Paula Gunn Allen was an American poet, novelist, and scholar whose work combines the influences of feminism and her Native American heritage. Allen’s father was Lebanese American, and her mother was part Laguna-Sioux. She left college to marry, divorced in 1962, and returned for further education.

Phog Allen was an American college basketball coach who is regarded as the first great basketball coach. He was also instrumental in making basketball an Olympic sport. From 1905 to 1907 at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Allen played for James Naismith, who invented basketball. Allen coached

Phylicia Rashad is an American actress who first gained fame for her work in the television series The Cosby Show (1984–92) and later became the first African American woman to win (2004) a Tony Award for best actress; she won the honour for her performance in the play A Raisin in the Sun. Allen

John Wood the Elder: …was originally the residence of Ralph Allen, Wood’s chief patron and the principal supplier of Bath building stone (an oolitic limestone).

Kevin Garnett: …he teamed with fellow All-Stars Ray Allen and Paul Pierce to lead the Celtics to the NBA championship in 2008. Garnett helped an aging Boston team reach the NBA finals for the second time in three years during the 2009–10 season, but the Celtics were ultimately defeated by the Los…

Henry Allen was an American jazz musician who was one of the major trumpeters of the swing era. He also sang and led small bands. The son of a longtime New Orleans brass-band leader, Allen played in his father’s band before joining King Oliver’s big band in the Midwest in 1927 and then Luis

Richard Allen was the founder and first bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, a major American denomination. Soon after Allen was born, to enslaved parents, the family was sold to a Delaware farmer. At age 17 he became a Methodist convert and at 22 was permitted to preach. Two years

Drew Pearson: Pearson and Robert S. Allen, another Washington, D.C., reporter, wrote a book, Washington Merry-Go-Round (1931), a gossipy treatment of the scene in the U.S. capital. He and Allen were fired for writing the irreverent book, but its success brought them an invitation to write a column with…

Alan Ayckbourn is a successful and prolific British playwright, whose works—mostly farces and comedies—deal with marital and class conflicts and point out the fears and weaknesses of the English lower-middle class. He wrote more than 80 plays and other entertainments, most of which were first

Marietta Holley was an American humorist who popularized women’s rights and temperance doctrines under the pen names Josiah Allen’s Wife and Samantha Allen. Holley began her literary career writing for newspapers and women’s magazines. In 1873 she published her first book, My Opinions and Betsy

Pauline Hopkins was an African-American novelist, playwright, journalist, and editor. She was a pioneer in her use of traditional romance novels as a medium for exploring racial and social themes. Her work reflects the influence of W.E.B. Du Bois. Hopkins attended Boston public schools and in 1880

Olympic Games: Innsbruck, Austria, 1964: …the men’s figure skating competition, Scott Allen (U.S.) captured the bronze two days before his 15th birthday, becoming the youngest athlete to win a Winter Games medal. Tragedy struck the men’s downhill as an Australian skier was killed during a practice run. The event was won by Egon Zimmermann (Austria),…

Sadakichi Hartmann was an American art critic, novelist, poet, and man of letters. The son of a German father and Japanese mother, Hartmann went to the United States as a boy (he became a naturalized citizen in 1894). While living in Philadelphia from 1882 to 1885, he befriended the elderly Walt

Sir Hugh Allen was an organist and musical educator who exerted a far-reaching influence on the English musical life of his time. Allen was an organ scholar at Christ’s College, Cambridge, and later held organist’s posts at Ely Cathedral (1898–1901) and New College, Oxford (1901–18). In 1918 he

Sir Hugh Allen was an organist and musical educator who exerted a far-reaching influence on the English musical life of his time. Allen was an organ scholar at Christ’s College, Cambridge, and later held organist’s posts at Ely Cathedral (1898–1901) and New College, Oxford (1901–18). In 1918 he

Sir James Allen was a statesman, leader of the New Zealand Reform Party, and minister of defense (1912–20) who was instrumental in the development of New Zealand’s navy and expeditionary military force. Allen was elected to the New Zealand Parliament in 1887, serving as a leader of the opposition

Steve Allen was a pioneer American television entertainer, versatile author, songwriter, and comedian who performed in radio, motion pictures, and theatre as well as television. He was perhaps best known for creating and hosting what became The Tonight Show, which set the standard for TV talk

Steve Allen was a pioneer American television entertainer, versatile author, songwriter, and comedian who performed in radio, motion pictures, and theatre as well as television. He was perhaps best known for creating and hosting what became The Tonight Show, which set the standard for TV talk

Viola Allen was an American actress, especially famous for her Shakespearean roles and for her roles in Frances Eliza Burnett’s Little Lord Fauntleroy and Bronson Howard’s Shenandoah, both extremely popular plays. Born into a theatrical family, Allen made her debut at age 14 in New York City in the

Viola Allen was an American actress, especially famous for her Shakespearean roles and for her roles in Frances Eliza Burnett’s Little Lord Fauntleroy and Bronson Howard’s Shenandoah, both extremely popular plays. Born into a theatrical family, Allen made her debut at age 14 in New York City in the

Walter Allen was a British novelist and critic best known for the breadth and accessibility of his criticism. Allen graduated from the University of Birmingham (B.A., 1932) and taught briefly at his old grammar school before accepting the first of several visiting lectureships and professorships in

Walter Allen was a British novelist and critic best known for the breadth and accessibility of his criticism. Allen graduated from the University of Birmingham (B.A., 1932) and taught briefly at his old grammar school before accepting the first of several visiting lectureships and professorships in

Allentown: William Allen, mayor of Philadelphia and later chief justice of Pennsylvania, laid out the town (1762), naming it Northampton. It was incorporated as the borough of Northampton in 1811 and was later (1838) officially renamed Allentown for its founder.

William Allen was an English-born Roman Catholic cardinal and scholar who supervised the preparation of the Douai-Reims translation of the Bible into English and engaged in intrigues against the Protestant regime of Queen Elizabeth I. Educated at the University of Oxford, Allen became principal of

Hervey Allen was an American poet, biographer, and novelist who had a great impact on popular literature with his historical novel Anthony Adverse. Allen’s first published work was a book of poetry, Ballads of the Border (1916). During the 1920s he established a reputation as a poet, publishing

Woody Allen is an American motion-picture director, screenwriter, actor, comedian, playwright, and author who is best known for his bittersweet comic films containing elements of parody, slapstick, and the absurd but who also made weighty dramas, often with dark themes and bleak landscapes

Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby was a field marshal, the last great British leader of mounted cavalry, who directed the Palestine campaign in World War I. Educated at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, Allenby joined the Inniskilling Dragoons in 1882 and saw active service in

Allendale, county, southern South Carolina, U.S. It is a rural area on the Coastal Plain. The Savannah River border with Georgia defines the western boundary, the Salkehatchie River the northeastern. It is also drained by the Coosawhatchie River. Much of the area is covered by pine and mixed

Allende meteorite, meteorite that fell as a shower of stones (see meteorite shower) after breaking up in the atmosphere at Chihuahua, Mex., near the village of Pueblito de Allende, in February 1969. More than two tons of meteorite fragments were collected. Fortuitously, the Allende meteorite fell

Salvador Allende was Chile’s first socialist president. Allende, born into an upper-middle-class family, received his medical degree in 1932 from the University of Chile, where he was a Marxist activist. He participated in the founding (1933) of Chile’s Socialist Party. After election to the

Allende meteorite, meteorite that fell as a shower of stones (see meteorite shower) after breaking up in the atmosphere at Chihuahua, Mex., near the village of Pueblito de Allende, in February 1969. More than two tons of meteorite fragments were collected. Fortuitously, the Allende meteorite fell

Isabel Allende is a Chilean American writer in the magic realist tradition who is considered one of the first successful women novelists from Latin America. Allende was born in Peru to Chilean parents. She worked as a journalist in Chile until she was forced to flee to Venezuela after the

Salvador Allende was Chile’s first socialist president. Allende, born into an upper-middle-class family, received his medical degree in 1932 from the University of Chile, where he was a Marxist activist. He participated in the founding (1933) of Chile’s Socialist Party. After election to the

swamp monkey, (Allenopithecus nigroviridis), small heavily built primate of the Congo River basin. It is dark olive in colour, with orange or whitish underside. The head and body length is about 450 mm (18 inches), and there is a somewhat longer tail; females weigh 3.7 kg (8 pounds) on average,

Olsztyn, city, capital of Warmińsko-Mazurskie województwo (province), northeastern Poland. It lies along the Łyna River in the Masurian lake district. The city serves as a trade centre, with major rail and road connections, for the lake district. The Museum of Warmia and Mazury and a university are

Allentown, city, seat (1812) of Lehigh county, eastern Pennsylvania, U.S. Situated on the Lehigh River, Allentown, with Bethlehem and Easton, forms an industrial complex. William Allen, mayor of Philadelphia and later chief justice of Pennsylvania, laid out the town (1762), naming it Northampton.

Billy Joel: 52nd Street to River of Dreams: …first socially conscious songs, “Allentown” and “Goodnight Saigon” (about unemployed steel workers and Vietnam War veterans, respectively).

Alappuzha, city, southern Kerala state, southwestern India. It lies on a narrow land spit between the Arabian Sea and Vembanad Lake, south of Kochi (Cochin), and is on the main road between Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum). Alappuzha’s port was opened to foreign trade by the British in the

Cabañaquinta, town, south-central Asturias provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It lies southeast of Oviedo city in the valley of the Aller River in the Cantabrian Mountains. Remnants of an early Roman settlement include the remains of a road and an

Allerdale, district, administrative county of Cumbria, historic county of Cumberland, northwestern England. It is located in the northwestern part of the county along the coast of the Solway Firth. Workington, on the western Cumbrian seacoast, is the administrative centre. Except for its coastal

allergen, substance that in some persons induces the hypersensitive state of allergy and stimulates the formation of reaginic antibodies. Allergens may be naturally occurring or of synthetic origin and include pollen, mold spores, dust, lint, animal dander, insect debris, foods, blood serum, and

allergy, hypersensitivity reaction by the body to foreign substances (antigens) that in similar amounts and circumstances are harmless within the bodies of other people. Antigens that provoke an allergic reaction are called allergens. Typical allergens include pollens, drugs, lints, bacteria,

aspergillosis: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, seen especially in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases, include a chronic productive cough and purulent sputum occasionally tinged with blood and flecks of white or brownish mycelium (fungus material). Severe invasive aspergillosis is almost entirely limited to those whose immune systems have…

hay fever, seasonally recurrent bouts of sneezing, nasal congestion, and tearing and itching of the eyes caused by allergy to the pollen of certain plants, chiefly those depending upon the wind for cross-fertilization, such as ragweed in North America and timothy grass in Great Britain. In allergic

allergy, hypersensitivity reaction by the body to foreign substances (antigens) that in similar amounts and circumstances are harmless within the bodies of other people. Antigens that provoke an allergic reaction are called allergens. Typical allergens include pollens, drugs, lints, bacteria,

allergy desensitization, treatment that attempts to eliminate allergic reactions, such as those that occur with allergic rhinitis (hay fever), insect bites, or asthma, by a series of injections in graded strengths of the substance to which the person is sensitive (e.g., pollen or house dust).

history of Europe: The European war in Germany, 1635–45: …forces were decisively defeated at Allerheim.

Holocene Epoch: The Pleistocene–Holocene boundary: …at the beginning of the Allerød, a warm interstadial age that began about 12,000 bp. Others, in Alaska, proposed a Holocene section beginning at 6,000 bp. Marine geologists have recognized a worldwide change in the character of deep-sea sedimentation about 10,000–11,000 bp. In warm tropical waters the clays show a…

Adderall: History and development: …1920s American chemist and pharmacologist Gordon Alles resynthesized the substance, as amphetamine sulfate, later marketed under the name Benzedrine, and reportedly experimented with it on himself, leading to his discovery of its physiological effects. Benzedrine was issued by the U.S. government to soldiers who fought in World War II to…

domestic shorthair, breed of domestic cat often referred to as a common, or alley, cat; a good show animal, however, is purebred and pedigreed and has been carefully bred to conform to a set standard of appearance. The domestic shorthair is required by show standards to be a sturdily built cat with

directing: Directorial styles: , and the Alley Theatre in Houston, Texas, provided forums not only for a wide repertoire of world theatre but also for new playwrights and directors. As Broadway continued its decline, the regional theatres continued to grow in importance; “schools” of acting, directing, and playwriting emerged in Chicago,…

Kirstie Alley was an American actress best known for her portrayal (1987–93) of Rebecca Howe on the hit TV sitcom Cheers. She later starred in Veronica’s Closet (1997–2000). Alley was raised in a Roman Catholic family in Wichita, Kansas. Her father, Robert Alley, owned a lumber company, and her

Kirstie Alley was an American actress best known for her portrayal (1987–93) of Rebecca Howe on the hit TV sitcom Cheers. She later starred in Veronica’s Closet (1997–2000). Alley was raised in a Roman Catholic family in Wichita, Kansas. Her father, Robert Alley, owned a lumber company, and her

Edward Alleyn was one of the greatest actors of the Elizabethan stage and founder of Dulwich College, London. Rivaled only by Richard Burbage, Alleyn won the outspoken admiration of such authors as Ben Jonson and Thomas Nashe for his interpretations of Christopher Marlowe’s Tamburlaine, Doctor

Christina Rossetti was one of the most important of English women poets both in range and quality. She excelled in works of fantasy, in poems for children, and in religious poetry. Christina was the youngest child of Gabriele Rossetti and was the sister of the painter-poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

Germany: The Alps and the Alpine Foreland: …to east these are the Allgäuer Alps, the Wetterstein Alps—with Germany’s highest mountain, the Zugspitze—and the Berchtesgadener Alps. Like the North German Plain, the Alpine Foreland is fundamentally a depression filled with Paleogene and Neogene gravels, sands, and clays, which are derived from the Alpine orogeny. In contrast to the…

Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle: …of Zürich, he published his Allgemeine Anatomie (1841; “General Anatomy”), the first systematic treatise of histology, followed by the Handbuch der rationellen Pathologie, 2 vol. (1846–53; “Handbook of Rational Pathology”), written while he was professor of anatomy and pathology at the University of Heidelberg (1844–52). The Handbuch, describing diseased organs…

Friedrich Nicolai: …editor of the reformist journal Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek (“German General Library”), was critical of such younger writers as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich von Schiller.

Charles Augustus: Nevertheless, his patronage of the Allgemeine Deutsche Burschenschaft (Young Germany Movement), a liberal, idealistic student association, from 1818 helped launch that organization into national prominence.

AEG AG, former German electronics and electrical-equipment company. As one of Germany’s leading industrial companies through much of the 19th and 20th centuries, AEG manufactured products for industrial and domestic use. The company was founded in Berlin in 1883 when the industrialist Emil

Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, (German: “Universal Encyclopaedia of Sciences and Arts”), monumental uncompleted German encyclopaedia of which 167 volumes were published from 1818 to 1889. Founded by a German bibliographer, Johann Samuel Ersch, who began work on it in 1813,

Otto Henne am Rhyn: …is considered to be the Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte, 8 vol. (1877–1908; “Universal History of Civilization”), from earliest times to the closing years of the 19th century. His other major book is the Kulturgeschichte des deutschen Volkes, 2 vol. (1903; “Cultural History of the German People”). He also wrote cultural histories of…

history of publishing: Continental Europe: …and lasting influence was the Allgemeine Literatur-zeitung (1785–1849), founded by Friedrich Justin Bertuch, “the father of the German periodical.”

Ludwig van Beethoven: The established composer: The critics of the Leipzig Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, the most authoritative music journal in Europe, had long since passed from carping impertinence to unqualified praise, so that, although there were as yet no copyright laws to ensure a system of royalties, Beethoven was able to drive far more-favourable bargains with…

Karl Jaspers: Research in clinical psychiatry: …completed the Allgemeine Psychopathologie (General Psychopathology, 1965) two years later. The work was distinguished by its critical approach to the various methods available for the study of psychiatry and by its attempt to synthesize these methods into a cohesive whole.

Johann August Eberhard: …for Socrates”) and in his Allgemeine Theorie des Denkens und Empfindens (1776; “General Theory of Thinking and Feeling”), Eberhard advocated the free examination of religious doctrine and epistemological rationalism in the manner of Leibniz and the German thinker Christian Wolff. Kant’s critical philosophy appeared to him superfluous in view of…

Allgemeine Zeitung, the greatest German newspaper in the 19th century, founded at Tübingen in 1798 by Johann Friedrich Cotta, later Freiherr (baron) von Cottendorf. Censorship and other pressures forced it to move successively to Stuttgart, Ulm, Augsburg, and Munich. The name has been carried on in

AEG AG, former German electronics and electrical-equipment company. As one of Germany’s leading industrial companies through much of the 19th and 20th centuries, AEG manufactured products for industrial and domestic use. The company was founded in Berlin in 1883 when the industrialist Emil

SS: …mainly into two groups: the Allgemeine-SS (General SS) and the Waffen-SS (Armed SS).

Social Democratic Party of Germany: History: …merger in 1875 of the General German Workers’ Union, led by Ferdinand Lassalle, and the Social Democratic Workers’ Party, headed by August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht. In 1890 it adopted its current name, the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The party’s early history was characterized by frequent and intense internal…

encyclopaedia: Biography: The Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon (1750–51; “General Scholarly Lexicon”) was compiled by Christian Gottlieb Jöcher, a German biographer, and issued by Gleditsch, the publisher of both Hübner and Marperger’s work and the opponent of Zedler’s encyclopaedia. Jöcher’s work was continued by the German philologist Johann Cristoph Adelung and…

Prussian Civil Code, (“General State Law”), the law of the Prussian states, begun during the reign of Frederick the Great (1740–86) but not promulgated until 1794 under his successor, Frederick William II. It was to be enforced wherever it did not conflict with local customs. The code was adopted

encyclopaedia: The development of the modern encyclopaedia (17th–18th centuries): Johann Theodor Jablonski’s illustrated Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) continued in this same style, and similar works were compiled by the Swiss theologian and philologist Jakob Christoph Iselin and Antonius Moratori (1727). Johann Heinrich Zedler’s huge Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon (“The Great Comprehensive Universal Lexicon”; 1732–50) was in the older tradition but…

Pontypool ware: …produced in Wales at the Allgood family factory in Pontypool and later in Usk, Monmouthshire. It is distinguished from other japanned tinware by its distinctive lustre and unique durability. These features are the results of the experiments by craftsmen of the Allgood family, who also developed their own tinplating technique.…

Sara Allgood was an Irish character actress who performed in the original Sean O’Casey plays produced at Dublin’s Abbey Theatre and in many American motion pictures of the 1940s. Her early instructors included Frank and W.G. Fay, W.B. Yeats, and John Millington Synge. In 1903 Allgood joined the

All Saints’ Day: …Day) is sometimes known as Allhallowtide.

self-heal, (genus Prunella), genus of 13 species of low-growing perennials in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to Eurasia and North America. Several species, especially common self-heal (Prunella vulgaris), large-flowered self-heal (P. grandiflora), and cutleaf self-heal (P. lacinata), were

Allioideae, subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae (order Asparagales), with about 18 genera distributed throughout most regions of the world, except for the tropics, Australia, and New Zealand. Although formerly treated as its own family (Alliaceae), Allioideae has been

alliance, in international relations, a formal agreement between two or more states for mutual support in case of war. Contemporary alliances provide for combined action on the part of two or more independent states and are generally defensive in nature, obligating allies to join forces if one or

Alliance, city, Stark county, northeastern Ohio, U.S., situated on the Mahoning River about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Canton. In 1854 the villages of Williamsport, Freedom, and Liberty were incorporated as the village of Alliance, so named for the junction and crossing there of the former New

John Barry: …the final cruise of the Alliance (beginning in 1782), Barry ranged the shipping lanes from Bermuda to Cape Sable and captured four British ships. He fought the last battle of the war (March 1783) in the Straits of Florida, where he beat off three British frigates seeking to intercept him.

Green Party of Germany, German environmentalist political party. It first won representation at the national level in 1983, and from 1998 to 2005 it formed a coalition government with the Social Democratic Party (SPD). In 2021 the Greens posted their best-ever performance in a federal election,

William Warburton: …at Brant Broughton, Warburton wrote The Alliance Between Church and State (1736) and The Divine Legation of Moses, 2 vol. (1737–41). In The Alliance he advocated tolerance by the established Anglican church for those whose beliefs and worship were at variance. In The Divine Legation, he sought to demonstrate, on…

Canadian Alliance, former Canadian populist conservative political party, largely based in the western provinces. The Canadian Alliance traced its roots to the Reform Party, which formed in 1987 as a populist and conservative expression of western Canadian frustration with the governing Progressive

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Belgian paternalism and the politics of decolonization: …Bakongo évolués affiliated with the Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO), an association based in Léopoldville (now Kinshasa), the manifesto was the response of ABAKO to the ideas set forth by a young Belgian professor of colonial legislation, A.A.J. van Bilsen, in his “Thirty-Year Plan for the Political Emancipation of Belgian Africa.”…

The Gambia: 1994 coup, 1996 presidential election, and new constitution: …and his political party, the Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC), dominated the National Assembly. A new constitution, approved by voters in 1996, came into effect after the legislative elections.

Alliance for Progress, former international economic development program established by the United States and 22 Latin American countries in the Charter of Punta del Este (Uruguay) in August 1961. Objectives stated in the charter centred on the maintenance of democratic government and the

Austria: Political process: …form a new party, the Alliance for the Future of Austria (Bündnis Zukunft Österreich; BZÖ), which entered the legislature in 2006. While the FPÖ remained a significant, if controversial, force in national politics in the 21st century, electoral support for the BZÖ declined greatly after Haider’s death in 2008.

Alliance Israélite Universelle, Political organization founded in France in 1860 for the purpose of providing assistance to Jews. Its founders were a group of French Jews who had the resources to help those who were poor, offering political support, helping individuals emigrate, and eventually

Hungary: Political process: …(1990): the Hungarian Democratic Forum, Alliance of Free Democrats, Independent Smallholders’ Party, Christian Democratic People’s Party, Federation of Young Democrats (Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége; Fidesz), and Hungarian Socialist Party—the latter being the party of reformed ex-communists. The same six parties were returned to Parliament in 1994, and for the following decade…

World Communion of Reformed Churches: …International Congregational Council with the Alliance of the Reformed Churches Throughout the World Holding the Presbyterian System (also called the World Presbyterian Alliance). In 2010 the Alliance united with the Reformed Ecumenical Council, which encompassed some 12 million members in 26 countries, and was renamed the World Communion of Reformed…

Malaysia: Political process: …the late 2010s by the National Front (Barisan Nasional; BN), a broad coalition of ethnically oriented parties. Among the oldest and strongest of these parties are the United Malays National Organization (UMNO; long the driving force of the National Front), the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC),…

Fiji: History of Fiji: …Fiji was governed by the Alliance Party, which was pledged to policies of “multiracialism.” Its electoral supremacy was challenged only briefly, in 1977, when Fijian votes were attracted by Fijian nationalist candidates campaigning under a slogan of “Fiji for the Fijians”; only factionalism prevented the formation of an Indian-led government.

Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI), Northern Ireland’s oldest interdenominational political party, a small moderate party that represents middle-class interests primarily in the eastern areas of the province. The Alliance Party was launched in April 1970 in an attempt to break the sectarian

Nationalist Party, political party that governed all or part of mainland China from 1928 to 1949 and subsequently ruled Taiwan under Chiang Kai-shek and his successors for most of the time since then. Originally a revolutionary league working for the overthrow of the Chinese monarchy, the

kinship: Alliance theory: While British social anthropologists were focused on the existence of social rules and the ways in which members of different societies acted within a given framework of ideas and categories, French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss had a very different starting point. His work was…

Franco-American Alliance, (Feb. 6, 1778), agreement by France to furnish critically needed military aid and loans to the 13 insurgent American colonies, often considered the turning point of the U.S. War of Independence. Resentful over the loss of its North American empire after the French and

Allianz Arena, stadium in Munich that was designed by the architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron and completed in 2005. When Germany was awarded the honor of hosting the football (soccer) World Cup in 2004, it needed a whole new series of stadiums to take the strain and show itself off as a

shad: The Allis (or Allice) shad (A. alosa) of Europe is about 75 cm (30 inches) long and 3.6 kg (8 pounds) in weight. The twaite shad (A. finta) is smaller.

organosulfur compound: Disulfides and polysulfides and their oxidized products: …of water and heat on allicin, a biologically active thiosulfinate, or disulfide S-oxide, CH2=CHCH2S(=O)SCH2CH=CH2, in turn formed enzymatically from sulfoxide precursors in the intact garlic bulb (see below Sulfoxides and sulfones: Reactions). Sulfurized olefins are used in extreme pressure lubrication, while a highly resistant sulfur cement and