth-century Europe have often been described as unimaginative, slow-moving, and inflexible. The French seizure of Prague in the War of the Austrian Succession defies these stereotypes; it was an operation using speed and stealth to

Defenestration of Prague, incident of Bohemian resistance to Habsburg authority that took place on May 23, 1618, preceding the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War. In 1617 Roman Catholic officials in Bohemia closed Protestant chapels that were being constructed by citizens of the towns of Broumov

Prague: The Reformation and the Thirty Years’ War: …incident known as the first Defenestration of Prague. The next year Hussite peasant rebels, led by the great military leader Jan Žižka, joined forces with the Hussites of Prague to win a decisive victory over the Roman Catholic king (later emperor) Sigismund at nearby Vítkov Hill.

Catholic League: …abolished in 1635 by the Peace of Prague, which forbade military confederations in the Empire.

German Empire: Bismarck and the rise of Prussia: The Treaty of Prague concluded the Seven Weeks’ War with Austria and other German states on August 23, 1866, and cleared the way for a settlement both in Prussia and in the wider affairs of Germany. The Schleswig-Holstein question, which had threatened the balance of power…

Charles University, state-controlled institution of higher learning in Prague, Czech Republic. The school was founded in 1348 by the Holy Roman emperor Charles IV, from whom it takes its name. It was the first university in central Europe. Among its buildings, scattered throughout Prague, is the

Praguerie, revolt of princes and other nobles against Charles VII of France in 1440, named in allusion to similar contemporary movements in Prague and elsewhere in Bohemia. As early as April 1437, a number of princes, who had been excluded from the royal council, had unsuccessfully plotted to

Chandrayaan: …carried the small (27-kg [60-pound]) Pragyan (Sanskrit: “Wisdom”) rover. Both Vikram and Pragyan were designed to operate for 1 lunar day (14 Earth days). However, just before Vikram was to touch down on the Moon, contact was lost at an altitude of 2 km (1.2 miles).

Prague, city, capital of the Czech Republic. Lying at the heart of Europe, it is one of the continent’s finest cities and the major Czech economic and cultural centre. The city has a rich architectural heritage that reflects both the uncertain currents of history in Bohemia and an urban life

South Asian arts: Classical theatre: …with an invisible one, and prahasana (“farce”), which is classified into two categories—superior and inferior, both dealing with courtesans and crooks. King Mahendravikramavarman’s 7th-century-ce Bhagavad-Ajjukiya (“The Harlot and the Monk”) and Mattavilasa (“Drunken Revelry”) are examples of prahasana.

Holi: Hiranyakashipu and Prahlada: Ironically, his son Prahlada was an ardent devotee of the god Vishnu and refused to worship his demon father. An enraged Hiranyakashipu enlisted the help of his sister Holika, who was immune to fire—in some variants she has a protective scarf—to kill his son by burning him on…

South Asian arts: Assamese: …is incontestably Assamese is the Prahlāda-caritra of Hema Sarasvati (or Saraswati; 13th century); in a heavily Sanskritized style it tells the story, from the Viṣṇu-Purāṇa, of how the mythical king Prahlāda’s faith and devotion to Vishnu saved him from destruction and restored the moral order. The first great Assamese poet…

Prahova, judeţ (county), south-central Romania. The forested Bucegi, Ciucaş, and Buzău mountain ranges, part of the Eastern Carpathians, and the sub-Carpathians occupy most of the county. Ploieşti, long a major centre of Romania’s petroleum-processing industry, is the county seat. Oil wells are in

Praia, port city and capital of Cabo Verde. It is situated on the south shore of Santiago, in the Atlantic Ocean, about 400 miles (640 km) off the western African bulge. The port ships agricultural products (bananas, coffee, sugarcane, castor beans) and is a submarine cable station. Pop. (2005

prairie, level or rolling grassland, especially that found in central North America. Decreasing amounts of rainfall, from 100 cm (about 40 inches) at the forested eastern edge to less than 30 cm (about 12 inches) at the desertlike western edge, affect the species composition of the prairie

Kiowa: …accompanied on the migration by Kiowa Apache, a small southern Apache band that became closely associated with the Kiowa. Guided by the Crow, the Kiowa learned the technologies and customs of the Plains Indians and eventually formed a lasting peace with the Comanche, Arapaho, and Southern Cheyenne. The name Kiowa…

Potawatomi: …they became known as the Prairie band. Over the course of their westerly movements, the tribe borrowed cultural features from the Plains Indians, notably communal bison hunts. In the late 1860s many of the Kansas band moved to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), where they were known as the Citizen Potawatomi.

grouse: …grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and the sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus). The former is the largest New World grouse, exceeded in the family only by the capercaillie. A male may be 75 cm (30 inches) long and weigh 3.5 kg (about 7.5 pounds). This species inhabits sagebrush flats. The sharptail, a 45-cm…

cordgrass: Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) and gulf cordgrass (S. spartinae) are the most widely distributed North American species.

crabapple: Major species: fusca), prairie crabapple (M. ioensis), and southern crabapple (M. angustifolia).

prairie dog, (genus Cynomys), any of five species of burrowing, colony-forming squirrels that inhabit plains, high plateaus, and montane valleys in North America. Their short, coarse fur is grizzled yellowish buff to reddish or rich cinnamon. Prairie dogs have a short tail, small rounded ears, and

Prairie du Chien, city, seat (1818) of Crawford county, southwestern Wisconsin, U.S. It is considered to be the state’s second oldest settlement (after Green Bay). It lies on the Mississippi River just above the influx of the Wisconsin River, about 100 miles (160 km) west of Madison. Fox, Sauk, and

Prairie du Chien: The Prairie du Chien Museum at Fort Crawford, a restored military hospital (where William Beaumont continued his experiments with the digestive system), is a national historic landmark. Wyalusing State Park is just south of the city. Nelson Dewey State Park, about 20 miles (30 km) south,…

falcon: The prairie falcon (F. mexicanus), a desert falcon, inhabits canyon and scrub country in western North America.

Garrison Keillor: …known for the public-radio show A Prairie Home Companion.

Robert Altman: Final years: Altman’s final film was A Prairie Home Companion (2006), based on Garrison Keillor’s popular radio series.

La Crosse, city, seat (1851) of La Crosse county, western Wisconsin, U.S. It lies along the Mississippi River at the influx of the La Crosse River, about 130 miles (210 km) northwest of Madison. The settlement developed around a trading post (1841) on a site that French explorers named Prairie La

Canadian literature: Modern period, 1900–60: In this category fall the Prairie novels As for Me and My House (1941) by Sinclair Ross, Who Has Seen the Wind (1947) by W.O. Mitchell, and The Mountain and the Valley (1952) by Ernest Buckler, set in Nova Scotia’s Annapolis valley. These novels strain the bonds of conventional narrative…

meteor and meteoroid: Measurement of meteoroid orbits: Three such networks were developed—the Prairie Network in the central United States, the MORP (Meteorite Observation and Recovery Project) network in the Prairie Provinces of Canada, and the European Network with stations in Germany and Czechoslovakia. The most complete set of published data was that of the Prairie Network, which…

Oklahoma: Relief: The Prairie Plains region in the northeast is marked by grazing in its rougher portions and vegetable farms in the river valleys. Oil and gas fields are common, as is strip-mining for coal. It contains a number of middle-sized towns, some of which have small manufacturing…

Prairie Provinces, the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, in the northern Great Plains region of North America. They constitute the great wheat-producing region of Canada and are a major source for petroleum, potash, and natural gas. With British Columbia they form the

Prairie style, in architecture, American style exemplified by the low-lying “prairie houses” such as Robie House (1908) that were for the most part built in the Midwest between 1900 and 1917 by Frank Lloyd Wright. Among the Midwest architects who were influenced by this style of design were Walter

prairie schooner, 19th-century covered wagon popularly used by emigrants traveling to the American West. In particular, it was the vehicle of choice on the Oregon Trail. The name prairie schooner was derived from the wagon’s white canvas cover, or bonnet, which gave it the appearance, from a

agricultural technology: Crop rotation: …can also occur; in certain prairie soils, continuous growing of deep-rooted legumes depletes soil moisture, and subsequent forage yield is improved by frequent plowing of the sod and planting of corn. In high-rainfall or irrigated areas, forage stands deteriorate from winter killing, disease, or grazing, to a point where a…

Illinois, constituent state of the United States of America. It stretches southward 385 miles (620 km) from the Wisconsin border in the north to Cairo in the south. In addition to Wisconsin, the state borders Lake Michigan to the northeast, Indiana to the east, Kentucky to the southeast, Missouri

Prairie style, in architecture, American style exemplified by the low-lying “prairie houses” such as Robie House (1908) that were for the most part built in the Midwest between 1900 and 1917 by Frank Lloyd Wright. Among the Midwest architects who were influenced by this style of design were Walter

cotton rat: …the native prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). These two rodents are similar in both appearance and behaviour, the cotton rat being the prairie vole’s larger-bodied ecological equivalent. Indeed, the meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus), ranging from Alaska to the Eastern Seaboard, is also prolific and is the most abundant mammal in…

coyote, (Canis latrans), New World member of the dog family (Canidae) that is smaller and more lightly built than the wolf (Canis lupus). The coyote, whose name is derived from the Aztec coyotl, is found from Alaska southward into Central America but especially on the Great Plains. Historically,

Atsina, North American Indian tribe related to the Algonquian-speaking Arapaho, from which they may have separated as early as 1700. The variant name Gros Ventres (French: “Big Bellies”) was a misinterpretation by French trappers of Plains Indian sign language. The Blackfoot called the Atsina the

The Prairie, novel by James Fenimore Cooper, published in two volumes in 1827, the third of five novels published as The Leatherstocking Tales. Chronologically, The Prairie is the fifth in the series, ending with the death of the octogenarian frontiersman Natty Bumppo, called Hawkeye. The Prairie

Lake Manitoba, narrow, irregularly shaped lake in south-central Manitoba, Canada, 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Winnipeg. Fed by many small streams and by Crane Narrows (the outlet from Lake Winnipegosis [north]), it is drained northeastward into Lake Winnipeg via Lake St. Martin and the Dauphin

Paul Durcan: His 22nd volume of poetry, Praise in Which I Live and Move and Have My Being, appeared in 2012.

praise song, one of the most widely used poetic forms in Africa; a series of laudatory epithets applied to gods, men, animals, plants, and towns that capture the essence of the object being praised. Professional bards, who may be both praise singers to a chief and court historians of their tribe,

Celtic literature: Developments of the 18th century: …setting of his greatest poems, Moladh Beinn Dóbhrainn (The Praise of Ben Dorain) and Oran Coire a Cheathaich (“Song of the Misty Corrie”). His most famous love song is addressed to his wife, Màiri.

Erasmus: The wandering scholar: The celebrated Moriae encomium, or Praise of Folly, conceived as Erasmus crossed the Alps on his way back to England and written at Thomas More’s house, expresses a very different mood. For the first time the earnest scholar saw his own efforts along with everyone else’s as bathed in a…

Erasmus: The wandering scholar: The celebrated Moriae encomium, or Praise of Folly, conceived as Erasmus crossed the Alps on his way back to England and written at Thomas More’s house, expresses a very different mood. For the first time the earnest scholar saw his own efforts along with everyone else’s as bathed in a…

praise song, one of the most widely used poetic forms in Africa; a series of laudatory epithets applied to gods, men, animals, plants, and towns that capture the essence of the object being praised. Professional bards, who may be both praise singers to a chief and court historians of their tribe,

Frank Loesser: …melody with lyrics was “Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition,” the first big hit song of World War II. During the war he wrote for soldier-produced shows at army camps and composed the official song of the infantry, “What Do You Do in the Infantry?” From 1947 Loesser…

Jerry Falwell: …unsuccessfully sought to revive the PTL (Praise the Lord) Club, the conservative Christian organization and television network of the disgraced televangelist Jim Bakker. Falwell advocated a conservative Christian faith and condemned what he perceived as the sinfulness and godlessness of contemporary society. A segregationist in his early years, he later…

St. Francis of Assisi: The Franciscan rule of St. Francis of Assisi: In his “Canticle of the Creatures” (less properly called by such names as the “Praises of Creatures” or the “Canticle of the Sun”), he referred to “Brother Sun” and “Sister Moon,” the wind and water, and even “Sister Death.” He nicknamed his long and painful illnesses his…

St. Bernard of Clairvaux: Founder and abbot of Clairvaux: …concerning the Virgin Mary), “Praises of the Virgin Mother.” Bernard was to become a major champion of a moderate cult of the Virgin, though he did not support the notion of Mary’s Immaculate Conception.

Praisesong for the Widow, novel by Paule Marshall, published in 1983. Recently widowed Avey (Avatara) Johnson, a wealthy middle-aged African American woman, undergoes a spiritual rebirth and finds a vital connection to her past while visiting an island in the Caribbean. Marshall portrays the

Prajadhipok was the last absolute king of Siam (1925–35), under whose rule the Thai revolution of 1932 instituted the constitutional monarchy. Prajadhipok never expected to succeed to the throne. He was the 32nd and last son of King Chulalongkorn, the youngest of five sons by Queen Saowabha. When

saint: Buddhism: …women regarded as holy, including Prajapati, the Buddha’s aunt and stepmother—whose repeated requests finally caused the Buddha to permit women to enter his order—and his wife Yashodhara.

Prajapati, the great creator deity of the Vedic period of ancient India. In the post-Vedic age he came to be identified with the Hindu god Brahma. The frequent speculations on the creation of the world in the early Vedic literature allude to various primal figures, such as Hiranyagarbha (“Golden

triśikṣā: …of the truth, and (3) prajna (“wisdom”), understood not as a collection of empirical knowledge but as an intuitive experience of ultimate reality, attained in a state of samadhi.

Prajnaparamita, body of sutras and their commentaries that represents the oldest of the major forms of Mahayana Buddhism, one that radically extended the basic concept of ontological voidness (shunyata). The name denotes the female personification of the literature or of wisdom, sometimes called

Heart Sutra, in Mahayana Buddhism, an extremely brief yet highly influential distillation of the essence of Prajnaparamita (“Perfection of Wisdom”) writings, much reproduced and recited throughout East and Central Asia. True to its title, this short sutra goes to the heart of the doctrine it

prajñapti, in Buddhist philosophy, the denotation of a thing by a word. The concept of prajñapti is especially important in the Mādhyamika (“Middle View”) and Vijñānavāda (“Consciousness-affirming”) schools. Prajñapti is seen as a fictitious construction unrelated to ultimate reality, or

South Asian arts: The theatre: …on epic material, and the prakaraṇa, which is of the author’s invention, though often borrowed from narrative literature.

Vijayawada: The Prakasam Barrage on the Krishna River, completed in 1959, is one of the first major irrigation projects of the region. The village of Kondapalli, lying about 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Vijayawada, is a famous toy-making center. Pop. (2001) city, 851,282; urban agglom., 1,039,518;…

Prakrit languages, Middle Indo-Aryan languages known from inscriptions, literary works, and grammarians’ descriptions. Prakrit languages are related to Sanskrit but differ from and are contrasted with it in several ways. First, a distinction is made between speech forms considered to be correct or

Paryuṣaṇa, a popular eight-day festival in Jainism, a religion of India. It generally is celebrated by members of the Śvetāmbara sect from the 13th day of the dark half of the month Bhādrapada (August–September) to the 5th day of the bright half of the month. Among Digambaras, a corresponding

prakriti, in the Samkhya system (darshan) of Indian philosophy, material nature in its germinal state, eternal and beyond perception. When prakriti (female) comes into contact with the spirit, purusha (male), it starts on a process of evolution that leads through several stages to the creation of

prakriti, in the Samkhya system (darshan) of Indian philosophy, material nature in its germinal state, eternal and beyond perception. When prakriti (female) comes into contact with the spirit, purusha (male), it starts on a process of evolution that leads through several stages to the creation of

Southeast Asian arts: Dramatic and nondramatic forms: In the Thai praleng, two performers wearing god masks and holding peacock feathers in both hands perform an offertory dance to the god before the main dance-play begins. The Balinese legong, danced by a pair of preadolescent girls, may have only the most tenuous dramatic content. Its interest…

praline, in French confectionery, a cooked mixture of sugar, nuts, and vanilla, often ground to a paste for use as a pastry or candy filling, analogous to marzipan; also, a sugar-coated almond or other nutmeat. In the cookery of the American South, the term denotes a candy of sugared pecan meats or

praline, in French confectionery, a cooked mixture of sugar, nuts, and vanilla, often ground to a paste for use as a pastry or candy filling, analogous to marzipan; also, a sugar-coated almond or other nutmeat. In the cookery of the American South, the term denotes a candy of sugared pecan meats or

pramana, in Indian philosophy, the means by which one obtains accurate and valid knowledge (prama, pramiti) about the world. The accepted number of pramana varies, according to the philosophical system or school; the exegetic system of Mimamsa accepts five, whereas Vedanta as a whole proposes

Pramana-varttika, perhaps the foremost work on Buddhist logic and epistemology, written in the 7th century. The Pramana-varttika is the chief work of Dharmakirti, originally a southern Indian Brahman. The Pramana-varttika is written in about 2,000 stanzas of mnemonic verse, and its four chapters

Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: …Jaina works, such as Devasuri’s Pramananayatattvalokalamkara (“The Ornament of the Light of Truth of the Different Points of View Regarding the Means of True Knowledge,” 12th century ce) and Prabhachandra’s Prameyakamalamartanda (“The Sun of the Lotus of the Objects of True Knowledge,” 11th century ce), were written during this period.…

Indian philosophy: The logical period: …a Buddhist logician, wrote the Pramanasamuccaya (“Compendium of the Means of True Knowledge”), a work that laid the foundations of Buddhist logic.

Prambanan, village in the daerah istimewa (special district) of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, known for a large, nearby complex of temples built in the 9th and 10th centuries. The best-known set of temples in the complex is that of Lara Jonggrang, also called Candi Prambanan (Prambanan Temple) because of

Prambanan: …the complex is that of Lara Jonggrang, also called Candi Prambanan (Prambanan Temple) because of its close proximity to the village. These temples were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1999.

Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: …12th century ce) and Prabhachandra’s Prameyakamalamartanda (“The Sun of the Lotus of the Objects of True Knowledge,” 11th century ce), were written during this period. Under the Chola kings (c. 850–1279) and later in the Vijayanagara kingdom (which, along with Mithila in the north, remained strongholds of Hinduism until the…

antidiabetic drug: Pramlintide, exenatide, and sitagliptin: Other antidiabetic drugs include pramlintide and exenatide. Pramlintide is an injectable synthetic hormone (based on the human hormone amylin) that regulates blood glucose levels by slowing the absorption of food in the stomach and by inhibiting glucagon, which normally stimulates liver glucose…