research and development: The role of government: …of this system led to fixed-price contracts, but these have the drawback that it is often so difficult to define the end point of a research contract that the contractor can treat a fixed-price agreement as if it were cost-plus. Another problem is that, when the end point can be…

fishing: Early history: …patent on the fixed-spool, or spinning, reel. In this kind of reel, the spool permanently faces toward the tip of the rod, and the line peels off during the cast. The increased casting distance afforded by the spinning reel—and facilitated by new lines with smaller diameters—revolutionized freshwater fishing.

Boris Johnson: Ascent to prime minister: Under the Fixed Terms of Parliament Act, however, a prime minister must win the support of at least two-thirds of the House of Commons to hold such an election when it falls outside of the body’s fixed five-year terms, meaning that Johnson would have to win opposition…

gauge: Fixed-type gauges are used to indicate whether a given dimension is larger or smaller than the standard. They may be of hard steel, soft steel, or glass. Sometimes chrome plating or tungsten-carbide coatings are used to prevent wear.

airplane: …of an airplane are a wing system to sustain it in flight, tail surfaces to stabilize the wings, movable surfaces to control the attitude of the plane in flight, and a power plant to provide the thrust necessary to push the vehicle through the air. Provision must be made to…

Waco: …popularity of the home-renovation show Fixer Upper (2013–18), which was based in Waco. The program starred Chip and Joanna Gaines, and the couple launched several businesses in Waco, including a restaurant and a home-furnishings store. The city is the seat of Baylor University (Southern Baptist; founded 1845), McLennan Community College…

The Fixer, novel by Bernard Malamud, published in 1966. It received the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1967. The Fixer is considered by some to be the author’s finest novel. It is the story of a Jewish handyman, or fixer, who discovers that there is no rational reason for human cruelty; he also

John Frankenheimer: Films of the 1960s: In 1968 Frankenheimer directed The Fixer, which was based on Bernard Malamud’s acclaimed novel. The script was by Dalton Trumbo, and Alan Bates gave an Oscar-nominated performance as a Jewish handyman wrongfully imprisoned in tsarist Russia; Dirk Bogarde was also memorable as a sympathetic magistrate. The Extraordinary Seaman

history of photography: Daguerreotype: …1837 Daguerre was able to fix the image permanently by using a solution of table salt to dissolve the unexposed silver iodide. That year he produced a photograph of his studio on a silvered copper plate, a photograph that was remarkable for its fidelity and detail. Also that year, Niépce’s…

Armand-Hippolyte-Louis Fizeau was a French physicist noted for his experimental determination of the speed of light. Fizeau worked with Jean-Bernard-Léon Foucault on investigations of the infrared portion of the solar spectrum and made other observations of heat and light. Unaware of Christian

optical interferometer: The Fizeau-Laurent surface interferometer (see Figure) reveals departures of polished surfaces from a plane. The system was described by the French physicist A.-H.-L. Fizeau in 1862 and adapted in 1883 into the instruments now widely used in the optical industry. In the Fizeau-Laurent system, monochromatic light…

Kvasir: Two dwarfs, Fjalar and Galar, who were weary of academics and learning, killed Kvasir and distilled his blood in Odhrǫrir, the magic caldron. When mixed with honey by the giant Suttung, his blood formed mead that gave wisdom and poetic inspiration to those who drank it. The…

Jóhann Sigurjónsson: …Bjærg-Ejvind og hans hustru, 1911; Eyvind of the Mountains; filmed 1917, by Victor Sjöström), which created a sensation in Scandinavia and in Germany and was later produced in England and the United States. Some contemporary critics hailed him as a peer of Henrik Ibsen, B.M. Bjørnson, and August Strindberg—but his…

fjärd, rocky inlet of the sea, usually found along relatively low-lying coasts. Formed by the submergence of a glacial valley, fjärds are characteristically more irregularly shaped than the fjords. Like fjords, they may be quite deep and may have thresholds at their mouths. Fjärds are often

Jónas Hallgrímsson: …Copenhagen, he founded the periodical Fjölnir (1835–47; “The Many-Sided”), in which he published much of his poetry (including his popular patriotic poem “Ísland” [“Iceland”]) and later his groundbreaking short stories. Fjölnir was important to the future of Icelandic national sentiments and to the future distinction of Iceland’s language and literature,…

fjord, long narrow arm of the sea, commonly extending far inland, that results from marine inundation of a glaciated valley. Many fjords are astonishingly deep; Sogn Fjord in Norway is 1,308 m (4,290 feet) deep, and Canal Messier in Chile is 1,270 m (4,167 feet). The great depth of these submerged

Fiordland penguin, (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus), species of crested penguin (genus Eudyptes, order Sphenisciformes) characterized by a thick stripe of pale yellow feather plumes above each eye (the superciliary stripe) that extends from the bill to the rear of the head. The terminal ends of each of the

Jörd, in Norse mythology, a giantess, mother of the deity Thor and mistress of the god Odin. In the late pre-Christian era she was believed to have had a husband of the same name, perhaps indicating her transformation into a masculine personality. Her name is connected with that of the Lithuanian

rapamycin: It acts specifically on FK-binding protein 12 (FKBP12), a substance commonly referred to as an immunophilin because it binds to immunosuppressive drugs. In turn, the rapamycin-FKBP12 complex binds to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase (an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other molecules) that plays a…

rapamycin: It acts specifically on FK-binding protein 12 (FKBP12), a substance commonly referred to as an immunophilin because it binds to immunosuppressive drugs. In turn, the rapamycin-FKBP12 complex binds to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase (an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other molecules) that plays a…

Kim Woo Choong: …over as chairman of the Federation of Korean Industries (FKI). The FKI, which represented the interests of several hundred companies, was considered South Korea’s most powerful business organization. Kim tried to use his new position to help combat South Korea’s economic slump, the worst since the end of the Korean…

flerovium (Fl), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 114. In 1999 scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, produced atoms of flerovium from colliding atoms of calcium-48

Jean-Bertrand Aristide: …a new political party, the Lavalas Family, and in 2000 he was again elected president. Although the opposition boycotted the election and charges of electoral fraud led to international calls for new or runoff elections, the results were declared official, and Aristide was inaugurated in February 2001.

military aircraft: Helicopters: …used a handful of Flettner Fl 282s, powered by two noncoaxial, contrarotating lifting rotors, for ship-based artillery spotting and visual reconnaissance.

Venice: The new order: …of government, inaugurated by Doge Domenico Flabanico (1032–42). He restored to the people the sovereign right to elect the doge, but the term populus was in practice restricted to the residents of the Rialto and, more narrowly, to a select group of nobles. The executive organ was the ducal curia,…

fan: The flabellum, a metal disk mounted on a long handle, was used in medieval church ceremony; it was held by the deacon and used pro muscis fugandis, “to drive away flies.”

annelid: Annotated classification: …10 cm; examples of genera: Flabelligera, Stylariodes. Order Sternaspida Sedentary; anterior setae short and thick; posterior end with ventral shield bearing radiating setae and anal branchiae; size, 3 cm; genera include Sternaspis. Order Oweniida

annelid: Annotated classification: Order Flabelligerida Sedentary; setae of anterior segments directed forward to form a cephalic (head) cage; prostomium and peristome retractile, with 2 palpi and retractile branchiae; size, 1 to 10 cm; examples of genera: Flabelligera, Stylariodes. Order Sternaspida

protozoan: Annotated classification: Flabellinea Flat. Lack subcylindrical pseudopodia; lack centrosomes and flagellated stages. Stereomyxida Branched or reticulate networks; trilaminate centrosomes. Acanthamoebidae Uninucleate cells. Form nonadhesive uroids. Glycocalyx is thin. Subpseudopodia are prominent. Cysts are

fan: The flabellum, a metal disk mounted on a long handle, was used in medieval church ceremony; it was held by the deacon and used pro muscis fugandis, “to drive away flies.”

polio: Course of disease: …develops what is known as flaccid paralysis. The motor impulses that normally move along the nerve fibres from the spinal cord to muscles are blocked, and, as a result, muscles become limp and cannot contract. The extent of paralysis depends on where the virus strikes and the number of nerve…

Marcus Porcius Cato: …the notice of the patrician Lucius Valerius Flaccus, who helped him begin a political career at Rome. Cato was elected quaestor (205), aedile (199), and praetor (198) in Sardinia, where he suppressed usury. He was elected consul with Flaccus in 195, and as consul he unsuccessfully opposed the repeal of…

Marcus Verrius Flaccus was a Roman freedman who became a learned scholar and grammarian and the most famous teacher of his day. Verrius Flaccus introduced the principle of competition among his pupils and awarded old books, beautiful or rare, as prizes. Augustus entrusted the education of his two

Horace was an outstanding Latin lyric poet and satirist under the emperor Augustus. The most frequent themes of his Odes and verse Epistles are love, friendship, philosophy, and the art of poetry. Horace was probably of the Sabellian hillman stock of Italy’s central highlands. His father had once

Johannes Dantiscus was a Polish poet and diplomat who was among the first representatives in Poland of Renaissance humanism. Dantiscus wrote, in Latin, incidental verse, love poetry, and panegyrics (formal speeches of praise). A courtier to the Polish king Sigismund I, Dantiscus accompanied the

Matthias Flacius Illyricus was a Lutheran Reformer, pioneer in church historical studies, and theological controversialist who created a lasting rift within Lutheranism. From 1539, after studies in Venice with the humanist Baptista Egnatius, Flacius attended the universities of Basel, Tübingen, and

Anna Paquin: …she starred in the series Flack, playing a publicist working at a London firm. She later was cast in the last season (2019) of the TV series The Affair. In the true-crime miniseries A Friend of the Family (2022), Paquin played the mother of a young girl who was repeatedly…

Audrey Flack is an American painter and sculptor whose choice of subject matter added a sociopolitical dimension to the Photo-realist movement. She was one of the first artists to use a projection of a photograph as an aid to painting. Flack began studying art while at Cooper Union in New York City

Roberta Flack is an American rhythm and blues (R&B) singer known for the number-one hits “The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face” (1972) and “Killing Me Softly with His Song” (1973), and for her duets with soul music singer Donny Hathaway “Where Is the Love” (1972) and “The Closer I Get to You”

Roberta Flack is an American rhythm and blues (R&B) singer known for the number-one hits “The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face” (1972) and “Killing Me Softly with His Song” (1973), and for her duets with soul music singer Donny Hathaway “Where Is the Love” (1972) and “The Closer I Get to You”

Tôlan̈aro: …fort there in 1643, and Étienne de Flacourt wrote his descriptive Histoire de la Grande Isle de Madagascar there in 1661. A port on the Indian Ocean, Tôlan̈aro handles exports of dried fish, lumber, cattle, sisal, waxes, beans, peanuts (groundnuts), and other foodstuffs. It serves as the outlet for large…

James B. Eads: …middle arch, Eads’s deputy, Colonel Henry Flad, had planned to hump the middle arch slightly to bring the two halves together; then, with the cantilevering removed, the arch would assume its normal shape. Eads, on the other hand, had prepared a wrought-iron plug fitted with threads; the last two arch…

falcon: Falcons have plumes called “flags” on their legs and a notch in the beak that is well developed in the genus Falco to form a “tooth.”

flag, a piece of cloth, bunting, or similar material displaying the insignia of a sovereign state, a community, an organization, an armed force, an office, or an individual. A flag is usually, but not always, oblong and is attached by one edge to a staff or halyard. The part nearest the staff is

chess: Technological improvements: …a tiny latch called a flag, appeared at the turn of the 19th century and helped end the chronic arguments over when a player had exceeded a time limit. The flag, lying straight down near the 12 at the top of a clock face, is lifted at the end of…

Flag (1954–55), encaustic, oil, and collage painting on wood panel that was created in 1954–55 by American artist Jasper Johns. It was the first of many renderings of the flag of the United States by Johns and is one of his best-known works. Along with his friend and fellow artist Robert

Orrin Hatch: …would make it illegal to burn the American flag, but it failed by one vote. He also worked to set restrictions on class-action lawsuits and to curb medical malpractice suits, sponsoring bills to that effect in 2004 and 2009, respectively. In addition, he was a vocal critic of the Patient…

Sean Penn: …and starred in the drama Flag Day, in which a young woman (played by his daughter, Dylan Penn) discovers her father’s criminal past. Later that year he appeared in Paul Thomas Anderson’s coming-of-age dramedy Licorice Pizza. In the TV miniseries Gaslit (2022), Penn portrayed U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell, who…

Flag Day, in the United States, a day honouring the national flag, observed on June 14. The holiday commemorates the date in 1777 when the United States approved the design for its first national flag. The idea to set aside a day to honour the national flag came from several sources. Bernard J.

Orrin Hatch: …would make it illegal to burn the American flag, but it failed by one vote. He also worked to set restrictions on class-action lawsuits and to curb medical malpractice suits, sponsoring bills to that effect in 2004 and 2009, respectively. In addition, he was a vocal critic of the Patient…

American literature: The influence of Raymond Carver: …of the drugs-and-Vietnam generation, and A Flag for Sunrise (1981) was a bleak, Conradian political novel set in Central America. Stone focused more on the spiritual malaise of his characters than on their ordinary lives. He wrote a lean, furious Hollywood novel in Children of Light (1986) and captured some…

Scientology: Organization of the church: The Flag Service Organization in Clearwater, Florida, is responsible for providing instruction for OT levels VI and VII. The related Flag Ship Service Organization, located aboard the ship Freewinds, provides OT-VIII training. Knowledge of the exact content of the OT-level training is not freely available but…

Scientology: Organization of the church: The related Flag Ship Service Organization, located aboard the ship Freewinds, provides OT-VIII training. Knowledge of the exact content of the OT-level training is not freely available but is restricted to church members who undergo the training. OT-level training is reserved for those who are concerned with…

flagbird, any of the six-plumed birds-of-paradise. See

flagellum, hairlike structure that acts primarily as an organelle of locomotion in the cells of many living organisms. Flagella, characteristic of the protozoan group Mastigophora, also occur on the gametes of algae, fungi, mosses, slime molds, and animals. Flagellar motion causes water currents

flagellants, medieval religious sects that included public beatings with whips as part of their discipline and devotional practice. Flagellant sects arose in northern Italy and had become large and widespread by about 1260. Groups marched through European towns, whipping each other to atone for

Grigori Rasputin: …he was introduced to the Khlysty (Flagellants) sect. Rasputin perverted Khlysty beliefs into the doctrine that one was nearest God when feeling “holy passionlessness” and that the best way to reach such a state was through the sexual exhaustion that came after prolonged debauchery. Rasputin did not become a monk.…

protozoan: Flagellar propulsion: Flagellar propulsion is employed during some stages in the life cycles of certain amoebae, including the vegetative phase of some genera, such as Mastigamoeba and Mastigella. The eukaryotic flagellum is a membrane-bound, whiplike structure found not only in protozoans but in animals as well (such…

flagellate, (subphylum Mastigophora), any of a group of protozoans, mostly uninucleate organisms, that possess, at some time in the life cycle, one to many flagella for locomotion and sensation. (A flagellum is a hairlike structure capable of whiplike lashing movements that furnish locomotion.)

flagellation, in religion, the disciplinary or devotional practice of beating with whips. Although it has been understood in many ways—as a driving out of evil spirits, as purification, as a form of sadism, and as an incorporation of the animal power residing in the whip—none of these

Piero della Francesca: Mature period: …the late 1450s Piero painted The Flagellation of Christ, the intended location of which is still debated by scholars. Its lucid perspectival construction contrasts with treatment of the subject wherein Christ is relegated to the background while three unidentified figures dominate the foreground. The content of the picture has indeed…

pollination: Mammals: …dangle beneath the crown (flagelliflory). The pagoda shape of the kapok tree serves the same purpose: facilitation of the bat’s approach. Characteristics of the flowers themselves include drab color, large size, sturdiness, bell-shape with wide mouth and, frequently, a powerful rancid or urinelike smell. The giant saguaro cactus and…

scleroprotein: …(spongin) and corals (gorgonin, antipathin); flagellin, a structural protein in the whiplike structures (flagella) of certain bacteria; and reticulin, found with elastin and collagen in mammalian skin. See also collagen; keratin.

flagellum, hairlike structure that acts primarily as an organelle of locomotion in the cells of many living organisms. Flagella, characteristic of the protozoan group Mastigophora, also occur on the gametes of algae, fungi, mosses, slime molds, and animals. Flagellar motion causes water currents

Attila was the king of the Huns from 434 to 453 (ruling jointly with his elder brother Bleda until 445). He was one of the greatest of the barbarian rulers who assailed the Roman Empire, invading the southern Balkan provinces and Greece and then Gaul and Italy. In legend, he appears under the name

speech: The basic registers: …by a fourth register, the flageolet or whistle register of the highest coloratura sopranos. The Italian term falsetto simply means false soprano, as in a castrato (castrated) singer. Hence, the normal female cannot have a falsetto voice.

flageolet, wind instrument closely related to the recorder. Like the recorder, it is a fipple, or whistle, flute—i.e., one sounded by a stream of breath directed through a duct to strike the sharp edge of a hole cut in the side of the pipe. The name flageolet—which comes from the Old French

Benedict Joseph Flaget was an influential figure in the development of the Roman Catholic church in the United States. Flaget entered the Sulpician Society, was ordained in 1786/87, and taught theology. He was one of several Sulpicians sent in 1792 to establish the first Roman Catholic seminary in

Ella Flagg Young was an American educator who, as Chicago’s superintendent of schools, became the first woman to achieve that administrative status in a major American school system. Young graduated from the Chicago Normal School in 1862 and taught primary school before becoming principal of the

James Montgomery Flagg was an American illustrator, poster artist, and portrait painter known for his illustrations of buxom girls and particularly for his World War I recruiting poster of a pointing Uncle Sam with the caption “I Want You” (see Uncle Sam). The poster was reissued during World War

alarm signal: …common in mammals, is “flagging,” the lifting of the tail to reveal its white undersurface. The white fur shows only in fright situations when the animal raises its tail as it bounds away. Biologists do not agree about the exact meaning of this common mammalian alarm response. While the…

Henry M. Flagler was an American financier and partner of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., in establishing the Standard Oil Company. Flagler also pioneered in the development of Florida as a U.S. vacation centre. About 1850 Flagler became a grain merchant in Bellevue, Ohio, where he met Rockefeller and

Henry M. Flagler was an American financier and partner of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., in establishing the Standard Oil Company. Flagler also pioneered in the development of Florida as a U.S. vacation centre. About 1850 Flagler became a grain merchant in Bellevue, Ohio, where he met Rockefeller and

hydrocarbon: Cycloalkanes: …boat brings its two “flagpole” hydrogen atoms to within 1.80 angstroms of each other, far closer than the 2.20-angstrom distance at which repulsive forces between hydrogen atoms become significant. At room temperature, 999 of every 1,000 cyclohexane molecules exist in the chair form (the other being skew).

Flags are among the most identifiable and recognizable objects in the world. They have been used for thousands of years, initially mainly as military banners. In that context they were—and to some extent remain—insignia of leadership, serving to identify friend or foe and as rallying points.

Sartoris, novel by William Faulkner, published in 1929 as a shortened version of a novel that was eventually published in its entirety in 1973 under the original title Flags in the Dust. Disproportionate and sometimes emotionally overwrought, Faulkner’s third novel was the last of his apprentice

The table contains images of the Australian national flag and of the flags of Australia’s six states and two territories. Larger images of the flags can be viewed by clicking on individual flags. Articles on the country, the states, and the territories and on their respective flag histories can be

The table contains images of the Canadian national flag and of the flags of Canada’s 10 provinces and 3 territories. Larger images of the flags can be viewed by clicking on individual flags. Articles on the country, the provinces, and the territories and on their respective flag histories can be

Clint Eastwood: 2000 and beyond: …the World War II films Flags of Our Fathers (2006) and Letters from Iwo Jima (2006), both of which focus on the Battle of Iwo Jima. The latter, told from the Japanese perspective, was nominated for several Oscars, including best director and best film.

The table contains images of the United Kingdom’s national flag and of the flags of the four constituent units and three crown possessions. Larger images of the flags can be viewed by clicking on individual flags. Articles on the country, the constituent units, and the crown possessions and on

The table contains images of the U.S. national flag and of the flags of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Larger images of the flags can be viewed by clicking on individual flags. Articles on the country, the states, and the district (Washington, D.C.) and on their respective flag

charismatic megafauna: Characteristics and types: …are sometimes known as “flagship species,” meaning that they are often used in photographs, media spots such as television and Internet advertisements, and other promotional materials as ambassadors or public symbols for particular habitats or conservation efforts. One of the best-known flagship species is the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca),…

marketing: The history of retailing: …serves as a mall’s retail flagship, which is the primary attraction for customers. In fact, few malls can be financed and built without a flagship establishment already in place.

Kirsten Flagstad was the greatest Wagnerian soprano of the mid-20th century. Flagstad came from a family of professional musicians and studied singing in Oslo, where, after her operatic debut there in 1913, she worked principally as a light soprano, singing oratorio, opera, and operetta. In 1928

Flagstaff, city, seat (1891) of Coconino county, north-central Arizona, U.S. The San Francisco Peaks are immediately north of the city, which is encircled by the Coconino National Forest. Lumberjacks celebrating the 4th of July, 1876, nailed a U.S. flag to the top of a tall ponderosa pine and

sedimentary rock: Bedding structure: Flagstone breaks in smooth, even layers a few centimetres thick and is used in paving. Thin, nearly horizontal lamination is characteristic of many ancient beach sandstones. Bedding surfaces of sandstones may be marked by ripples (almost always of subaqueous origin), by tracks and trails of…

Auguste, count de Flahaut de la Billarderie was a French army officer and diplomat, better remembered for his exploits in love affairs than for his public service. At the time of his birth, his mother, Adèle Filleul, was the wife of the Comte de Flahaut, but Charles was generally recognized to be

Canadian Federal Election of 2011: Second term: The following day Finance Minister Flaherty introduced the revised federal budget, which projected the first deficit since the 1997–98 fiscal year. The budget document also predicted that the federal government would remain in a deficit for at least four years before returning to balanced budgets. Projected future deficits included $33.7…

Robert Flaherty was an American explorer and filmmaker, often referred to as the father of the documentary film. When he was a boy, Flaherty’s family moved to Canada, and as he grew up he explored and photographed vast regions of the country’s northern territory. His first film, Nanook of the North

Robert Flaherty was an American explorer and filmmaker, often referred to as the father of the documentary film. When he was a boy, Flaherty’s family moved to Canada, and as he grew up he explored and photographed vast regions of the country’s northern territory. His first film, Nanook of the North

Ennio Flaiano was an Italian screenwriter, playwright, novelist, journalist, and drama critic who was especially noted for his social satires. He became a leading figure of the Italian motion-picture industry after World War II, collaborating with writer Tullio Pinelli on the early films of writer

flail, ancient hand tool for threshing grain. It consists of two pieces of wood: the handstaff, or helve, and the beater, joined by a thong. The handstaff is a light rod several feet long, the beater a shorter piece. With a flail, one man could thresh 7 bushels of wheat, 8 of rye, 15 of barley, 18

Charlotte Flair is an American professional wrestler with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), known for her athleticism and regal persona as well as for holding the record for most women’s world championships in WWE history as of 2023. The daughter of legendary wrestler Ric Flair (byname of

Charles Van Lerberghe: …work, the macabre prose drama Les Flaireurs (1889; “The Trackers”), owes much to Henrik Ibsen. Though it was later disowned by its author, Les Flaireurs (together with one of Maeterlinck’s early works) marks the beginning of the Symbolist “theater of anguish.”

armour: The return of body armour: …that conflict wore heavy “flak jackets” designed to protect against fragmentation from air-defense guns.

armour: The return of body armour: …that conflict wore heavy “flak jackets” designed to protect against fragmentation from air-defense guns.

flake tool, Stone Age hand tools, usually flint, shaped by flaking off small particles, or by breaking off a large flake which was then used as the tool. Whenever they were available, prehistoric man preferred to use flint and similar siliceous stones, both because of the ease with which they could

Jeff Flake is an American Republican politician who represented Arizona in the U.S. Senate (2013–19). He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (2001–13). In 2021, Flake became the U.S. ambassador to Turkey. Flake grew up on his family’s cattle ranch in Snowflake, an Arizona town

Jeff Flake is an American Republican politician who represented Arizona in the U.S. Senate (2013–19). He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (2001–13). In 2021, Flake became the U.S. ambassador to Turkey. Flake grew up on his family’s cattle ranch in Snowflake, an Arizona town

Opal Lee’s life has been defined by one date: June 19. Meet Opal Lee Lee became widely known in the 21st century as the “Grandmother of Juneteenth” for her role in having the date—when Union soldiers arrived in Texas in 1865 to tell the enslaved people of the state of that the Emancipation