Pala dynasty, ruling dynasty in Bihar and Bengal, India, from the 8th to the 12th century. Its founder, Gopala, was a local chieftain who rose to power in the mid-8th century during a period of anarchy. His successor, Dharmapala (reigned c. 770–810), greatly expanded the kingdom and for a while was

Eastern Indian painting, school of painting that flourished in the 11th and 12th centuries in the area of what are modern Bihar and Bengal. Its alternative name, Pala, derives from the name of the ruling dynasty of the period. The style is confined almost exclusively to conventional illustration on

Pala art, artistic style that flourished in what are now the states of Bihar and West Bengal, India, and in what is now Bangladesh. Named for the dynasty that ruled the region from the 8th to the 12th century ce, Pala style was transmitted chiefly by means of bronze sculptures and palm-leaf

Phalaborwa, mining town, Limpopo province, South Africa, located east of the Drakensberg mountains and north of the Olifants River near Kruger National Park. It is built on top of an old black African mining centre of iron and copper ore; traces of their workings and clay smelting ovens have been

Julio Ramón Ribeyro: …three, 1977; and four, 1992; Words of the Mute). In spite of the pathetic lives of the characters he depicts, Ribeyro’s narrators maintain a critical distance, as if depicting things. The characters themselves appear not to understand, much less be able to articulate, their predicament. In Featherless Buzzards, two boys…

Antonio Buero Vallejo: …produced in the same year, Palabras en la arena (“Words in the Sand”), which had for its theme adultery and the need for mercy, won the Amigos de los Quinteros Prize; many of his subsequent plays also earned Spanish literary awards. In En la ardiente oscuridad (1951; In the Burning…

palace, royal residence, and sometimes a seat of government or religious centre. The word is derived from the Palatine Hill in Rome, where the Roman emperors built their residences. As a building a palace should be differentiated from a castle, which was originally any fortified dwelling. After the

panorama: John Vanderlyn, painted in 1816–19 The Palace and Gardens of Versailles (preserved in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City), exhibiting it until 1829 in a rotunda that he built on a leased corner of City Hall Park in New York City. By the mid-19th century panoramas became a…

Western sculpture: Sculpture of fantasy (1920–45): Giacometti’s Palace at 4 A.M., for example, interprets the artist’s vision not in terms of the external public world but in an enigmatic, private language. Moore’s series of Forms suggest shapes in the process of forming under the influence of each other and the medium of…

Palatine Chapel, private chapel associated with a residence, especially of an emperor. Many of the early Christian emperors built private churches in their palaces—often more than one—as described in literary sources of the Byzantine period. Such structures in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Tur.)

China: Later innovations: …and promptly took an additional palace examination, nominally presided over by the emperor, on the basis of which they were ranked in order of excellence. They were registered as qualified officials by the Ministry of Personnel, which assigned them to active-duty posts as vacancies occurred. While on duty they were…

Palace Museum, in Beijing, museum housed in the main buildings of the former Imperial Palaces (see also Forbidden City). It exhibits valuable objects from Chinese history. The palace consists of many separate halls and courtyards. The outer buildings of the palace became a museum in 1914, although

Palace of Holyroodhouse, the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland, located at the eastern end of Edinburgh’s Royal Mile, which leads from Edinburgh Castle, and dating largely from the 16th century. It is used more for official receptions and ceremonies than as a royal home. The

William Painter: …author whose collection of tales The Palace of Pleasure, based on classical and Italian originals, served as a sourcebook for many Elizabethan dramatists.

education: Organization of education: Schools conducted in royal palaces taught not only the curriculum of the maktabs but also social and cultural studies designed to prepare the pupil for higher education, for service in the government of the caliphs, or for polite society. The instructors were called muʾaddibs, or instructors in good manners.…

St. Petersburg: Admiralty Side: …the east lies the great Palace Square, the city’s oldest. The 600-ton granite monolith of the Alexander Column (1830–34), the tallest of its kind in the world and so finely set that its base is not fastened, thrusts up for 165 feet (50 metres) near the centre of the square.

Bucharest: It is linked to Revolution Square (formerly Palace Square), which is surrounded by an imposing group of administrative, political, and cultural buildings including the Romanian Athenaeum, notable for its columned facade, and the former royal palace (now the National Art Museum).

Aegean civilizations: A new social order: A rather stiff, formal “Palace Style” of vase decoration, using motifs derived from the earlier plant and marine styles, may reflect an adaptation of Cretan fashions to mainland tastes. The old clan tombs went out of use in the Knossos region and were replaced by rock-cut tombs. Some of…

Lisbon: City layout: …water to the vast arcaded Commerce Square (Praça do Comércio). The three landward sides of the square are surrounded by uniform buildings dating from the 18th century. That formal Baroque-inspired layout is pierced by a monumental archway, built a century later, marking the entry north into the central city. In…

vaudeville: Beck also built the Palace Theatre in New York, which from 1913 to 1932 was the outstanding vaudeville house in the United States. In 1896 motion pictures were introduced into vaudeville shows as added attractions and to clear the house between shows. They gradually preempted more and more performing…

Richard D’Oyly Carte: …Opera House (1887; now the Palace Theatre), for which Sullivan wrote Ivanhoe (1891). Despite subsequent commissions to other English composers (including Sir Frederic Hymen Cowen), that enterprise collapsed. After Carte’s death, the touring companies he established, known as the D’Oyly Carte Opera Company, continued to produce Gilbert and Sullivan works…

France: The central government: …by three men—the seneschal, the count of the palace, and, foremost, the mayor of the palace, who also presided over the king’s estates. They traveled with the king, who, while having various privileged places of residence, did not live at a fixed capital. Only under Charlemagne did this pattern begin…

mayor of the palace, official of the western European kingdoms of the 6th–8th century, whose status developed under the Merovingian Franks from that of an officer of the household to that of regent or viceroy. The Merovingian kings adopted the system by which great landowners of the Roman Empire

Czechoslovak history: The Prague Spring of 1968: …as the dramatic suicide of Jan Palach, a student who on Jan. 16, 1969, set himself on fire—were what held the country’s attention.

Sintra: …the mountain peaks is the Pena Palace, a 19th-century castle, partly an adaptation of a 16th-century monastery and partly an imitation of a medieval fortress, which was built for Queen Maria II by her young German consort, Ferdinand II. On the extensive grounds of the castle, Ferdinand created the Parque…

Lisbon: City layout: Farther west, toward Belém, Necessidades Palace houses the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Palacio de Bellas Artes, cultural centre in Mexico City that was built between 1904 and 1934. The palace includes a large theatre, a concert hall, the Museo Nacional de Arquitectura (National Museum of Architecture), and the Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Museum of the Palace of Fine Arts). The

Lucio Gutiérrez: …Bogotá, Gutiérrez accused his successor, Alfredo Palacio, of overthrowing him in a coup. Gutiérrez returned to Ecuador in October 2005 and was arrested for threatening national security. The charges were dropped in March 2006, and Gutiérrez was released.

Royal Palace of Madrid, large 18th-century palace in downtown Madrid that is the official residence of the Spanish royal family, although the family does not live there but in the Palacio de la Zarzuela on the fringes of the city. The Royal Palace of Madrid is, however, used for state functions,

Armando Palacio Valdés was one of the most popular 19th-century Spanish novelists, distinguished by his optimism, his charming heroines, his realism, and his qualities of moderation and simplicity. After studying law at the University of Madrid, Palacio Valdés began his literary career as a critic

Lucio Gutiérrez: …Bogotá, Gutiérrez accused his successor, Alfredo Palacio, of overthrowing him in a coup. Gutiérrez returned to Ecuador in October 2005 and was arrested for threatening national security. The charges were dropped in March 2006, and Gutiérrez was released.

Andy Vivien Palacio was a Belizean musician who used his music to help preserve the culture of the Garifuna (descendants of Carib Indians and Africans exiled in the 18th century from British colonies in the eastern Caribbean). A bandleader and composer, Palacio hosted in 1981 a Garifuna program on

František Palacký was the founder of modern Czech historiography and a leading figure in the political life of 19th-century Bohemia. He early came into contact with the resurgence of national feeling that had begun to influence Czech and Slovak intellectuals. His early writings were concerned with

George E. Palade was a Romanian-born American cell biologist who developed tissue-preparation methods, advanced centrifuging techniques, and conducted electron microscopy studies that resulted in the discovery of several cellular structures. With Albert Claude and Christian de Duve he was awarded

George E. Palade was a Romanian-born American cell biologist who developed tissue-preparation methods, advanced centrifuging techniques, and conducted electron microscopy studies that resulted in the discovery of several cellular structures. With Albert Claude and Christian de Duve he was awarded

Asia: The Palearctic region: A distinction can be made between the animal life of the tundra in the north and that of the adjacent taiga farther south. The taiga in turn merges into the steppes, which have their own distinctive forms of animal life. Finally, the faunas…

Africa: Origin and adaption of African fauna: Likewise, Palaearctic animal life and vegetation appear to have extended far south into the Sahara, and the white rhinoceros apparently lived beside elklike, typically Palaearctic deer.

primate: Paleocene: >Palaechthon from Europe and North America. The skulls show a number of dental specializations, including, in the case of Plesiadapis, procumbent rodentlike incisors in the upper and lower jaw and the absence of other antemolar teeth, though the molar teeth show more plausible primate affinities.…

Leucothea: …that she and her son, Melicertes, leaped terrified into the sea. Both were changed into marine deities—Ino as Leucothea, Melicertes as Palaemon. The body of Melicertes was carried by a dolphin to the Isthmus of Corinth and deposited under a pine tree. There Melicertes’ body was found by his uncle…

Paleo-Siberian, any member of those peoples of northeastern Siberia who are believed to be remnants of earlier and more extensive populations pushed into this area by later Neosiberians. The Paleo-Siberians include the Chukchi, Koryak, Itelmen (Kamchadal), Nivkh (Gilyak), Yukaghir, and Ket (qq.v.).

Paleo-Siberian languages, languages spoken in Asian Russia (Siberia) that belong to four genetically unrelated groups—Yeniseian, Luorawetlan, Yukaghir, and Nivkh. The Yeniseian group is spoken in the Turukhansk region along the Yenisey River. Its only living members are Ket (formerly called

paleoanthropology, interdisciplinary branch of anthropology concerned with the origins and development of early humans. Fossils are assessed by the techniques of physical anthropology, comparative anatomy, and the theory of evolution. Artifacts, such as bone and stone tools, are identified and

geology: Paleobotany: Paleobotany is the study of fossil plants. The oldest widely occurring fossils are various forms of calcareous algae that apparently lived in shallow seas, although some may have lived in freshwater. Their variety is so profuse that their study forms an important branch of…

mollusk: Annotated classification: …m; 3 subclasses: Ctenidiobranchia (Nuculida), Palaeobranchia (Solemyida), Autobranchia (lamellibranch and septibranch bivalves); about 6,000 marine and 2,000 limnic species. Class Scaphopoda (Solenoconcha; tusk shells) Midventrally fused mantle and tubiform to barrel-shaped shell; head with tubular snout and 2 bunches of slender tentacles (captacula); foot pointed

crustacean: Annotated classification: †Order Palaeocaridacea Carboniferous to Permian; first thoracic segment not fused to head; abdominal pleopods 2-branched, flaplike; 4 families. Order Anaspidacea Permian to present; with or without eyes; antennules biramous; abdominal appendages well-developed; telson without a furca; South Australia and Tasmania; freshwater; about 8 species.

beaver: …were terrestrial burrowers, such as Palaeocastor, which is known by fossils from Late Oligocene–Early Miocene sediments of western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming. They probably lived in upland grasslands in large colonies, excavated extensive burrow systems, and grazed on the surface, their entire lifestyle being much like that of modern prairie…

Paleocene Epoch, first major worldwide division of rocks and time of the Paleogene Period, spanning the interval between 66 million and 56 million years ago. The Paleocene Epoch was preceded by the Cretaceous Period and was followed by the Eocene Epoch. The Paleocene is subdivided into three ages

paleoclimatology, scientific study of the climatic conditions of past geologic ages. Paleoclimatologists seek to explain climate variations for all parts of the Earth during any given geologic period, beginning with the time of the Earth’s formation. Many related fields contribute to the field of

cephalopod: Annotated classification: Suborder Palaeoctopoda (finned octopod) Cretaceous, some living. Suborder Cirrata (Cirromorpha) Holocene; soft-bodied, deep-webbed forms with cirri on arms and small to large paddle-shaped fins; primarily deep-sea. Suborder Incirrata (common octopus)

cephalopod: Evolution and paleontology: Palaeoctopus newboldi, the oldest known octopod, from the Cretaceous of Syria, was already too advanced to provide a clue to the derivation of the Octopoda. The Vampyromorpha are considered to be a possible connecting link between the Teuthoidea and the Octopoda.

artiodactyl: Evolution and paleontology: …artiodactyls are the suiform group Palaeodonta, which had four functional toes on each foot, primitive, low-cusped cheek teeth, and the typical artiodactyl astragalus. The artiodactyls became more prominent in the Oligocene (between about 33.9 million and 23 million years ago) with a decline of the then dominant perissodactyls, and the…

Silurian Period: Silurian life: Paleoecologists studying in Wales, Norway, Estonia, Siberia, South China, and North America have used very similar models to explain the geographic distribution of Silurian communities. Some of these communities were adapted to life under conditions of stronger sunlight and more vigorous wave energy in shallow…

Paleogene Period, oldest of the three stratigraphic divisions of the Cenozoic Era spanning the interval between 66 million and 23 million years ago. Paleogene is Greek meaning “ancient-born” and includes the Paleocene (Palaeocene) Epoch (66 million to 56 million years ago), the Eocene Epoch (56

paleogeography, the ancient geography of Earth’s surface. Earth’s geography is constantly changing: continents move as a result of plate tectonic interactions; mountain ranges are thrust up and erode; and sea levels rise and fall as the volume of the ocean basins change. These geographic changes

paleogeology, the geology of a region at any given time in the distant past. Paleogeologic reconstructions in map form show not only the ancient topography of a region but also the distribution of rocks beneath the surface and such structural features as faults and folds. Maps of this kind help

paleography: …for Greek paleography in his Palaeographia Graeca in 1708.

paleography, study of ancient and medieval handwriting. The term is derived from the Greek palaios (“old”) and graphein (“to write”). Precise boundaries for paleography are hard to define. For example, epigraphy, the study of inscriptions cut on immovable objects for permanent public inspection, is

bivalve: Annotated classification: Subclass Palaeoheterodonta Characterized by equal shell valves with a variable hinge dentition; aragonitic shell with outer prismatic and inner layers of nacre; most approximately isomyarian; ctenidia eulamellibranch; mantle fusions lacking, especially ventrally; complicated life cycles; wholly freshwater; nonbyssate; infaunal. About 1,200 species. Order Unionoida

paleohydrology, science concerned with hydrologic systems as they existed during previous periods of Earth history. Changing hydrologic conditions are inferred from the evidence of the alteration, deposition, and erosion in rocks from these periods. Paleohydrology also deals with the changes in the

Paleolithic Period, ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools. The popular Paleo diet, or Stone Age diet, is based on foods humans presumably would have consumed during the Paleolithic Period. (See also Stone Age.) The onset

Palaeologus family, Byzantine family that became prominent in the 11th century, the members of which married into the imperial houses of Comnenus, Ducas, and Angelus. Michael VIII Palaeologus, emperor at Nicaea in 1259, founded the dynasty of the Palaeologi in Constantinople in 1261. His son

Michael VIII Palaeologus was the Nicaean emperor (1259–61) and then Byzantine emperor (1261–82), who in 1261 restored the Byzantine Empire to the Greeks after 57 years of Latin occupation and who founded the Palaeologan dynasty, the last and longest-lived of the empire’s ruling houses. A scion of

Greece: Despotate of Epirus: …Komnenos Palaeologus, also known as Preljubovič, the son of the caesar Gregory Preljub, who had been the Serbian governor of Thessaly under Stefan Uroš IV Dušan. He was able to assert Serbian control over northern Epirus and fought with the Albanian lords of Árta (Ghin Bua Spata and Peter Ljoša)…

remanent magnetism, the permanent magnetism in rocks, resulting from the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field at the time of rock formation in a past geological age. It is the source of information for the paleomagnetic studies of polar wandering and continental drift. Remanent magnetism can

chondrostean: Evolution: …were those of the order Palaeonisciformes, a label derived from a Greek word meaning “ancient scale.” Like the living members of Chondrostei, the order Palaeonisciformes is not a natural group but rather a series of families connected by interrelationships that are poorly understood. These fishes possessed essentially the same feeding…

chondrostean: Evolution: …were those of the order Palaeonisciformes, a label derived from a Greek word meaning “ancient scale.” Like the living members of Chondrostei, the order Palaeonisciformes is not a natural group but rather a series of families connected by interrelationships that are poorly understood. These fishes possessed essentially the same feeding…

paleontology, scientific study of life of the geologic past that involves the analysis of plant and animal fossils, including those of microscopic size, preserved in rocks. It is concerned with all aspects of the biology of ancient life forms: their shape and structure, evolutionary patterns,

crustacean: Evolution and paleontology: The decapod Palaeopalaemon, a shrimplike form, occurs in the Devonian Period (416 million to 359.2 million years ago), crayfish occur in the Late Permian Period (260.4 million to 251 million years ago), and allies of the hermit crabs (Anomura) are found in the Jurassic Period (199.6 million…

primate: Classification: Family Palaeopropithecidae (sloth lemurs) 4 genera and 5 species from Madagascar, all extinct within the past 2,000 years. Holocene. Family Archaeolemuridae (baboon lemurs) 2 recently extinct genera and 3 species from Madagascar, all extinct within the past 2,000 years. Holocene.

dinosaur: Ankylosauria: Nodosaurus, and Palaeoscincus, were relatively low and broad in body form and walked close to the ground on short, stocky legs in a quadrupedal stance. As in stegosaurs, the hind legs were longer than the front legs, but they were not as disproportionate as those of Stegosaurus.…

Palaeospondylus, genus of enigmatic fossil vertebrates that were very fishlike in appearance but of uncertain relationships. Palaeospondylus, from the Middle Devonian epoch (398 million to 385 million years ago), has been found in the Old Red Sandstone rocks in the region of Achannaras, Scot.

crustacean: Annotated classification: †Order Palaeostomatopoda Carboniferous. †Order Aeschronectida Carboniferous. Subclass Eumalacostraca Late Devonian to Holocene; carapace (when present) not bivalved; rostrum fixed; first antenna 2-branched; thoracic legs with slender, many-segmented outer

bivalve: Internal features: …the earliest mollusks—hence the name protobranch, or “first gills.” The paired gills, separated by a central axis, are suspended from the mantle roof. Individual short gill filaments extend outward from either side of the axis, and cilia on their surfaces create an upward respiratory water current that passes from the…

biogeographic region: Paleotropical kingdom: This kingdom extends from Africa, excluding strips along the northern and southern edges, through the Arabian peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia eastward into the Pacific (Figure 1). Plant families that extend over much of the region include the families Pandanaceae (screw pine) and…

Paleozoic Era, major interval of geologic time that began 538.8 million years ago with the Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary diversification of marine animals, and ended about 252 million years ago with the end-Permian extinction, the greatest extinction event in Earth history. The major

Arabia: …the Great, became known as Palaestina Salutaris (or Tertia) when detached again in 357–358 ce. The cities of both provinces enjoyed a marked revival of prosperity in the 5th and 6th centuries and fell into decay only after the Arab conquest in 632–636.

Bagheria: The best-known are Villa Palagonia (1715), containing more than 60 Baroque grotesque statues of beggars, dwarfs, monsters, and other oddities; the Villa Butera, with wax figures of monks wearing the Carthusian habit (1639); and the Villa Valguarnera (1721). Formerly called Bagaria, the town is in a fruit-growing area,…

Chuck Palahniuk is an American author known for darkly comic and often disturbing novels—in particular, Fight Club (1996), which was adapted into a controversial film of the same name in 1999. Born in Pasco, a city in southeastern Washington, Palahniuk grew up in the rural town of Burbank, where

Chuck Palahniuk is an American author known for darkly comic and often disturbing novels—in particular, Fight Club (1996), which was adapted into a controversial film of the same name in 1999. Born in Pasco, a city in southeastern Washington, Palahniuk grew up in the rural town of Burbank, where

Palaic language, one of the ancient Anatolian languages, Palaic was spoken in Palā, a land located to the northwest of Hittite territory and across the Halys (now the Kızıl) River. The resemblance of Palā to the later place-names Blaëne (Greek) and Paphlagonia (Roman) is surely not coincidental.

Palaeologus family, Byzantine family that became prominent in the 11th century, the members of which married into the imperial houses of Comnenus, Ducas, and Angelus. Michael VIII Palaeologus, emperor at Nicaea in 1259, founded the dynasty of the Palaeologi in Constantinople in 1261. His son

Nicopolis Actia, city about 4 miles (6 km) north of Préveza, northwestern Greece, opposite Actium (now Áktion) at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf (now Amvrakikós Gulf). It was founded in 31 bc by Octavian (who in 27 bc was to become the Roman emperor Augustus) in commemoration of his victory over

Paphos: The older ancient city (Greek: Palaipaphos) was located at modern Pírgos (Kouklia); New Paphos, which had superseded Old Paphos by Roman times, was 10 miles (16 km) farther west. New Paphos and Ktima together form modern Paphos.

myth: Approaches to the study of myth and mythology: Thus, the ancient writer Palaiphatos interpreted the story of Europa (carried off to Crete on the back of a handsome bull, which was actually Zeus in disguise) as that of a woman abducted by a Cretan called Tauros, the Greek word for bull; and Skylla, the bestial and cannibalistic…

theatre: Developments in France and Spain: …background for tragedies was the palais à volonté (literally “palace to order”), a neutral setting without particularized details. For comedy the typical scene was chambre à quatre portes (“room with four doors”), an informal interior. By 1700 Paris had two types of theatres, epitomized by the Opéra, with its Baroque…

Anselm Of Saint Mary: Among his early works are Le Palais de l’honneur (1663–1668; “The Palace of Honour”), concerning the genealogy of the houses of Lorraine and Savoy; Le Palais de la gloire (1664; “The Palace of Glory”), dealing with the genealogy of various illustrious French and European families; and La Science héraldique (1675;…

Anselm Of Saint Mary: …houses of Lorraine and Savoy; Le Palais de la gloire (1664; “The Palace of Glory”), dealing with the genealogy of various illustrious French and European families; and La Science héraldique (1675; “The Science of Heraldry”).

Cannes: …are several casinos, and the Palais des Festivals is the site of the well-known Cannes film festival. Tourism is the city’s main source of revenue; of this about a fifth is winter tourism; foreign visitors make up two-fifths of the traffic. There is an international market for flowers, especially mimosa,…

Luxembourg: The Grand Ducal Palace is home to the royal family, heirs of William I (1772–1843), king of the Netherlands and grand duke of Luxembourg (1815–40). The palace dates from 1572, and later additions were made in 1895. After renovations were completed in the 1990s, portions of…

Paul Otlet: …began referring to as the Mundaneum—in the palace situated in Brussels’s Cinquantenaire Park (Jubilee Park).

Eugène Delacroix: Building decoration of Eugène Delacroix: …Salon du Roi at the Palais-Bourbon. He was subsequently commissioned to decorate the ceiling of the Library of the Palais-Bourbon (1838–47), the Library of the Palais du Luxembourg (1840–47), the ceiling of the Galerie d’Apollon at the Louvre (1850), the Salon de la Paix at the Hotel de Ville (1849–53;…

Paris: The Rue de Rivoli and Right Bank environs: …the Louvre, the Place du Palais-Royal leads to the palace of Cardinal de Richelieu, which he willed to the royal family. Louis XIV lived there as a child, and during the minority of Louis XV the kingdom was ruled from there by the debauched regent Philippe II, duc d’Orléans, from…

Palais-Royal Theatre, Paris playhouse most noted for 17th-century productions by Molière. The Palais-Royal traces its history to a small private theatre in the residence of Cardinal Richelieu. Designed by architect Jacques Lemercier, this theatre became known by the name of the residence, the

Senufo: Palaka separated from the main Senufo stock well before the 14th century ad; at about that time, with the founding of the town of Kong as a Bambara trade-route station, the rest of the population began migrations to the south, west, and north, resulting in…

Palakkad, city, central Kerala state, southwestern India. The city lies on the Ponnani River in the Palghat Gap, a break in the Western Ghats range. Palakkad’s location has always given the city strategic and commercial importance. It is a marketplace for grain, tobacco, textiles, and timber. Its

Scythian: …in the 2nd century bce, Palakus being the last sovereign whose name is preserved in history.

Kostís Palamás was a Greek poet who was important in the evolution of modern Greek literature. Palamás was educated at Mesolongion and at Athens and became the central figure in the Demotic movement of the 1880s, which sought to shake off traditionalism and draw inspiration for a new Greek literary

St. Gregory Palamas ; canonized 1368; feast day November 14) was an Orthodox monk, theologian, and intellectual leader of Hesychasm, an ascetical method of mystical prayer that integrates repetitive prayer formulas with bodily postures and controlled breathing. He was appointed bishop of

Palayamkottai, town, southern Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. It lies across the Tambraparni River and slightly downstream from the city of Tirunelveli, with which it is now merged administratively. Palayamkottai is a residential and educational centre in the Tirunelveli urban agglomeration.

romance: Structure: …an offshoot, the romance of Palamède (before 1240), which deals with the older generation of Arthur’s knights. A similar example of “extension backward” is the Perceforest, which associates the beginnings of knighthood in Britain with both Brutus the Trojan (reputedly Aeneas’ grandson and the legendary founder of Britain) and Alexander…