coin: Modern coinage: With 100 “new pence” to the pound, the decimal coinage was based on denominations of these new pence (12 [since demonetized], one, two, five, 10, 50); the sixpence coin continued briefly as a 2 12-pence coin before being phased out, as were the old penny and threepence…

New People’s Army (NPA), military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Marxist-Leninist (CPP-ML), which is a Communist organization dedicated to achieving power in the Philippines by means of revolutionary insurrection. The CPP-ML was originally a Maoist faction that broke away from the

Mao Zedong: Early years: …important of those was the New People’s Study Society, founded in the winter of 1917–18, many of whose members were later to join the Communist Party.

Persian language, member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. It is the official language of Iran, and two varieties of Persian known as Dari and Tajik are official languages in Afghanistan and Tajikistan, respectively. Modern Persian is most closely related to Middle and Old

Persian literature, body of writings in New Persian (also called Modern Persian), the form of the Persian language written since the 9th century with a slightly extended form of the Arabic alphabet and with many Arabic loanwords. The literary form of New Persian is known as Farsi in Iran, where it

New Philadelphia, city, seat (1808) of Tuscarawas county, east-central Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Tuscarawas River, adjacent to the city of Dover, about 25 miles (40 km) south of Canton. It was founded in 1804 by John Knisely, a tavern keeper from York, Pa. Named for Philadelphia, Pa., the

pitch: …in 1896, adopted the “New Philharmonic Pitch” at a′ = 439 and, in 1939, adopted the U.S. standard pitch of a′ = 440. In the mid-20th century, pitch again tended to creep upward as some European woodwind builders used the pitch a′ = 444.

Bernard-Henri Lévy: …that became known as the New Philosophers (Nouveaux Philosophes). They launched a severe critique of the Marxism and socialism that had dominated French intellectual life since World War II and to which Lévy himself had previously subscribed. His principal contribution to that movement was La Barbarie à visage humain (1977;…

Bavarian State Picture Galleries: The Neue Pinakothek (New Pinakothek), based on private picture collections of the Bavarian kings, is a collection noted for its works of European painting from the 18th through the 20th century and for its sculpture of the 19th–20th centuries. It is housed with the New State…

Bian Canal: … (581–618) began construction of the New Bian Canal in 605. It followed the old canal as far as Shangqiu but then flowed southeastward through Yongcheng (Henan) and Suxian (Anhui) to Sihong (Jiangsu), where it joined the Huai above Hongze Lake in Jiangsu, which was considerably smaller in the 7th century.…

New Pittsburgh Courier, newspaper based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that is known for promoting economic and political power for African Americans. For many years it published both local and national print editions, which allowed its editors and writers to bring attention to events and influence

New Plymouth, city (“district”) and port, Taranaki local government region, western North Island, New Zealand. It lies along North Taranaki Bight at the base of Mount Taranaki (Egmont). The settlement was founded in 1841 by the New Plymouth Company under the auspices of the New Zealand Company. In

Heinrich Heine: Later life and works: …of poems, Neue Gedichte (1844; New Poems), illustrates the change. The first group, “Neuer Frühling” (“New Spring,” written mostly in 1830/31), is a more mannered reprise of the love poems of Buch der Lieder, and the volume also contains some ballad poetry, a genre in which Heine worked all his…

Thomas Kinsella: New Poems 1956–73 (1973) and One, and Other Poems (1979) skillfully extend the themes of love, death, and rejuvenation.

Vietnamese literature: …and Nhat Linh, and the Tho Moi (“New Poetry”) school, which included important writers such as Xuan Dieu, Che Lan Vien, Cu Huy Can, Bang Ba Lan, and Luu Trong Lu. Both groups succeeded in throwing off antiquated Chinese literary habits, creating a new and lively literature in Quoc-ngu, the…

neōteros, any of a group of poets who sought to break away from the didactic-patriotic tradition of Latin poetry by consciously emulating the forms and content of Alexandrian Greek models. The neōteroi deplored the excesses of alliteration and onomatopoeia and the ponderous metres that

Wang Anshi: …unconventional idealism through the “New Laws,” or “New Policies,” of 1069–76. The academic controversy sparked by his reforms continued for centuries.

the Cars: Reunion and legacy: outfits, including Weezer, the Strokes, the New Pornographers, and the Killers. In 2024 the U.S. Library of Congress added the album The Cars to the National Recording Registry, a list of audio recordings deemed “culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.”

Benjamin Robins: …theory and practice with his New Principles of Gunnery (1742), which invalidated old suppositions about the nature and action of gunpowder and the flight of projectiles and formed the basis of all later scientific studies in these fields. His invention of the ballistic pendulum, a device allowing the determination of…

Venice: The Piazza San Marco: …Old Procurators’ Offices and the New Procurators’ Offices. The buildings now house fashionable shops and elegant cafés, whose string ensembles compete with each other in summer months to attract customers to their open-air tables. At the basilica end of the Old Procurators’ building stands the Clock Tower, a late 14th-century…

Puerto Rico: Government: …of commonwealth status, and the New Progressive Party, which favours U.S. statehood. Together these two parties have commanded virtually all the vote in elections since the late 20th century. The Puerto Rican Independence Party, which won one-fifth of the vote in 1952, is supported by about 5 percent of the…

Montanism, a schismatic movement founded by the prophet Montanus that arose in the Christian church in Phrygia, Asia Minor (modern Turkey), in the 2nd century. Subsequently it flourished in the West, principally in Carthage under the leadership of Tertullian in the 3rd century. It almost died out

New Providence Island, principal island of The Bahamas, West Indies. It is located between Andros Island (west) and Eleuthera Island (east). The island has a length of 21 miles (34 km) and a width of 7 miles (11 km) and is mostly flat, with swamps and several shallow lakes. Nassau is the island’s

governance: The new governance: …first wave consisted of the new public management (NPM), as advocated by neoliberals; these reforms were attempts to increase the role of markets and of corporate management techniques in the public sector. The second wave of reforms consisted of attempts to develop and manage a joined-up series of networks informed…

Nord-du-Québec, administrative region constituting the northern half of Quebec province, Canada. The name Nouveau-Québec (“New Quebec”) once was used synonymously with Ungava for that part of the Labrador-Ungava peninsula between Hudson Bay and the Labrador Sea, north of the Eastmain and Churchill

Ungava-Quebec Crater, geologically young crater, produced by an impact event involving a meteorite, located in the northwestern part of the Ungava Peninsula, northern Quebec province, Canada. First recognized as an impact structure in 1950, the crater is 3.4 km (2.1 miles) in diameter and has a rim

Rajgir Hills: The remains of New Rajagriha, the reputed capital of King Bimbisara (c. 520–491 bce), lie north of the valley.

new realism, early 20th-century movement in metaphysics and epistemology that opposed the idealism dominant in British and U.S. universities. Early leaders included William James, Bertrand Russell, and G.E. Moore, who adopted the term realism to signal their opposition to idealism. In 1910 William

César: …at the forefront of the New Realism movement with his radical compressions (compacted automobiles, discarded metal, or rubbish), expansions (polyurethane foam sculptures), and fantastic representations of animals and insects.

new regionalism, shift in national systems of administration and cultural, economic, and political organization following the Cold War. New regionalist projects, which began about the mid-1980s, differed in substance from the earlier rise in regionalist developments, which had begun about the 1950s

new religious movement (NRM), the generally accepted term for what is sometimes called, often with pejorative connotations, a “cult.” The term new religious movement has been applied to all new faiths that have arisen worldwide over the past several centuries. NRMs are characterized by a number of

New Republic Party, former South African political party founded in 1977 as the direct successor to the United Party. The majority faction of the United Party, seeing its party disintegrating by defections to other new parties and to the ruling National Party, decided formally to disband the party

The New Republic, journal of opinion edited in Washington, D.C. and later New York City, that remained one of the most influential magazines in the United States from its founding in 1914. The magazine was begun by Willard Straight with Herbert David Croly as its editor. The New Republic reflected

Samuel Putnam: …and edited a critical magazine, The New Review (1931–32), which had an eclectic mix of contributors ranging from Ezra Pound to James T. Farrell.

New Right, grassroots coalition of American conservatives that collectively led what scholars often refer to as the “conservative ascendancy” or “Republican ascendancy” of the late 20th century. Dubbed the New Right partly in contrast to the New Left counterculture of the 1960s, the New Right

Enfield: The New River, an early 17th-century canal, constructed to supply water from Hertfordshire to Clerkenwell, London, remains a scenic element in the district, and landscaping, footpaths, and recreation sites have transformed the Lea valley into a green corridor extending deep into the East End of London.…

Belize: Drainage and soils: …which stands Belize City), the New River, and the Hondo River (which forms the northern frontier with Mexico). Both the New and the Hondo rivers drain into Chetumal Bay to the north. South of Belize City the coastal plain is crossed by short river valleys. Along the coast is the…

New River, river formed by the junction of North and South forks in Ashe county, northwestern North Carolina, U.S. It flows north across Virginia into West Virginia and joins the Gauley River, there dammed for hydropower, after a course of 255 miles (410 km), to form the Kanawha River in

bridge: Truss bridges: In 1977 the New River Gorge Bridge, the world’s longest-spanning steel arch, was completed in Fayette county, West Virginia, U.S. Designed by Michael Baker, the two-hinged arch truss carries four lanes of traffic 263 metres (876 feet) above the river and has a span of 510 metres (1,700…

New River: New River Gorge National Park and Preserve covers more than 70,000 acres (28,300 hectares) along some 50 miles (80 km) of the river.

New Rochelle, city, Westchester county, southeastern New York, U.S. It lies along Long Island Sound, just northeast of New York City. Founded in 1688 by a group of Huguenot refugees, it was named for La Rochelle, a seaport on the Atlantic coast of France. Its modern suburban-residential character

new wave: …of Seagulls; and the so-called New Romantics, including the cosmetics-wearing Duran Duran, Adam and the Ants, and Culture Club. As the mid-1980s approached, the line separating new wave from the corporate mainstream blurred, especially for bands such as the Pretenders (fronted by former rock journalist Chrissie Hynde), the

Istanbul, largest city and principal seaport of Turkey. It was the capital of both the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The old walled city of Istanbul stands on a triangular peninsula between Europe and Asia. Sometimes as a bridge, sometimes as a barrier, Istanbul for more than 2,500 years

New Romney, town (parish), Shepway district, administrative and historic county of Kent, southeastern England. It was formerly one of the medieval Cinque Ports of the English Channel coast but is now more than 1 mile (1.6 km) from the sea. The town is surrounded by Romney Marsh, a level tract built

New Ross, port town, County Wexford, Ireland. It lies along the River Barrow, just below the latter’s junction with the Nore. In the 6th century St. Abban founded the abbey of Rossmactreoin, which gave rise to the ancient city Rossglas, or Rossponte. By 1269 the town, which stands on a steep hill

Ukraine: Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule: …sparsely settled southern lands (named Novorossiya, or New Russia) were colonized by migrants from other parts of Ukraine, as well as smaller numbers from Russia, the Balkans, and Germany. This colonization movement greatly expanded Ukrainian ethnic territory. The new Black Sea port of Odessa (Odesa) grew into a large and…

St. Peter’s Basilica, present basilica of St. Peter in Vatican City (an enclave in Rome), begun by Pope Julius II in 1506 and completed in 1615 under Paul V. It is designed as a three-aisled Latin cross with a dome at the crossing, directly above the high altar, which covers the shrine of St. Peter

Russia: Tatar rule: (It was moved to New Sarai, near the site of Tsaritsyn, modern Volgograd, about 1260.) These towns became the commercial and administrative centres of what was later to be called the “Golden Horde” (the term is probably a Western invention). Its East Slavic territories were tributaries of an extensive…

Salisbury, city in the administrative and historic county of Wiltshire, southern England. It is situated at the confluence of the Rivers Avon (East, or Hampshire, Avon) and Wiley. It functioned historically as the principal town of Wiltshire and is the seat of an Anglican bishop. The origins of

The New School, private coeducational institution of higher learning in New York, New York, U.S. The New School for Social Research was established in 1919 as an informal centre for adult education by a group of independent-minded scholars that included economist Thorstein Veblen, historian Charles

Kóstas Kariotákis: …show the influence of the New School of Poetry of Athens, founded in about 1880 by Kostís Palamás, which revolted against Katharevusa, the stilted and archaic official language of Greece, and against the emotionalism of the Romantics. His poetry also reveals the Symbolist influence in addition to the loneliness and…

Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.): History: …in the North, added “New School” and the other added “Old School.” Both groups continued to grow, but, during the Civil War, the Old School Presbyterians in the South seceded and formed the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America. After the war the North-South groups of the…

The New School, private coeducational institution of higher learning in New York, New York, U.S. The New School for Social Research was established in 1919 as an informal centre for adult education by a group of independent-minded scholars that included economist Thorstein Veblen, historian Charles

Giambattista Vico: Period of the Scienza nuova of Giambattista Vico: The outline of the work that he planned to call Scienza nuova first appeared in 1720–21 in a two-volume legal treatise on the “Universal Law.” The outline was written in Latin and appeared in a chapter entitled “Nova Scientia Tentatur” (“The…

Scotland Yard, the headquarters of the London Metropolitan Police and, by association, a name often used to denote that force. It is located on the River Thames at Victoria Embankment just north of Westminster Bridge in the City of Westminster. The London police force was created in 1829 by an act

Sir Thomas Brock: He is associated with the New Sculpture movement that reinvigorated the classicizing British sculpture with a new elegance and vitality drawn from Renaissance and Baroque models.

Yokomitsu Riichi: …of the mainstays of the New Sensationalist school (Shinkankaku-ha) of Japanese writers, influenced by the avant-garde trends in European literature of the 1920s.

Severn River, river, northwestern Ontario, Canada. It rises in the Finger Lake region of western Ontario and flows northeast for about 610 miles (980 km) through Severn Lake to Hudson Bay. Discovered in 1631, it was originally named New Severn (after the River Severn in England) by Capt. Thomas

Jeff Bezos: Other activities: …introduce a crewed suborbital spacecraft, New Shepard, in 2018 and an orbital launch vehicle, New Glenn, in 2020. Bezos bought The Washington Post and affiliated publications for $250 million in 2013. Bezos’s net worth was calculated in 2018 at $112 billion, making him the richest person in the world.

New Shoreham, town, Rhode Island, U.S., coextensive with Block Island

New Siberian Islands, archipelago, northeastern Russia, lying north of eastern Siberia in the Arctic Ocean and dividing the Laptev Sea to the west from the East Siberian Sea to the east. Dmitry Laptev Strait separates the New Siberian Islands from the Siberian mainland. The archipelago is

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Chinese-led massive infrastructure investment project aimed at improving connectivity, trade, and communication across Eurasia, Latin America, and Africa. Among the infrastructure projects it has supported are airports, ports, power plants, bridges, railways, roads,

Andalusia, city, seat (1841) of Covington county, southern Alabama, U.S., near the Conecuh River, about 85 miles (135 km) south of Montgomery. It originated in 1841 as New Site, when the county seat of Montezuma relocated to higher ground because of floods, at a point along the Three Notch Trail

Slovenia: Political process: …formed a coalition with the New Slovenia–Christian People’s Party, the Slovenian Democratic Party of Pensioners, and the Slovenian People’s Party. In the 2008 parliamentary elections the centre-left Social Democrats narrowly edged out the Slovenian Democratic Party.

New Smyrna Beach, city, Volusia county, northeastern Florida, U.S. It lies 15 miles (25 km) south of Daytona Beach, on the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian River (a lagoon separated from the Atlantic by barrier islands). Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León landed at an inlet just north of the city

New Smyrna Beach, city, Volusia county, northeastern Florida, U.S. It lies 15 miles (25 km) south of Daytona Beach, on the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian River (a lagoon separated from the Atlantic by barrier islands). Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León landed at an inlet just north of the city

social movement: Other theories: The second theory is the new social movement theory. It derives from an intellectual dissatisfaction with the predominantly Marxist view that treats social movements as reflecting a fundamental struggle among classes organized around economic production. That theory, it is argued, has become less relevant as these classes have been drawn…

Philippines: Political process: …Nacionalista and Liberal parties, Marcos’s New Society Movement (Kilusan Bagong Lipunan; KBL), an organization created from elements of the Nacionalista Party and other supporters, emerged as predominant. Organized political opposition was revived for legislative elections held in 1978, and, since the downfall of Marcos, partisan politics has returned to its…

Nicaragua: The arts: In the 1970s the “New Song movement,” a form of traditional Latin American folk music mixed with political and social commentary, was led by Nicaraguan brothers Luis Enríque Mejía Godoy and Carlos Mejía Godoy, who continued to perform into the 1990s, often with other artists, including Katia Cardenal and…

New South Wales, state of southeastern Australia, occupying both coastal mountains and interior tablelands. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the east and the states of Victoria to the south, South Australia to the west, and Queensland to the north. New South Wales also includes Lord Howe

New South Wales Corps, (1789–1818), British military force formed for service in the convict colony of New South Wales. It figured prominently in the early history of Australia. With the arrival of the corps in 1790–92, the colony gained a new dynamic force: officers and soldiers received land

rugby: Australia: …and players to form the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) on August 8, 1907. The NSWRL adopted the rules of the Northern Union and organized an Australian team to play against the All Golds before they left for England. In 1908 a rugby league competition began in Sydney with…

Art Gallery of New South Wales, art museum founded in Sydney in 1874 with a grant from the government. The original resolution establishing the gallery authorized buying in London and in Sydney, and English 19th-century paintings and contemporary British art are particularly well represented. The

Australian flag consisting of a dark blue field (background) bearing the Union Jack in the canton and, at the fly end, a white disk with a red cross, a yellow lion, and four yellow stars. The flag is sometimes described as a defaced Blue Ensign.A number of unofficial flags existed in the early days

Viceroyalty of New Spain, the first of the four viceroyalties that Spain created to govern its conquered lands in the New World. Established in 1535, it initially included all land north of the Isthmus of Panama under Spanish control. This later came to include upper and lower California, the area

Robert Smith Surtees: …as publisher, he launched the New Sporting Magazine (N.S.M.), editing it until 1836. His novels appeared as serials in the N.S.M. or elsewhere or in monthly parts before final publication in book form, and these first and last dates are given after their titles. Jorrocks’ Jaunts and Jollities (1831, 1838),…

disarmament: …Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (New START) of the early 2000s. See also arms control.

Angola: From colonial conquest to independence, 1910–75: …the authoritarian New State (Estado Novo), marked the advent of modern Portuguese colonialism. The authorities stamped out slavery and undertook the systematic conquest of Angola. By 1920 all but the remote southeast of the colony was firmly under Portuguese control. Kingdoms were abolished, and the Portuguese worked directly through…

Estado Novo, (Portuguese: “New State”), dictatorial period (1937–45) in Brazil during the rule of President Getúlio Vargas, initiated by a new constitution issued in November 1937. Vargas himself wrote it with the assistance of his minister of justice, Francisco Campos. In the election campaign of

Sir James Stirling: His New State Gallery, or Neue Staatsgalerie (1977–84), in Stuttgart, Germany, a combination of classicism and geometric abstraction, is considered by many to be his finest achievement. Among his other works are a building for the Fogg Art Museum (1979–84) and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum…

Sir James Stirling: His New State Gallery, or Neue Staatsgalerie (1977–84), in Stuttgart, Germany, a combination of classicism and geometric abstraction, is considered by many to be his finest achievement. Among his other works are a building for the Fogg Art Museum (1979–84) and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum…

Mary Parker Follett: In 1918 Follett published The New State, in which she described an organic form of democracy based on spontaneous organization along natural neighbourhood lines. Her next book, Creative Experience (1924), expanded on the social and psychological implications of her earlier work, setting forth an idealistic interpretation of individual responsibility…

New Statesman, political and literary weekly magazine published in London, probably England’s best-known political weekly, and one of the world’s leading journals of opinion. It was founded in 1913 by Sidney and Beatrice Webb. He was a Fabian Socialist and she his political and literary partner,

ironstone china, type of stoneware introduced in England early in the 19th century by Staffordshire potters who sought to develop a porcelain substitute that could be mass-produced. The result of their experiments was a dense, hard, durable stoneware that came to be known by several names—e.g.,

Neolithic, final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans. It was characterized by stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, dependence on domesticated plants or animals, settlement in permanent villages, and the appearance of such crafts as pottery and

disarmament: …Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (New START) of the early 2000s. See also arms control.

Gregorian calendar, solar dating system now in general use. It was proclaimed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a reform of the Julian calendar. By the Julian reckoning, the solar year comprised 365 1 4 days, and the intercalation of a “leap day” every four years was intended to maintain

German literature: The 1970s and ’80s: …turning that became known as Neue Subjektivität (“New Subjectivity”). The dominant genre was lyric poetry. Its authors had formerly been involved in the “student revolution” of 1967–68, which had called for a new politicization of literature in the face of the Vietnam War and the problems of the Third World.…

New Sweden, only Swedish colony in America, established by the New Sweden Company in March 1638 and captured by the Dutch in 1655. The first expedition, including both Swedes and Dutchmen, was commanded by Peter Minuit, who purchased land from the Indians and named the settlement Fort Christina

Native American: The Netherlands and Sweden: …group of individuals formed the New Sweden Company. They hired Peter Minuit, a former governor of New Amsterdam, to found a new colony to the south, in what is now Delaware, U.S. In 1655 New Sweden fell to the Dutch.

atom: Experimental foundation of atomic chemistry: His book A New System of Chemical Philosophy (Part I, 1808; Part II, 1810) was the first application of atomic theory to chemistry. It provided a physical picture of how elements combine to form compounds and a phenomenological reason for believing that atoms exist. His work, together…

New Taipei City, special municipality (chih-hsia shih, or zhizia shi), northern Taiwan. It was created in 2010 when the former T’ai-pei county was administratively reorganized, and it has the status of a county. New Taipei City is bordered by I-lan (Yilan) county to the southeast, T’ao-yüan

Rockland: …span of its dramatic replacement—the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge—was opened.

New Territories, part of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, southeastern China. It comprises the northern portion of the Kowloon Peninsula from Mirs Bay (Dapeng Wan) on the east to Deep Bay (Shenzhen, or Houhai, Wan), an inlet of the Pearl River Delta, on the west and includes Lantau

Eavan Boland: …23 Poems (1962), she wrote New Territory (1967), a full-length book of 22 poems about Irish mythology, the creativity of artists, and her self-identity.

New Testament, second, later, and smaller of the two major divisions of the Christian Bible, and the portion that is canonical (authoritative) only to Christianity. A brief treatment of the New Testament follows. For full treatment, see biblical literature: Conditions aiding the formation of the

biblical literature: New Testament Apocrypha: The title New Testament Apocrypha may suggest that the books thus classified have or had a status comparable to that of the Old Testament Apocrypha and have been recognized as canonical. In a few instances such has been the…

Koine, the fairly uniform Hellenistic Greek spoken and written from the 4th century bc until the time of the Byzantine emperor Justinian (mid-6th century ad) in Greece, Macedonia, and the parts of Africa and the Middle East that had come under the influence or control of Greeks or of Hellenized

Cenozoic Era: Geologic processes: The equatorially situated east–west Tethyan seaway linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans was modified significantly in the east during the middle Eocene—about 45 million years ago—by the junction of India with Eurasia, and it was severed into two parts by the confluence of Africa, Arabia, and Eurasia during the…

Vittorio Zonca: His New Theater of Machines and Buildings (1607) showed designs for numerous practical machines and mechanisms, including a water mill running silk-spinners, a water-powered grain mill operated on a boat moored in a river, and a barbecue spit turned by gears and a windmill.