William Whiston: During this period he wrote A New Theory of the Earth (1696), in which he claimed that the biblical stories of the creation, flood, and final conflagration could be explained scientifically as accounts of events with historical bases. After three years as vicar of Lowestoft (1698–1701), he returned to Cambridge,…

New Thought, a mind-healing movement, based on religious and metaphysical presuppositions, that originated in the United States in the 19th century. The great diversity of views and styles of life represented in various New Thought groups makes it virtually impossible to determine the number of the

China: An intellectual revolution: …own reform journal, Xinchao (“New Tide”). A new experimental literature inspired by Western forms became highly popular, and scores of new literary journals were founded.

New Tōkaidō Line, high-speed rail line between Tokyo and Osaka that comprises the first segment of the Shinkansen Line

new town, a form of urban planning designed to relocate populations away from large cities by grouping homes, hospitals, industry and cultural, recreational, and shopping centres to form entirely new, relatively autonomous communities. The first new towns were proposed in Great Britain in the New

Shamokin, city, Northumberland county, east-central Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies along Shamokin Creek. Founded in 1835 by the coal speculators John C. Boyd and Ziba Bird, it was early known as Boyd’s Stone-coal Quarry, Boydtown, and New Town. The present name, selected by Boyd, is a derivation of one

Edinburgh: The New Town: In 1767 the town council approved plans for the New Town as a suburban residential district, designed only for people “of a certain rank and fortune.” The architect, James Craig, set out a vision of order and space: a grid five streets deep…

Munich: The contemporary city: The New Town Hall (built 1867–74) was enlarged at the beginning of the 20th century.

Newton, city, Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the Charles River just west of Boston and comprises several villages, including Auburndale, Newton Centre, Newton Upper Falls, Newtonville, Nonantum, Waban, and the northern part of Chestnut Hill (shared with Brookline).

Stevenage: …by British planners under the New Towns Act, 1946, with the aim of catering to the needs of London’s overspill population. The old town, with its old coaching inns, 12th-century church, 16th-century grammar school, and market (granted 1281), forms one neighbourhood. The main shopping centre, from which vehicles are excluded,…

Ricky Skaggs: …a leading role in the New Traditionalist movement of the 1980s by adapting bluegrass music’s instrumentation and historically conscious sensibility to mainstream country music.

Buchi Emecheta: …as do Kehinde (1994) and The New Tribe (2000).

Shinkansen, pioneer high-speed passenger rail system of Japan, with lines on the islands of Honshu, Kyushu, and Hokkaido. It was originally built and operated by the government-owned Japanese National Railways and has been part of the private Japan Railways Group since 1987. The first section of

Tuticorin: …city’s shipping is handled at New Tuticorin, about 5 miles (8 km) southeast of the original port.

Jan Tschichold: …book, Die neue Typographie (1928; The New Typography; A Handbook for Modern Designers), which expounded the principles and functional uses of Modernist typography to printers, type compositors, and designers. In Germany, where black letter, or Gothic script (called Fraktur in German), remained in use until the 20th century, a simplified…

New Ulm, city, seat of Brown county, south-central Minnesota, U.S., on the Minnesota River, near the mouth of the Cottonwood River, about 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Minneapolis. Founded in 1854 by German immigrants of the Chicago Land Society, led by Frederick Beinhorn, it was named for Ulm in

Ulster Defence Association: …a political think tank, the New Ulster Political Research Group, which advocated a negotiated independence for Northern Ireland, a policy at variance with mainstream unionism. Skeptical of traditional unionist politicians (it did not allow members of the British Parliament or clergy to join) and separated from them by its staunchly…

Malaysia: Malaysia from independence to c. 2000: …forming a new Malay party, UMNO Baru (New UMNO; Baru was subsequently dropped in 1997 and the original name restored). Mahathir’s opponents countered by forming Semangat ’46 (Spirit of ’46), which claimed to embody the ideals of the original UMNO (established in 1946) and attempted to unite the disparate opposition…

Toyota Motor Corporation: …Corporation in the creation of New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc., a dual-brand manufacturing plant in California, where Toyota began U.S. production in 1986.

urban planning: Changing objectives: …movement in planning, variously called new urbanism, smart growth, or neotraditionalism, has attracted popular attention through its alternative views of suburban development. Reflecting considerable revulsion against urban sprawl, suburban traffic congestion, and long commuting times, this movement has endorsed new construction that brings home, work, and shopping into proximity, encourages…

Egypt: Agriculture and fishing: The New Valley project, begun in 1997, was initially slated to bring roughly 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) under production in the southern Western Desert by pumping water from Lake Nasser through a long canal. Its most important structure, the Mubarak Pumping Station, was completed in 2005,…

bovine spongiform encephalopathy: …form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) took the lives of dozens of people in Europe. In experiments with mice, researchers found that prions from human cases of nvCJD caused a disease pattern similar to that caused by prions from cows with BSE. The result suggested that the human infection is…

circus: Clowns: Modern, or “New Vaudeville,” clowns do not use the traditional clown accoutrements. They usually work alone, typically without makeup, and establish a personal relationship with the audience. Two Americans, Bill Irwin and David Shiner, are perhaps the best-known among New Vaudeville clowns; their talents were featured in…

Robert Bridges: New Verse (1925) contains experiments using a metre based on syllables rather than accents. He used this form for his long philosophical poem The Testament of Beauty, published on his 85th birthday. Bridges was poet laureate from 1913 until his death.

Nicholas Brady: Brady and Tate’s New Version of the Psalms was licensed in 1696 and largely displaced the old version of T. Sternhold and J. Hopkins. Among Brady’s other works was a blank-verse translation of Virgil’s Aeneid (1726).

political philosophy: Anarchism and utopianism: (1793) by William Godwin, New View of Society (1813) by Robert Owen, and voluminous anticlerical writings by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.

Malaysia: Rural settlement: New Villages represent a type of settlement that is unique to Peninsular Malaysia. They were originally established by the government as roadside relocation settlements for rural Chinese during the Malayan Emergency (1948–60), a period of intense conflict between the British administration and a (largely Chinese)…

European exploration: Westward voyages to the Pacific: ” His book A New Voyage Round the World, published in 1697, further popularized the idea of a great southern continent.

Louis-Armand de Lom d’Arce, baron de Lahontan: (New Voyages to North-America), considered the best 17th-century work on New France. The New Voyages also contained a series of dialogues describing the philosophy of the primitive way of life that influenced a subsequent growth of primitivism in France and England, as reflected in the…

harbours and sea works: The Delta Plan: …the channel known as the New Waterway from the Hook of Holland.

new wave, category of popular music spanning the late 1970s and the early 1980s. Taking its name from the French New Wave cinema of the late 1950s, this catchall classification was defined in opposition to punk (which was generally more raw, rough edged, and political) and to mainstream “corporate”

New Wave, the style of a number of highly individualistic French film directors of the late 1950s. Preeminent among New Wave directors were Louis Malle, Claude Chabrol, François Truffaut, Alain Resnais, and Jean-Luc Godard, most of whom were associated with the film magazine Cahiers du cinéma, the

Yo La Tengo: …on the band’s sophomore release, New Wave Hot Dogs (1987), featuring Kaplan on lead guitar and Stephan Wichnewski on bass. By the time President Yo La Tengo (1989) was released, the band’s sound had evolved from basic roots-rock to encompass dramatic juxtapositions of feedback-driven noise rock with melodic folk-influenced pop,…

Shyam Benegal: …New Wave Indian cinema, or parallel cinema.

Philip Massinger: …of his two great comedies—A New Way to Pay Old Debts, his most popular and influential play, in which he expresses genuine indignation at economic oppression and social disorder, and The City Madam (1632?), dealing with similar evils but within a more starkly contrived plot that curiously combines naturalistic…

Karen Horney: …of Our Time (1937) and New Ways in Psychoanalysis (1939), in which she argued that environmental and social conditions, rather than the instinctual or biological drives described by Freud, determine much of individual personality and are the chief causes of neuroses and personality disorders. In particular, Horney objected to Freud’s…

Nicolai Hartmann: …Neue Wege der Ontologie (1942; New Ways of Ontology). According to his new ontology, epistemology depends on ontology, not the opposite. Thus, the “being” of objects is a necessary prerequisite for thought or knowledge about them. The knowledge that people have of reality is itself a part of reality, as…

American frontier: Significance of the frontier: …American academics known as the New Western Historians. These historians—including Patricia Nelson Limerick, Richard White, William Cronon, and Donald Worster—viewed Turner’s concept of the frontier as ethnocentric in its failure to acknowledge that the landscape into which the settlers came had already been altered by centuries of habitation by Native…

New Westminster, city, southwestern British Columbia, Canada, on the Fraser River estuary, in the southeastern part of Vancouver metropolitan area. Founded in 1859 on a site chosen by Colonel Richard C. Moody, it was called Queensborough until renamed at the suggestion of Queen Victoria. New

Western Washington University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Bellingham, Washington, U.S. It comprises Fairhaven College (an interdisciplinary studies program); Woodring College of Education; Huxley College of Environmental Studies; colleges of business and economics, fine

Margaret Laurence: The Prophet’s Camel Bell (1963; also published as New Wind in a Dry Land) is an account of her life in Africa. The Tomorrow-Tamer (1963) is a collection of African stories.

New Windsor, town (township), Orange county, southeastern New York, U.S., on the Hudson River, immediately south of Newburgh. The old village, New Windsor Center (named for Windsor, England), was laid out in 1749, and the town was established in 1763. The town also includes the hamlets of Vails

Windsor, town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area), Windsor and Maidenhead unitary authority, historic county of Berkshire, southeastern England. Windsor is situated on the south bank of the River Thames opposite Eton and lies to the west of London. The modern town is dominated by Windsor

New Windsor, town (township), Orange county, southeastern New York, U.S., on the Hudson River, immediately south of Newburgh. The old village, New Windsor Center (named for Windsor, England), was laid out in 1749, and the town was established in 1763. The town also includes the hamlets of Vails

wool: …in the United States, as virgin wool. The limited world supply results in the use of recovered wools. In the United States, wool recovered from fabric never used by the consumer is called reprocessed wool; wool recovered from material that has had use is called reused wool. Recovered wools, employed…

utopian poetry: …Derek Walcott’s satirical poem “New World” (1976), which offers a mordant view of utopian colonization by parodying the biblical motif of the Garden of Eden.

beaver: American beavers (Castor canadensis) occur throughout forested parts of North America to northern Mexico, including the southwestern United States and northern Florida. Beavers were at the heart of the fur trade during colonial times and contributed significantly to the westward settlement and development of North…

brown snake: TheNew World brown snakes encompass the five species of the genus Storeria. They are found from eastern Canada to Honduras and are mostly less than 30 cm (12 inches) long. They are shy and spend most of their time under rocks, heavy vegetation, and leaf…

deer: New World deer: The New World deer came from a separate radiation that colonized North and South America and Eurasia. Among the grotesque giants that evolved in the Ice Age are the moose (Alces alces), the largest of all deer, standing 2 metres (7 feet)…

tyrant flycatcher, any of about 400 species of aggressive insect-eating New World birds of the family Tyrannidae (order Passeriformes). About one-third of the species are not flycatcher-like in habit and bear names derived from their habitats (e.g., bush tyrant, marsh tyrant) or from their

flying squirrel: Natural history: …seldom leave the trees, but North American flying squirrels (Glaucomys) regularly descend to the ground to forage and bury nuts. Depending upon the species, diets can include seeds, fruit, leaves, flower buds, nuts, fungi, lichens, pollen, ferns, tree

ghost bat: …(see sheath-tailed bat), whereas another New World ghost bat, also known as the Honduran white bat (Ectophylla alba), is a leaf-nosed bat. The Australian ghost bat (see false vampire bat) is a larger, grayish bat of the family Megadermatidae.

harvest mouse: American harvest mice: New World harvest mice belong to the subfamily Sigmodontinae of the mouse family Muridae within the order Rodentia. Their ancestry is seen in the North American geologic record back to the early Pliocene Epoch (5.3 million to 3.6 million years ago). Their closest living relatives…

Amazon River: Animal life: …forest are several species of monkeys. Of note are the howler monkeys, which make the selva resound with their morning and evening choruses. The small, agile squirrel monkey, the most ubiquitous of Amazonia’s monkeys, is used in laboratories, as is the larger spider monkey. Among a host of other primate…

apodiform: Reproduction and life cycle: The New World palm swifts (Tachornis), like those of the Old World, place their nests under palm leaves, but the nest itself is more elaborate, being a sack entered from below through a tubular tunnel. Most other swifts nest either inside a crevice or hole (such…

Roger Corman: New World Pictures: …Corman left AIP and formed New World Pictures, an independent company that produced and distributed the work of such young artists as John Sayles, Martin Scorsese, Joe Dante, Jonathan Demme, and James Cameron. Its first film, The Student Nurses (1970), was shot in three weeks for $150,000 and grossed more…

porcupine: …embedded in clusters, whereas in New World porcupines (Erethizontidae) single quills are interspersed with bristles, underfur, and hair. No porcupine can throw its quills, but they detach easily and will remain embedded in an attacker. Base coloration ranges from grayish brown through dark brown to blackish, but this colouring is…

python: New world pythons: The only native New World python (Loxocemus bicolor) is classified as the sole member of the family Loxocemidae. It is an egg layer found in forests from southern Mexico to Costa Rica. Usually less than 1 metre (3.3 feet) long, it is reported to reach nearly 1.5 metres…

fox: …the Old World and the New World. Several other foxes belong to genera other than Vulpes, including the North American gray fox, five species of South American fox, the Arctic fox (including the blue fox), the bat-eared fox, and the crab-eating fox.

Holarctic region: …the Palaearctic (Old World) and Nearctic (New World) subregions. The vegetational divisions roughly corresponding to this region are the Boreal and Palaeotropical (in part) kingdoms. The animals and plants of the region include a vast array of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Fringillidae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, sometimes collectively termed true finches. The group, whose members can be found on all continents except Antarctica, is made up of approximately 230 species contained within about 50 genera. It includes grosbeaks, euphonias, cardueline finches,

Michael Tilson Thomas: In 1987 he established the New World Symphony, composed of recent graduates of the best music programs from around the world. In the 21st century the New World Symphony served as an academy and incubator for future leaders in classical music and as a cultural and educational resource for the…

New World Symphony, orchestral work by Bohemian composer Antonín Dvořák, a major milestone in the validation of American—or “New World”—music and lore as source material for classical composition. Written while Dvořák was living and working in New York City, the symphony purportedly incorporated

vine snake: … (Asian vine snakes), Oxybelis (New World vine snakes), and Thelotornis (African vine snakes); however, some authorities also place the genera Imantodes and Langaha in this group. African vine snakes, which inhabit sub-Saharan regions, are most diverse in East Africa. The five species of New World vine snakes range from…

vulture: New World vultures: The turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) is the most widespread New World vulture, breeding from Canada southward to the southern tip of South America. Northern populations are migratory. They are small brownish black vultures with red heads as adults (dark gray as juveniles)…

wood warbler, any of the species in the songbird family Parulidae. Wood warblers are New World birds, distinct from the true warblers of the Old World, which represent a taxonomically diverse group. Because most wood warblers are brightly coloured and active, they are known as the “butterflies of

Andrew Motion: …to Treasure Island (2012) and The New World (2014) are sequels to Robert Louis Stevenson’s popular adventure novel, centring on the character Jim Hawkins. In 2006 Motion published a memoir, In the Blood, and in 2008 he released a collection of essays titled Ways of Life: On Places, Painters, and…

Russell Banks: …a collection of stories entitled The New World (1978).

Terrence Malick: …years would pass before Malick’s The New World (2005) hit screens. The film, which portrayed the founding of the Jamestown settlement and starred Christian Bale and Colin Farrell, was noted for its historical accuracy. Malick’s next production, The Tree of Life (2011), was an impressionistic essay on humankind’s place in…

Michael Moorcock: …as editor of the magazine New Worlds, led the New Wave movement in science fiction that expanded the boundaries of the genre.

Louis Johnson: His works include the collections New Worlds for Old (1957), Bread and a Pension (1964), Land like a Lizard (1970), Onion (1972), Coming and Going (1982), Winter Apples (1984), and True Confessions of the Last Cannibal (1986). He edited the prose and poetry volume

John Lehmann: …man of letters whose book-periodical New Writing and its successors were an important influence on English literature from the mid-1930s through the 1940s.

Xiang language: …major varieties of Xiang are New Xiang and Old Xiang. New Xiang, which is spoken predominantly around Changsha, the capital of Hunan, has been strongly influenced by Mandarin Chinese. Old Xiang, which is spoken in other areas of the province, including Shuangfeng, is similar in several respects to the Wu…

Led Zeppelin, British rock band that was extremely popular in the 1970s. Although their musical style was diverse, they came to be well known for their influence on the development of heavy metal. The members were Jimmy Page (b. January 9, 1944, Heston, Middlesex, England), Robert Plant (b. August

New Year festival, any of the social, cultural, and religious observances worldwide that celebrate the beginning of the new year. Such festivals are among the oldest and the most universally observed. The earliest known record of a New Year festival dates from about 2000 bce in Mesopotamia, where

Ṭu bi-Shevaṭ, (Hebrew: “Fifteenth of Shevaṭ”), Jewish festival of the new year of trees, or arbor day. It occurs on Shevaṭ 15 (January or early February), after most of the annual rain in Israel has fallen and when, thereafter, the fruit of a tree is considered, for tithing, to belong to a new

New Year festival, any of the social, cultural, and religious observances worldwide that celebrate the beginning of the new year. Such festivals are among the oldest and the most universally observed. The earliest known record of a New Year festival dates from about 2000 bce in Mesopotamia, where

Halle Berry: …in the ensemble romantic comedy New Year’s Eve, and the following year she starred as a diving instructor vexed by sharks in the thriller Dark Tide. In the elaborately structured epic Cloud Atlas (2012), she performed multiple roles, including those of a 1970s journalist and a male Asian doctor from…

New Year festival, any of the social, cultural, and religious observances worldwide that celebrate the beginning of the new year. Such festivals are among the oldest and the most universally observed. The earliest known record of a New Year festival dates from about 2000 bce in Mesopotamia, where

postal system: Japan: …in Japan is the special New Year’s Mail Service, introduced in 1900. Operating partly for the benefit of charities, this provides for the timely delivery of billions of New Year greetings.

Dick Clark: …as the host of ABC’s New Year’s Rockin’ Eve.

Alexander Scott: …and a ceremonial alliterative poem, “Ane New Yeir Gift to Quene Mary . . . ,” which gives an interesting reflection of early Reformation Scotland.

Lou Reed: …concept albums than song cycles: New York (1989), about the spiritual death of his hometown; Songs for Drella (1990), an elegy for his 1960s mentor, Pop art conceptualist Andy Warhol, done in collaboration with former Velvets bandmate John Cale; and Magic and Loss (1991),

Titanic: Maiden voyage: …the Titanic caused the docked New York to swing into the giant liner’s path. After an hour of maneuverings to prevent the accident, the Titanic was under way. On the evening of April 10 the ship stopped at Cherbourg, France. The city’s dock was too small to accommodate the Titanic,…

Clinton, city, seat (1869) of Clinton county, eastern Iowa, U.S. It lies along the Mississippi River (there bridged to Fulton and East Clinton, Illinois), about 40 miles (65 km) north-northeast of Davenport. The original settler, Joseph M. Bartlett, operated a trading store for Native Americans in

Yiddish literature: Writers in New York: “New York,” one memorable short poem, opens with a brusque rhythm and montage of images: “Metal. granit. geroysh. gebrazg. gepilder. / oytomobiln. hoykh-ban. tif-ban. kar” (“Metal. Granite. Uproar. Racket. Clatter. / Automobile. Bus. Subway. El” [translated by Benjamin and Barbara Harshav]). Leyeles also brought exotic…

New York, constituent state of the United States of America, one of the 13 original colonies and states. New York is bounded to the west and north by Lake Erie, the Canadian province of Ontario, Lake Ontario, and the Canadian province of Quebec; to the east by the New England states of Vermont,

New York City, city and port located at the mouth of the Hudson River, southeastern New York state, northeastern U.S. It is the largest and most influential American metropolis, encompassing Manhattan and Staten islands, the western sections of Long Island, and a small portion of the New York state

At the start of the 1950s, midtown Manhattan was the centre of the American music industry, containing the headquarters of three major labels (RCA, Columbia, and Decca), most of the music publishers, and many recording studios. Publishers were the start of the recording process, employing “song

Continental Airlines, Inc.: …1987 other Texas Air subsidiaries—New York Airlines, Inc. (founded 1980), People Express Airlines (1981), and Presidential Airlines (1985)—were merged into Continental Airlines, significantly increasing the company’s aircraft and routes, but it continued to lose money and continued to be debt-ridden. Bitter conflicts between the airline unions and Texas Air’s…

Damon Runyon: …became a reporter for the New York American. He covered the New York baseball clubs for many years as well as various other sports topics, and along the way he developed his style of focusing on human interest rather than strictly reporting facts. He began writing stories about a racy…

Amsterdam News, one of the most influential and oldest continuously published African American newspapers, based in Harlem in New York City. It predominately treats issues in African American culture, especially events in and issues concerning New York City and environs, from a Black perspective.

athletics: Modern development: …in 1839, but it was the New York Athletic Club, formed in the 1860s, that placed the sport on a solid footing in the United States. The club held the world’s first indoor meet and helped promote the formation in 1879 of the National Association of Amateur Athletes of America…

Lochner v. New York: Background: …York state assembly passed the New York Bakeshop Act (1895). Modeled on the British Bakehouse Regulation Act (1863), the law established minimum sanitation standards, including prohibitions against keeping domestic animals in bakeries and against workers sleeping in the bake room. A key provision was a clause limiting the working hours…

Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, leading U.S. dog show competition, held annually by the New York City-based Westminster Kennel Club (WKC). It is one of the country’s oldest continuously running sporting events, second only to the Kentucky Derby in longevity. The designation Best in Show, awarded

New York Botanical Garden, one of the leading centres of botanical research and floristics in the United States. The 250-acre (101-hectare) garden, located in Bronx Park, New York City, has a plant collection consisting of about 12,000 species from almost every part of the world. Many of the

basketball: U.S. professional basketball: …heralded professional team was the Original Celtics, which started out in 1915 as a group of youngsters from New York City, kept adding better players in the early 1920s, and became so invincible that the team disbanded in 1928, only to regroup in the early 1930s as the New York…

New York Central Railroad Company, one of the major American railroads that connected the East Coast with the interior. Founded in 1853, it was a consolidation of 10 small railroads that paralleled the Erie Canal between Albany and Buffalo; the earliest was the Mohawk and Hudson, New York state’s

Josephine Shaw Lowell: …appointed a commissioner of the New York Charities Commission, a post that she held until 1889. Her investigations there led to the establishment of the first custodial asylum for feebleminded women in the United States in 1885 and to the House of Refuge for Women (later the State Training School…

Josephine Shaw Lowell: …was a founder of the New York Charity Organization Society, a group devoted to the cooperation of charitable agencies. She guided the society for 25 years; during that time she wrote a number of papers on the theoretical foundations of relief work, especially the influential Public Relief and Private Charity…