cereal processing: Flaked cereals: Wheat and rice flakes are manufactured, but most flaked breakfast foods are made from corn (maize), usually of the yellow type, broken down into grits and cooked under pressure with flavouring syrup consisting of sugar, nondiastatic malt, and other ingredients. Cooking is often…

art conservation and restoration: Paintings on canvas: …a condition variously called “cleavage,” “flaking,” “blistering,” or “scaling.” The traditional method to address these problems is to reinforce the back of the canvas by attaching a new canvas to the old in a process called “lining,” also referred to as “relining.” A number of techniques and adhesives have…

tactical weapons system: Surface-to-air systems: The Swiss Flakpanzer antiaircraft tank uses a three-man crew to operate the tank, its radar-controlled firing system, and twin 35-millimetre guns that fire at the rate of 1,100 rounds per minute. Shipboard systems are essentially similar. The Italian Albatros system utilizes the existing fire-control system for a…

Ranulf Flambard was the chief minister of King William II Rufus of England (ruled 1087–1100). Of Norman origin, Ranulf was made keeper of the seal for King William I the Conqueror about 1083, and during the reign of William II he became royal chaplain, chief adviser, and, for a time, chief

sang de boeuf, a glossy, rich, bloodred glaze often slashed with streaks of purple or turquoise used to decorate pottery, particularly porcelain. The effect is produced by a method of firing that incorporates copper, a method first discovered by the Chinese of the Ming dynasty, probably during the

Flamborough Head, chalk promontory, East Riding of Yorkshire geographic county, historic county of Yorkshire, England, where the Yorkshire Wolds project 4 miles (6 km) into the North Sea. The northern cliffs, 400 feet (120 metres) in elevation, are a breeding ground for seabirds; their extremity is

Lin-Manuel Miranda: …Puerto Rico to benefit the Flamboyan Arts Fund, a nonprofit he founded after Hurricane Maria (2017) to ensure support for the arts. He had been active in causes on behalf of Puerto Rico throughout his career. A filmed performance of Hamilton aired on television in 2020.

Flamboyant style, phase of late Gothic architecture in 15th-century France and Spain. It evolved out of the Rayonnant style’s increasing emphasis on decoration. Its most conspicuous feature is the dominance in stone window tracery of a flamelike S-shaped curve. Wall surface was reduced to the

Flamboyant style, phase of late Gothic architecture in 15th-century France and Spain. It evolved out of the Rayonnant style’s increasing emphasis on decoration. Its most conspicuous feature is the dominance in stone window tracery of a flamelike S-shaped curve. Wall surface was reduced to the

royal poinciana, (Delonix regia), strikingly beautiful flowering tree of the pea family (Fabaceae). It is native to Madagascar, and it has been widely planted in frost-free regions for its large scarlet to orange flowers and its shade. It is a rapid grower, attaining a height of 6 to 12 metres (20

flame, rapidly reacting body of gas, commonly a mixture of air and a combustible gas, that gives off heat and, usually, light and is self-propagating. Flame propagation is explained by two theories: heat conduction and diffusion. In heat conduction, heat flows from the flame front, the area in a

azalea: Major species: …to 20 feet) high; the flame azalea (R. calendulaceum), a shrub 0.5 to 2 metres (1.5 to 6.5 feet) high; and the pinxter flower (R. periclymenoides), a shrub 1 to 2 metres (3 to 6.5 feet) high, with pink to whitish flowers. Hundreds of horticultural forms have been bred, including…

nephridium: …the hollow cell, called a flame bulb (or flame cell) if it possesses cilia, or a solenocyte if it has a flagellum. In either form, the cilia or the flagellum wave filtered urine down the tube to the outside.

nephridium: …the hollow cell, called a flame bulb (or flame cell) if it possesses cilia, or a solenocyte if it has a flagellum. In either form, the cilia or the flagellum wave filtered urine down the tube to the outside.

burning bush: bush (see Bassia), as is Combretum microphyllum, the flame creeper of Mozambique, a rambling shrub with scarlet flower spikes.

alkali metal: History: …sample was inserted into a flame). They suggested the presence of a new alkali element and called it cesium, derived from the Latin caesius, used to designate the blue of the sky. The same researchers, on extracting the alkalies from the mineral lepidolite, separated another solution, which yielded two spectral…

firework: …classes of fireworks: force-and-spark and flame. In force-and-spark compositions, potassium nitrate, sulfur, and finely ground charcoal are used, with additional ingredients that produce various types of sparks. In flame compositions, such as the stars that are shot out of rockets, potassium nitrate, salts of antimony, and sulfur may be used.…

combustion: Premixed flames: …zone is usually called the flame front.

Gabriele D’Annunzio: …erotic novel Il fuoco (1900; The Flame of Life). D’Annunzio’s greatest play was La figlia di Iorio (performed 1904; The Daughter of Jorio), a powerful poetic drama of the fears and superstitions of Abruzzi peasants.

chromatography: Gas chromatographic detectors: The flame photometric detector measures the intensity of light with a photometric circuit. Solute species containing halogens, sulfur, or phosphorus can be burned to produce ionic species containing these elements and the ions sensed by electrochemical means.

bargello work: …the flamelike gradation of colour, flame stitch; its 17th-century name was Hungarian stitch.

flame thrower, military assault weapon that projects a stream of blazing oil or thickened gasoline against enemy positions. As used in World War II and later wars it consisted basically of one or more fuel tanks, a cylinder of compressed gas to supply the propelling force, a flexible hose connected

Verneuil process, method for producing synthetic rubies and sapphires. Originally developed (1902) by a French chemist, Auguste Verneuil, the process produces a boule (a mass of alumina with the same physical and chemical characteristics as corundum) from finely ground alumina (Al2O3) by means of

chromatography: Gas chromatographic detectors: …type of detector is the flame-ionization detector, in which the gas stream is mixed with hydrogen and burned. Positive ions and electrons are produced in the flame when organic substances are present. The ions are collected at electrodes and produce a small, measurable current. The flame-ionization detector is highly sensitive…

acoustics: Modern advances: The flame-tube device, used to render standing sound waves “visible,” is still one of the most fascinating of physics classroom demonstrations. The English physical scientist John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, carried out an enormous variety of acoustic research; much of it was included in his…

alchemy: Latin alchemy: …famous was the Paris notary Nicolas Flamel (1330–1418), who claimed that he dreamed of an occult book, subsequently found it, and succeeded in deciphering it with the aid of a Jewish scholar learned in the mystic Hebrew writings known as the Kabbala. In 1382 Flamel claimed to have succeeded in…

flamen, in ancient Rome, a priest devoted exclusively to the worship of one deity; the name derives from a root meaning “he who burns offerings.” Of the 15 flamines, the most important were Dialis, Martialis, and Quirinalis, who served Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus, respectively. Chosen from the

Roman religion: Priests: Jupiter’s priest, the flamen dialis, was encompassed by an extraordinary series of taboos, some dating to the Bronze Age, which made it difficult to fill the office in historic times.

flamen: In imperial times, flamines Divorum (“priests of the Gods”) were instituted for the worship of deified emperors both in Rome and in the empire’s outlying provinces, where they often served as important representatives of the central government.

romance: The Tristan story: … and in the Provençal romance Flamenca (c. 1234), in which it is treated comically.

flamenco, form of song, dance, and instrumental (mostly guitar) music commonly associated with the Andalusian Roma (Gypsies) of southern Spain. (There, the Roma people are called Gitanos.) The roots of flamenco, though somewhat mysterious, seem to lie in the Roma migration from Rajasthan (in

flamen, in ancient Rome, a priest devoted exclusively to the worship of one deity; the name derives from a root meaning “he who burns offerings.” Of the 15 flamines, the most important were Dialis, Martialis, and Quirinalis, who served Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus, respectively. Chosen from the

flamen: In imperial times, flamines Divorum (“priests of the Gods”) were instituted for the worship of deified emperors both in Rome and in the empire’s outlying provinces, where they often served as important representatives of the central government.

Sergey Prokofiev: Foreign period of Sergey Prokofiev: …continued work on the opera The Flaming Angel, after a story by the contemporary Russian author Valery Bryusov. The opera, which required many years of work (1919–27), did not find a producer within Prokofiev’s lifetime.

Green River: …city, Wyoming, it cuts through Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area, where it is impounded to form a large reservoir. It continues through eastern Utah, with a loop into northwestern Colorado, on through the Canyon of Lodore in Dinosaur National Monument and back into Utah. It then flows generally southwest past…

Miley Cyrus: Bangerz, Plastic Hearts, and Endless Summer Vacation: …part with the rock band the Flaming Lips and made available for free on the Internet. Younger Now (2017) featured a number of ballads and country-infused songs, one of which was a duet with Dolly Parton (who is also her godmother). Cyrus’s seventh studio album, the rock-infused Plastic Hearts (2020),…

poppy: Other poppies: …flowers in sprays; and the flaming poppy (Stylomecon heterophylla), with purple-centred brick-red flowers on an annual plant from western North America. The genus Meconopsis includes the Welsh poppy.

Don Siegel: Early action dramas: Siegel then made the gritty Flaming Star (1960), which featured Elvis Presley in a convincing performance as a man whose allegiances are divided between his white father (Steve Forrest) and his Kiowa mother (Dolores del Rio). It is widely considered Presley’s best nonmusical film. Hell Is for Heroes (1962) was…

Thomas Dixon: …relations in the United States, The Flaming Sword. His nonfiction work includes The Inside Story of the Harding Tragedy (1932), written with Harry M. Daugherty, President Harding’s one-time campaign manager.

Roy Campbell: Campbell’s first long poem, The Flaming Terrapin (1924), which won him immediate recognition, exalts the instinctive vital force that brings forth intelligent human effort out of apathy and disillusionment. The Wayzgoose (1928) is a satire on South African intellectuals; and The Georgiad (1931) is a savage attack on the…

Colleen Moore: …such silent motion pictures as Flaming Youth (1923), Naughty But Nice (1927), Synthetic Sin (1929), and Why Be Good? (1929).

flamingo, (order Phoenicopteriformes), any of six species of tall, pink wading birds with thick downturned bills. Flamingos have slender legs, long, graceful necks, large wings, and short tails. They range from about 90 to 150 cm (3 to 5 feet) tall. Flamingos are highly gregarious birds. Flocks

anthurium: Major species: Flamingo flower, or pigtail plant (A. scherzeranum), is a shorter plant with a scarlet spathe and a loosely coiled orange-red spadix.

Las Vegas: Emergence of the contemporary city: …these criminals, began constructing the Flamingo, the city’s first major casino and hotel complex. He incurred a large debt with Meyer Lansky and other mob associates, and the first months of the Flamingo’s operation were shaky. It opened for good in March 1947, but Siegel was murdered shortly thereafter—according to…

Garry Marshall: Films: Pretty Woman and The Princess Diaries: …1984 he directed and cowrote The Flamingo Kid, about a middle-class teenager (Matt Dillon) working at an upscale beach club. The movie was a hit, and it was followed two years later by Nothing in Common, which starred Tom Hanks as an ad executive dealing with his divorcing parents (Jackie…

Las Vegas: Emergence of the contemporary city: …these criminals, began constructing the Flamingo, the city’s first major casino and hotel complex. He incurred a large debt with Meyer Lansky and other mob associates, and the first months of the Flamingo’s operation were shaky. It opened for good in March 1947, but Siegel was murdered shortly thereafter—according to…

anthurium: Major species: Flamingo lily (Anthurium andraeanum), with stems up to 60 cm (2 feet) tall, has a salmon-red, heart-shaped spathe about 5–8 cm (2–3 inches) long; its hybrids produce white, pink, salmon, red, and black-red spathes. Flamingo flower, or pigtail plant (A. scherzeranum), is a shorter plant…

the Flamingos, American doo-wop vocal group of the 1950s noted for their tight, pristine harmonies. The principal members were Zeke Carey (b. January 24, 1933, Bluefield, Virginia, U.S.—d. December 24, 1999, Bethesda, Maryland), Jake Carey (b. September 9, 1926, Pulaski, Virginia—d. December 10,

Roman road system: …northwest to Genua (Genoa); the Via Flaminia, running north to the Adriatic, where it joined the Via Aemilia, crossed the Rubicon, and led northwest; the Via Valeria, east across the peninsula by way of Lake Fucinus (Conca del Fucino); and the Via Latina, running southeast and joining the Via Appia…

priesthood: Ancient Greece and Rome: The flaminica, the wife of the flamen Dialis, participated in his sacredness and official status, and so vital was her association with him and his office that if she died he ceased to perform his functions.

Titus Quinctius Flamininus was a Roman general and statesman who established the Roman hegemony over Greece. Flamininus had a distinguished military career during the Second Punic War, serving as military tribune under Marcus Claudius Marcellus in 208 bc. Elected quaestor (financial administrator)

Gaius Flaminius was a Roman political leader who was one of the earliest to challenge the senatorial aristocracy by appealing to the people. The Romans called this stance acting as a popularis, or man of the people. The most important Roman historical sources, Polybius (2nd century bc) and Livy

flame thrower: The smaller Flammenwerfer, light enough to be carried by one man, used gas pressure to send forth a stream of flaming oil for a distance of about 20 yards (18 metres). The larger model, based on the same principle, was cumbersome to transport but had a range…

John Flamsteed was the founder of the Greenwich Observatory, and the first astronomer royal of England. Poor health forced Flamsteed to leave school in 1662. He studied astronomy on his own and later (1670–74) continued his education at the University of Cambridge. In 1677 he became a member of the

coin: Medieval minting: Alterations in the flan (the coin disk, a term deriving from the French flatir, “to beat flat”) led to corresponding changes in the manufacture of dies. In about ad 220 the Sāsānian dynasty of Iran introduced the concept of thin flan coins, issues that were struck in relief…

custard: Flan, or crème caramel, is a custard baked in a dish coated with caramelized sugar that forms a sauce when the custard is unmolded. For crème brûlée, the baked custard is sprinkled with sugar that is caramelized under a broiler or with a hot iron…

John J. Flanagan was an Irish-American athlete, the first Olympic hammer throw champion, who won three Olympic gold medals and set 14 world records. A powerfully built man, standing 5 feet 8 inches (1.78 m) tall and weighing 220 pounds (100 kg), Flanagan demonstrated versatility in athletic events

Richard Flanagan is an Australian writer who is known for a series of critically acclaimed works. He is widely considered “the finest Australian novelist of his generation.” Flanagan was raised in Rosebery, a remote mining town in the island state of Tasmania. He left high school when he was 16,

Richard Flanagan is an Australian writer who is known for a series of critically acclaimed works. He is widely considered “the finest Australian novelist of his generation.” Flanagan was raised in Rosebery, a remote mining town in the island state of Tasmania. He left high school when he was 16,

heraldry: Ordinaries: The flaunch, or flanch, is a segment of a circle drawn from the top of the shield to the base. The lozenge is a parallelogram having equal sides and two acute and two obtuse angles, and a mascle is a lozenge voided. Lozengy is the field…

Celtic literature: Verse: …up the saga material, while Fland Mainistrech collected the work of generations of filid who had labored to synchronize Ireland’s history with that of the outside world. Equally important is a great collection of place lore, written in prose and verse, called the Dindshenchas, which gave appropriate legends to famous…

Flanders, medieval principality in the southwest of the Low Countries, now included in the French département of Nord (q.v.), the Belgian provinces of East Flanders and West Flanders (qq.v.), and the Dutch province of Zeeland (q.v.). The name appeared as early as the 8th century and is believed to

Flanders, region that constitutes the northern half of Belgium. Along with the Walloon Region and the Brussels-Capital Region, the self-governing Flemish Region was created during the federalization of Belgium, largely along ethnolinguistic lines, in the 1980s and ’90s. Its elected government has

corn poppy, (Papaver rhoeas), annual (rarely biennial) plant of the poppy family (Papaveraceae), native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia. The plant has been introduced into Australia, New Zealand, and North America and is one of the most commonly cultivated garden poppies. The corn poppy is also

Jean Ray was a Belgian novelist, short-story writer, and journalist who is known for his crime fiction and narratives of horror and the fantastic in both French and Flemish (Dutch). De Kremer worked as a city employee, from 1910 to 1919, before working as a journalist (1919–40). He began to publish

Belgium: Relief, drainage, and soils: …the Schelde is the low-lying plain of Flanders, which has two main sections. Maritime Flanders, extending inland for about 5 to 10 miles (8 to 16 km), is a region of newly formed and reclaimed land (polders) protected by a line of dunes and dikes and having largely clay soils.…

Pierre-Étienne Flandin was a lawyer, politician, and several times a minister during the final years of France’s Third Republic. Flandin was a deputy from 1914 to 1940 and, in addition, held various ministerial posts. He also served as premier from November 1934 to May 1935. When in March 1936 the

Flanders, medieval principality in the southwest of the Low Countries, now included in the French département of Nord (q.v.), the Belgian provinces of East Flanders and West Flanders (qq.v.), and the Dutch province of Zeeland (q.v.). The name appeared as early as the 8th century and is believed to

Belgium: …northern and northeastern provinces (West Flanders, East Flanders [West-Vlaanderen, Oost-Vlaanderen], Flemish Brabant, Antwerp, and Limburg). Just north of the boundary between Walloon Brabant (Brabant Walloon) and Flemish (Vlaams) Brabant lies the officially bilingual

Belgium: (West Flanders, East Flanders [West-Vlaanderen, Oost-Vlaanderen], Flemish Brabant, Antwerp, and Limburg). Just north of the boundary between Walloon Brabant (Brabant Walloon) and Flemish (Vlaams) Brabant lies the officially bilingual but majority French-speaking Brussels-Capital

Flanders: …Flanders lay in the pagus Flandrensis, an area composed of Brugge (Bruges) and its immediate environs under the administration of the Frankish empire. At first Flandrensis was an inconspicuous district, but beginning in the 9th century, a remarkable line of Flemish counts succeeded in erecting a quasi-independent state on the…

Holocene Epoch: Continental shelf and coastal regions: …where it was named the Flandrian Transgression by Georges Dubois in 1924.

loin: …more or less synonymous with flank, or that portion of the body bounded by the lower ribs, the backbone, and the pelvis.

tactics: Combined infantry and cavalry: …troops came the heavy phalanx, flanked by cavalry on both sides. The action would start with each side’s light troops trying to drive the opponents back upon their phalanx, thus throwing it into disorder. Meanwhile, the cavalry stood on both sides. Usually one wing, commanded either by the king in…

Sukhoi Su-27, Russian air-superiority fighter plane, introduced into the air forces of the Soviet Union beginning in 1985 and now one of the premier fighters of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Indonesia, India, China, and Vietnam. Versions of the plane are built under license in

ship: Ship maneuvering and directional control: …with a pair of “flanking rudders” for each propeller. These are positioned forward of the propeller, one on each side of the shaft.

John Bernard Flannagan was an American sculptor notable for his technique of direct carving and for his sculptures of animals, birds, fish, and birth themes. Flannagan trained as a painter at the Minneapolis (Minnesota) Institute of Arts (now the Minneapolis College of Art and Design) and

flannel, fabric made in plain or twill weave, usually with carded yarns. It is napped, most often on both sides, the degree of napping ranging from slight to so heavy that the twill weave is obscured. Fibre composition and amount of napping are dependent on the intended use. Flannel is a relatively

lepidopteran: Annotated classification: Family Megalopygidae (flannel moths) 240 species in Central and South America; larvae similar to those of Limacodidae, but with normal prolegs and traces of additional ones; setae very toxic and nettling. Family Zygaenidae (burnet and forester moths) More than 1,000 species, mainly in subtropical and tropical Asia

flannelbush, (Fremontodendron californicum), shrub of the hibiscus, or mallow, family (Malvaceae), native to southwestern North America. The lower leaf surfaces have a felty texture. The shrub grows up to 5 metres (16 feet) tall and bears alternate, lobed leaves about 2.5 cm (1 inch) long. The

Hildegarde Flanner was an American poet, essayist, and playwright known for her traditional poems that conjured images of nature and the California landscape and spoke to her passion for the environment. Flanner was the youngest of three daughters born to Francis William and Mary Ellen Hockett

Janet Flanner was an American writer who was the Paris correspondent for The New Yorker magazine for nearly half a century. Flanner was the child of Quakers. She attended the University of Chicago in 1912–14 and then returned to Indianapolis and took a job with the Indianapolis Star, becoming the

Hildegarde Flanner was an American poet, essayist, and playwright known for her traditional poems that conjured images of nature and the California landscape and spoke to her passion for the environment. Flanner was the youngest of three daughters born to Francis William and Mary Ellen Hockett

Tim Flannery is an Australian zoologist and outspoken environmentalist who was named Australian of the Year in 2007 in recognition of his role as an effective communicator in explaining environmental issues and in bringing them to the attention of the Australian public. (Read E.O. Wilson’s

Tim Flannery is an Australian zoologist and outspoken environmentalist who was named Australian of the Year in 2007 in recognition of his role as an effective communicator in explaining environmental issues and in bringing them to the attention of the Australian public. (Read E.O. Wilson’s

Elie Nadelman: In 1919 Nadelman married Viola Spiess Flannery, a wealthy socialite, and the couple, folk-art enthusiasts, opened the Museum of Folk and Peasant Art (later called the Museum of Folk Arts) in Riverdale, New York, in 1926. During the Great Depression, however, the Nadelmans lost their wealth and were forced…

fluid mechanics: Lift: …take the form of hinged flaps that are lowered at takeoff. Lowering the flaps increases K and therefore also the lift, but the flaps need to be raised when the aircraft has reached its cruising altitude because they cause undesirable drag. The circulation and the lift can also be increased…

flap, in phonetics, a consonant sound produced by a single quick flip of the tongue against the upper part of the mouth, often heard as a short r in Spanish (e.g., in pero, “but”) and similar to the pronunciation of the sound represented by the double letter in American English “Betty” and some

plastic surgery: Grafts and flaps: …blood supply and are called flaps. The pioneering work of Australian plastic surgeon Ian Taylor led to the characterization of angiosomes—the networks of blood vessels that supply flaps—which has allowed for rational matching of flaps to defects. Flaps may be transferred from neighbouring tissue, or they may be disconnected from…

transplant: Flaps: Flaps as used by Tagliacozzi are particularly valuable if adipose (fat) tissue as well as skin has been lost. This is because flaps are thicker than skin grafts; they consist of the full thickness of skin, with fascia and fat, or may also contain…

Pembroke table, light, drop-leaf table designed for occasional use, probably deriving its name from Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke (1693–1751), a noted connoisseur and amateur architect. The table has two drawers and flaps on either side that can be raised by brackets on hinges (known as

harbours and sea works: Entrances: …the sliding caisson and the flap gate, or box gate, are perhaps the most popular. The sliding caisson is usually housed in a recess, or camber, at the side of the entrance and can be drawn aside or hauled across with winch and wire rope gear to open and close…

flap-footed lizard, (family Pygopodidae), any of approximately 40 species of lizards that make up the seven genera of the family Pygopodidae. Confined to Australia and southern New Guinea, these lizards have elongated bodies and tails, a transparent scale (or spectacle) over the eye similar to

flapper, young woman known for wearing short dresses and bobbed hair and for embracing freedom from traditional societal constraints. Flappers are predominantly associated with the late 1910s and the ’20s in the United States. A typical flapper chose dresses that were of a straight style,

solar flare, sudden intense brightening in the solar corona, usually in the vicinity of a magnetic inversion near a sunspot group. The flare develops in a few minutes, or even seconds, and may last several hours. High-energy particles, electron streams, hard X-rays, and radio bursts are often

petroleum refining: Flares: One of the prominent features of every oil refinery and petrochemical plant is a tall stack with a small flame burning at the top. This stack, called a flare, is an essential part of the plant safety system. In the event of equipment failure…

flare, combustible device used to emit a dazzlingly bright light for signaling or illumination on railroads and highways and in military operations. In pyrotechnics the term is applied either to a coloured-fire composition burned in a loose heap or to a similar composition rolled into a paper case

flare star, any star that varies in brightness, sometimes by more than one magnitude, within a few minutes. The cause is thought to be the eruption of flares much larger than, but otherwise similar to, those observed on the Sun. Flare stars are sometimes called UV Ceti stars, from a prototype star

markhor: The flare-horned markhor (C. f. falconeri) occurs in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India; the straight-horned markhor (C. f. megaceros) lives in Afghanistan and Pakistan; and the Bukharan markhor (C. f. heptneri) is present in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. All subspecies are considered endangered to critically endangered.…

Adobe Flash, animation software produced by Adobe Systems Incorporated from 2005 to 2020. The development of Adobe Flash software can be traced back to American software developer Jonathan Gay’s first experiments with writing programs on his Apple II computer in high school during the 1980s. Before