Marion Cotillard: …credits included the romantic thriller Allied, in which she starred with Brad Pitt and portrayed a member of the French Resistance who might be a German spy, and the action adventure Assassin’s Creed, based on a video game.

Camden Town Group: They thus formed the Allied Artists Association, completely independent of the established art societies such as the Royal Academy. The association held its exhibits of French and English Post-Impressionism at the Royal Albert Hall. In 1911 Sickert’s circle officially became the Camden Town Group. At the three important exhibitions…

AlliedSignal, former American corporation that became a leading manufacturer of aerospace systems and components before merging with Honeywell International, Inc., in 1999. The corporation was formed in 1920 in the consolidation of several chemical manufacturers; the Barrett Company (founded 1903),

AlliedSignal, former American corporation that became a leading manufacturer of aerospace systems and components before merging with Honeywell International, Inc., in 1999. The corporation was formed in 1920 in the consolidation of several chemical manufacturers; the Barrett Company (founded 1903),

North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Organization: …states, subsumes two strategic commands: Allied Command Operations (ACO) and Allied Command Transformation (ACT). ACO is headed by the SACEUR and located at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in Casteau, Belgium. ACT is headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, U.S. During the alliance’s first 20 years, more than $3 billion worth…

North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Organization: …Allied Command Operations (ACO) and Allied Command Transformation (ACT). ACO is headed by the SACEUR and located at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in Casteau, Belgium. ACT is headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, U.S. During the alliance’s first 20 years, more than $3 billion worth of “infrastructure” for NATO forces—bases,…

house of Habsburg: Habsburg-Lorraine: After World War II the Allied Control Council in Austria in January 1946 declared that it would support the Austrian government in measures to prevent any return of the Habsburgs, and the law of 1919 was written into the Austrian State Treaty of 1955. In June 1961 the Austrian government…

AlliedSignal, former American corporation that became a leading manufacturer of aerospace systems and components before merging with Honeywell International, Inc., in 1999. The corporation was formed in 1920 in the consolidation of several chemical manufacturers; the Barrett Company (founded 1903),

Trafford Leigh-Mallory: …commander in chief of the Allied Expeditionary Air Forces, which were to be used in the projected Allied invasion of France in the spring of 1944. Leigh-Mallory thus became the commander of some 9,000 U.S. and British aircraft allotted to this operation, and he found himself in the middle of…

Allied powers, coalition of countries that opposed the Axis powers (led by Germany, Italy, and Japan) during World War II. The principal members of the Allies were the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and China (the “Big Four”), as well as France while it was unoccupied. The

Allied powers, coalition of countries that opposed the Central Powers (primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) during World War I. The Allies’ original members of greatest import were the British Empire, France, and Russia. Later the United States and Italy joined the Allied

Allied powers, those countries allied in opposition to the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) in World War I or to the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) in World War II. The major Allied powers in World War I were Great Britain (and the British Empire), France, and the

Germany: Years of economic and political stabilization: A committee of the Allied Reparations Commission headed by the American financier and soon-to-be vice president Charles Dawes had recommended these changes and urged the Allies to grant sizable loans to Germany to assist its economic recovery. The Dawes Plan marked a significant step in the upswing of the…

World War II: The Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 1940–41: …vessels had the ASDIC (Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee) device to detect submerged U-boats. By the spring of 1941, under the guidance of Admiral Karl Dönitz, the U-boat commanders were changing their tactic of individual operation to one of wolf-pack attacks: groups of U-boats, disposed in long lines, would rally…

AlliedSignal, former American corporation that became a leading manufacturer of aerospace systems and components before merging with Honeywell International, Inc., in 1999. The corporation was formed in 1920 in the consolidation of several chemical manufacturers; the Barrett Company (founded 1903),

AlliedSignal, former American corporation that became a leading manufacturer of aerospace systems and components before merging with Honeywell International, Inc., in 1999. The corporation was formed in 1920 in the consolidation of several chemical manufacturers; the Barrett Company (founded 1903),

Auvergne: …encompassed the central départements of Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal, and Haute-Loire. In 2016 the Auvergne région was joined with the région of Rhône-Alpes to form the new administrative entity of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.

Allier River, river, central France, that joins the Loire River 4 miles (6 km) west of Nevers after a course of 255 miles (410 km). Rising in Lozère département, it races through deep gorges along structural lines of weakness between the Margeride and Velay mountains. Traversing the basins of

Allied powers, coalition of countries that opposed the Axis powers (led by Germany, Italy, and Japan) during World War II. The principal members of the Allies were the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and China (the “Big Four”), as well as France while it was unoccupied. The

Allied powers, coalition of countries that opposed the Central Powers (primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) during World War I. The Allies’ original members of greatest import were the British Empire, France, and Russia. Later the United States and Italy joined the Allied

Allied powers, those countries allied in opposition to the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) in World War I or to the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) in World War II. The major Allied powers in World War I were Great Britain (and the British Empire), France, and the

Canadian literature: Fiction: …of Newfoundland, and Lisa Moore’s Alligator (2005) dissects lives in contemporary St. John’s, the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador province.

alligator, (genus Alligator), either of two crocodilians related to the tropical American caimans (family Alligatoridae). Alligators, like other crocodilians, are large animals with powerful tails that are used both in defense and in swimming (see also crocodile). Their eyes, ears, and nostrils are

alligator, (genus Alligator), either of two crocodilians related to the tropical American caimans (family Alligatoridae). Alligators, like other crocodilians, are large animals with powerful tails that are used both in defense and in swimming (see also crocodile). Their eyes, ears, and nostrils are

alligator apple, (Annona glabra), fruit tree (family Annonaceae) of tropical America valued for its roots, which serve many of the same purposes as cork. The edible fruit has a poor flavour and is not usually eaten fresh but is sometimes used for making jellies. See custard apple. The alligator

Robert Munsch: Munsch’s later books included Alligator Baby (1997), Andrew’s Loose Tooth (1998), Ribbon Rescue (1999), Smelly Socks (2004), Moose! (2011), and The Enormous Suitcase (2017). He was awarded the Order of Canada in 1999.

Battle of Guadalcanal: The land campaign on Guadalcanal: At the Battle of the Tenaru (also called the Battle of Alligator Creek), U.S. Marine defenders annihilated a force of some 900 veteran Japanese army troops east of Henderson Field.

poacher, (family Agonidae), any of the marine fishes of the family Agonidae (order Scorpaeniformes), a group of approximately 50 species that also includes alligatorfishes, sea poachers, and starsnouts. Poachers live in cold water, on the bottom, and are found mainly in the northern Pacific Ocean.

gar: …and relatively short in the alligator gar (A. spatula) of the southern United States. The alligator gar, reaching a length of about 3 metres (10 feet), is one of the largest of all freshwater fishes. Gars are edible but are almost never eaten in the central and northern United States.…

alligator lizard, any of 42 lizard species in the subfamily Gerrhonotinae of the family Anguidae in any of the following genera: Abronia, Barisia, Elgaria, Gerrhonotus, and Mesaspis. Alligator lizards are found from southern British Columbia and the northwestern United States through Mexico and

American alligator, (Alligator mississippiensis), species of alligator inhabiting freshwater rivers, lakes, and swamps and brackish waters in the Southern U.S. and northeastern Mexico. The alligator’s geographic range extends from the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas

avocado, (Persea americana), tree of the family Lauraceae and its edible fruit. Avocados are native to the Western Hemisphere from Mexico south to the Andean regions and are widely grown in warm climates. Avocado fruits have greenish or yellowish flesh with a buttery consistency and a rich nutty

Roy Del Ruth: Later work: …the well-done low-budget horror picture The Alligator People, with Lon Chaney, Jr., and Beverly Garland. His final film was Why Must I Die? (1960), an account of Barbara Graham, a party girl convicted and executed for murder; it was an alternate treatment to director Robert Wise’s I Want to Live!…

Koko Taylor: …early 1970s, Taylor moved to Alligator Records, where she recorded a string of albums over the next three decades that helped solidify her place as a preeminent female blues vocalist, although none of these albums matched the popular success she achieved with “Wang Dang Doodle.” She garnered eight Grammy Award…

Alligator Rivers, three perennial rivers, northeastern Northern Territory, Australia, that empty into Van Diemen Gulf, an inlet of the Timor Sea. They were explored in 1818–20 by Captain Phillip Parker King, who named them in the belief that the crocodiles infesting their lower swampy,

Chinese alligator, (Alligator sinensis), species of alligator inhabiting the stream, pond, and wetland ecosystems in the lower Yangtze River basin of east-central China. Once widespread throughout the basin, the Chinese alligator’s geographic range has contracted to a handful of small habitats in

alligator snapping turtle, (Macrochelys temminckii), species of freshwater turtle in the family Chelydridae. The alligator snapping turtle is the largest species of freshwater turtle in North America and one of the largest turtles in the world. Although native populations are found exclusively in

Caryophyllales: Amaranthaceae: Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) was introduced into North America as a cultivated ornamental, but its rapid growth habit in watery environments has often caused it to be considered a weed. Globe amaranth (Gomphrena globosa) is from tropical Asia, Australia, and America. It is unusual in…

crocodile: Annotated classification: Family Alligatoridae (alligators and caimans) 4 genera and 8 species; teeth of lower jaw fit inside those of upper jaw. Family Crocodylidae (true crocodiles) 3 genera and 17 species; teeth of upper and lower jaws form one interdigitating row when mouth

Svetlana Alliluyeva was the Russian-born daughter of Soviet ruler Joseph Stalin; her defection to the United States in 1967 caused an international sensation. She was Stalin’s only daughter and a product of his second marriage with Nadezhda Alliluyeva, who committed suicide in 1932. Svetlana

Svetlana Alliluyeva was the Russian-born daughter of Soviet ruler Joseph Stalin; her defection to the United States in 1967 caused an international sensation. She was Stalin’s only daughter and a product of his second marriage with Nadezhda Alliluyeva, who committed suicide in 1932. Svetlana

small arm: The bolt action: …hinged-breech “trap-door” mechanism, developed by Erskine S. Allin at the Springfield Armory, in which the top of the breech was flipped forward along the top of the barrel. The first Model 1866 was a converted .58-inch musket, the second Model 1866 was a new rifle in .50-inch calibre, and subsequent…

small arm: The bolt action: …Model 1866 was a new rifle in .50-inch calibre, and subsequent versions were built in .45-inch calibre. These weapons, born of postwar starvation budgets, continued to use components introduced with the Model 1855 muzzle-loaders.

Margery Allingham was a British detective-story writer of unusual subtlety, wit, and imaginative power who created the bland, bespectacled, keen-witted Albert Campion, one of the most interesting of fictional detectives. Campion’s career was begun with a group of ingenious popular thrillers: The

Margery Allingham was a British detective-story writer of unusual subtlety, wit, and imaginative power who created the bland, bespectacled, keen-witted Albert Campion, one of the most interesting of fictional detectives. Campion’s career was begun with a group of ingenious popular thrillers: The

Allioideae, subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae (order Asparagales), with about 18 genera distributed throughout most regions of the world, except for the tropics, Australia, and New Zealand. Although formerly treated as its own family (Alliaceae), Allioideae has been

aioli, sauce consisting primarily of garlic and olive oil. Aioli is a characteristic sauce of the French region of Provence, although it is widely used in neighbouring Spain and Italy as well. The Roman historian Pliny the Elder first recorded its use in Catalonia, where today it is called allioli,

shad: The Allis (or Allice) shad (A. alosa) of Europe is about 75 cm (30 inches) long and 3.6 kg (8 pounds) in weight. The twaite shad (A. finta) is smaller.

Bobby Allison is an American stock-car racer who was one of the winningest drivers in National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) history and a member of one of the most notable, and most tragic, families in racing. A NASCAR champion in 1983, he raced competitively at NASCAR’s highest

computer: Early computer enthusiasts: Dennis Allison wrote a version of BASIC for these early personal computers and, with Bob Albrecht, published the code in 1975 in a newsletter called Dr. Dobb’s Journal of Computer Calisthenics and Orthodontia, later changed to Dr. Dobb’s Journal.

puppetry: Puppetry in the contemporary world: …Dragon, who exchanged repartee with Fran Allison, a human actress standing outside the booth. In 1969, puppets were introduced on the educational program “Sesame Street”; these were created by Jim Henson and represented a type of figure that reached its full potential in “The Muppet Show,” which attracted enormous audiences…

bureaucratic politics approach: …of bureaucratic politics begin with Graham T. Allison’s 1969 article in The American Political Science Review, “Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis,” although this work built on earlier writings by Charles Lindblom, Richard Neustadt, Samuel Huntington, and others. Allison provides an analysis of the Cuban missile crisis that contrasts…

James P. Allison is an American immunologist who contributed to the discovery of mechanisms underlying T-cell activation and who was a pioneer in the development of immune checkpoint therapy for cancer. For his discoveries, Allison shared the 2018 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with

Bobby Allison is an American stock-car racer who was one of the winningest drivers in National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) history and a member of one of the most notable, and most tragic, families in racing. A NASCAR champion in 1983, he raced competitively at NASCAR’s highest

William B. Allison was a U.S. representative (1863–71) and senator (1873–1908) from Iowa, cosponsor of the Bland-Allison Act of 1878, which expanded U.S. Treasury purchase of silver bullion and restored the silver dollar as legal tender. Allison practiced law in his hometown of Ashland, Ohio, and

William B. Allison was a U.S. representative (1863–71) and senator (1873–1908) from Iowa, cosponsor of the Bland-Allison Act of 1878, which expanded U.S. Treasury purchase of silver bullion and restored the silver dollar as legal tender. Allison practiced law in his hometown of Ashland, Ohio, and

alliteration, in prosody, the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words or stressed syllables. Sometimes the repetition of initial vowel sounds (head rhyme) is also referred to as alliteration. As a poetic device, it is often discussed with assonance and consonance. In languages

alliterative prose, prose that uses alliteration and some of the techniques of alliterative verse. Notable examples are from Old English and Middle English, including works by the Anglo-Saxon writer Aelfric and the so-called Katherine Group of five Middle English devotional

alliterative verse, early verse of the Germanic languages in which alliteration, the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words or stressed syllables, is a basic structural principle rather than an occasional embellishment. Although alliteration is a common device in almost all

duricrust: Distribution of duricrusts: Allitic crusts yield commercial bauxite. Detrital and valley-floor duricrusts occur in all these countries, chiefly adjacent to the margins of residual caps. These crusts include economic reserves of manganese ore in western Africa and silicified terrace gravels in southern Australia. Possible combinations of terrain, weathering,…

allium, (genus Allium), large genus of onion- or garlic-scented bulbous herbs of the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). Allium species are found in most regions of the world except the tropics and New Zealand and Australia. Several are important food crops, including the onion (Allium cepa), garlic

allium, (genus Allium), large genus of onion- or garlic-scented bulbous herbs of the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). Allium species are found in most regions of the world except the tropics and New Zealand and Australia. Several are important food crops, including the onion (Allium cepa), garlic

leek, (Allium porrum), hardy biennial plant of the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae), grown as a vegetable. The leek is an ancient crop and is native to eastern Mediterranean lands and the Middle East. The plant is related to the onion and has a mild, sweet, onionlike flavour. Leek stalks are

onion, (Allium cepa), herbaceous biennial plant in the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae) grown for its edible bulb. The onion is likely native to southwestern Asia but is now grown throughout the world, chiefly in the temperate zones. Onions are low in nutrients but are valued for their flavour and

shallot, (Allium cepa, variety aggregatum), mildly aromatic plant of the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae), grown for its edible bulbs. A variety of onion, shallots are likely of Asiatic origin and are used like common onions to flavour foods, particularly meats and sauces. The angular bulbs are

leek, (Allium porrum), hardy biennial plant of the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae), grown as a vegetable. The leek is an ancient crop and is native to eastern Mediterranean lands and the Middle East. The plant is related to the onion and has a mild, sweet, onionlike flavour. Leek stalks are

garlic, (Allium sativum), perennial plant of the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae), grown for its flavourful bulbs. The plant is native to central Asia but grows wild in Italy and southern France and is a classic ingredient in many national cuisines. The bulbs have a powerful onionlike aroma and

chive, (Allium schoenoprasum), small perennial plant of the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae), related to the onion. Chives are grown as ornamentals for their attractive flowers and as a potherb for their flavourful leaves. The leaves can be used fresh or dried and are a common seasoning for eggs,

hinterland: In the early 20th century, Andre Allix adopted the German word Umland (“land around”) to describe the economic realm of an inland town, while continuing to accept hinterland in reference to ports. Allix pointed out that umland (now a standard English term) is found in late 19th-century German dictionaries, but…

biblical literature: Uncials: …the French preacher and scholar Pierre Allix; and Tischendorf, with the use of chemical reagents, later deciphered the almost 60 percent of the New Testament contained in it, publishing it in 1843. The text had two correctors after the 5th century but is, on the whole, Byzantine and reflects the…

the Allman Brothers Band, American rock band whose bluesy, jam-oriented sound helped spark the Southern rock movement of the 1970s and set the stage for several generations of roots-oriented improvisational rock bands. The members were Duane Allman (in full Howard Duane Allman; b. November 20,

the Allman Brothers Band: The members were Duane Allman (in full Howard Duane Allman; b. November 20, 1946, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.—d. October 29, 1971, Macon, Georgia, U.S.), Gregg Allman (in full Gregory Lenoir Allman; b. December 8, 1947, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.—d. May 27, 2017, Savannah, Georgia), Berry Oakley (in full Raymond Berry…

the Allman Brothers Band: ), Gregg Allman (in full Gregory Lenoir Allman; b. December 8, 1947, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.—d. May 27, 2017, Savannah, Georgia), Berry Oakley (in full Raymond Berry Oakley III; b. April 4, 1948, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.—d. November 11, 1972, Macon, Georgia), Dickey Betts (in full Forrest Richard…

the Allman Brothers Band: ), Gregg Allman (in full Gregory Lenoir Allman; b. December 8, 1947, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.—d. May 27, 2017, Savannah, Georgia), Berry Oakley (in full Raymond Berry Oakley III; b. April 4, 1948, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.—d. November 11, 1972, Macon, Georgia), Dickey Betts (in full Forrest Richard…

the Allman Brothers Band: The members were Duane Allman (in full Howard Duane Allman; b. November 20, 1946, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.—d. October 29, 1971, Macon, Georgia, U.S.), Gregg Allman (in full Gregory Lenoir Allman; b. December 8, 1947, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.—d. May 27, 2017, Savannah, Georgia), Berry Oakley (in full Raymond Berry…

Clackmannanshire: Alloa, the administrative centre of the council area, is also a commercial centre. Area council area, 61 square miles (157 square km). Pop. (2001) council area, 48,077; (2011) 51,442.

Allobroges, ancient Celtic tribe that lived in the part of southeastern France bounded by the Rhône and Isère rivers and in the area around present-day Geneva. The Allobroges are first mentioned by the 2nd-century-bc Greek historian Polybius as inhabitants of a territory Hannibal passed through in

allocation of resources, apportionment of productive assets among different uses. Resource allocation arises as an issue because the resources of a society are in limited supply, whereas human wants are usually unlimited, and because any given resource can have many alternative uses. In

sedimentary rock: …clastic sedimentary rocks and (2) allochemical and orthochemical sedimentary rocks.

Theophylact of Ochrid: In his Allocutio de iis quorum Latini incusantur ( c. 1090; “Address on Matters for Which the Latins Are Attacked”), Theophylact sharply criticized his Greek co-religionists for slandering Western Christianity. Nonetheless, he disputed the papal claims to primacy over all Christendom and Western theological speculation on the…

allocution, historically, an address made by the pope in the course of a secret consistory. The reign of Pius XII (1939–58), however, saw addresses (allocutiones) to various congresses and conventions of doctors, scientists, jurists, and other professionals. These speeches became the occasion of

allocution: In common law, allocution is an unsworn address by a defendant to the court, after a guilty verdict has been reached but prior to sentencing. The statement is typically used as an attempt to persuade the judge to impose a more lenient sentence.

allodium, land freely held, without obligation of service to any overlord. Allodial land tenure was of particular significance in western Europe during the Middle Ages, when most land was held by feudal tenure. At the end of the 9th century the extent of allodial land in France was increased by the

allodium, land freely held, without obligation of service to any overlord. Allodial land tenure was of particular significance in western Europe during the Middle Ages, when most land was held by feudal tenure. At the end of the 9th century the extent of allodial land in France was increased by the

allograft, in medical procedures, the transfer of tissue between genetically nonidentical members of the same species, although of a compatible blood type. Allografts are commonly used in the transplants of skin, corneas, hearts, livers, kidneys, and bone and bone marrow, although transplants of

allograft, in medical procedures, the transfer of tissue between genetically nonidentical members of the same species, although of a compatible blood type. Allografts are commonly used in the transplants of skin, corneas, hearts, livers, kidneys, and bone and bone marrow, although transplants of

animal communication: Signal production: …another individual, called allopreening or allogrooming, has both hygienic and signal functions in many birds and mammals. Courtship signals may include a tactile component for synchronizing mating or gamete release. Roosting with body contact not only preserves heat but also appears to signal pair or group affiliations in mammals and…

allometry, in biology, the change in organisms in relation to proportional changes in body size. An example of allometry can be seen in mammals. Ranging from the mouse to the elephant, as the body gets larger, in general hearts beat more slowly, brains get bigger, bones get proportionally shorter

linguistics: Morphology: …morpheme are said to be allomorphs of that morpheme. For example, the regular plurals of English nouns are formed by adding one of three morphs on to the form of the singular: /s/, /z/, or /iz/ (in the corresponding written forms both /s/ and /z/ are written -s and /iz/…

fungus: Sexual pheromones: In Allomyces (order Blastocladiales) a pheromone named sirenin, secreted by the female gametes, attracts the male gametes, which swim toward the former and fuse with them. In some simple fungi, which may have gametangia that are not differentiated structurally, a complex biochemical interplay between mating types…

Yigal Allon: …prime minister, he developed a peace plan that proposed restoring most of the West Bank territory to Jordan while retaining military settlements along the Jordan River. The plan was never adopted but spurred the growth of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories in subsequent decades. His unexpected death occurred while…

Yigal Allon was an Israeli soldier and politician who was best known as the architect of the Allon Plan, a peace initiative that he formulated after Israel captured Arab territory in the Six-Day War of June 1967. Allon was one of the first commanders of the Palmach, an elite branch of the Haganah,

Doctor of Medicine: Allopathic versus osteopathic medical degrees: degrees focus on allopathic medicine, which is considered to be the traditional approach to medicine, based largely on the use of medication, surgery, and other interventions to treat disease. However, there is also a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree (D.O.), a qualification for practicing osteopathic medicine, which focuses…

evolution: Geographic speciation: One common mode of speciation is known as geographic, or allopatric (in separate territories), speciation. The general model of the speciation process advanced in the previous section applies well to geographic speciation. The first stage begins as a result of geographic separation between…

evolution: Geographic speciation: One common mode of speciation is known as geographic, or allopatric (in separate territories), speciation. The general model of the speciation process advanced in the previous section applies well to geographic speciation. The first stage begins as a result of geographic separation between…

clay mineral: Imogolite and allophane: Imogolite is an aluminosilicate with an approximate composition of SiO2 · Al2O3 · 2.5H2O. This mineral was discovered in 1962 in a soil derived from glassy volcanic ash known as “imogo.” Electron-optical observations indicate that imogolite has a unique morphological feature of smooth and…

allophone, one of the phonetically distinct variants of a phoneme (q.v.). The occurrence of one allophone rather than another is usually determined by its position in the word (initial, final, medial, etc.) or by its phonetic environment. Speakers of a language often have difficulty in hearing the

Sapindales: Distribution and abundance: Allophylus is a tropical and subtropical genus of shrubs and trees, with anywhere from 1 to 200 species recognized by some botanists.

evolution: Polyploidy: …from a single species, and allopolyploids, which stem from a combination of chromosome sets from different species. Allopolyploid plant species are much more numerous than autopolyploids.

animal communication: Signal production: …grooming of another individual, called allopreening or allogrooming, has both hygienic and signal functions in many birds and mammals. Courtship signals may include a tactile component for synchronizing mating or gamete release. Roosting with body contact not only preserves heat but also appears to signal pair or group affiliations in…