Wisconsin

Relief

Wisconsin comprises six physical regions. The Northern Highland is a broad upland underlain by granitic bedrock. It contains the state’s highest point, Timms Hill (1,951 feet [595 metres]), in Price county. The Lake Superior Lowland is a narrow plain to which the surface of the Northern Highland drops abruptly. The upland slopes down gently southward to the Central Plain, or Central Sand Plain, a crescent-shaped region on sandstone stretching across the centre of the state. The Western Upland lies in the southwest corner of the state and is etched into ridges and valleys by streams that cut into the limestones and sandstones. Glaciers largely bypassed the southwestern and western sections of the state along the Mississippi; this dry upland is known as the Driftless Area. Finally, the Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region is formed by three broad, parallel limestone ridges running north-south and separated by wide and shallow lowlands. The lowest elevation in the state is in this region, along the shoreline of Lake Michigan, about 580 feet (180 metres) above sea level.

Distinctive geographic formations include the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior; the rocky Door Peninsula between Lake Michigan and Green Bay; the broad gorges of the Mississippi and lower Wisconsin rivers, cut 300 to 500 feet (90 to 150 metres) below the general surface; ancient mountain remnants such as the Baraboo Range, Rib Mountain, and the Gogebic Range; the Kettle Moraine area west of Milwaukee; the narrow sandstone river gorge known as the Wisconsin Dells; and the sandy beaches of Lakes Michigan and Superior, which also have spectacular rocky shorelines.

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Drainage

Wisconsin is one of the few states in which essentially all drainage is outflowing. The principal river is the scenic, island-studded Wisconsin River, 430 miles (700 km) long, which originates on the Michigan boundary and flows southward to near Madison, where it skirts the Baraboo Range before turning west to cross the Western Upland and enter the Mississippi near Prairie du Chien. A system of reservoirs regulates its flow. Untamed rivers include the upper St. Croix, the Namekagon, the upper Wolf, the Pine-Popple, the Brule, and the Pike, all of which are in northern Wisconsin. The lower St. Croix was designated a national scenic riverway by the U.S. Department of the Interior.

Northern Wisconsin, with a section of neighbouring Minnesota, has one of the largest concentrations of lakes in the world. Wisconsin has nearly 15,000 inland lakes of more than 20 acres (8 hectares), for a total of more than 1,500 square miles (4,000 square km), yet only one-fifth of these lakes are accessible to the public because of restrictions by private property owners. The largest is Lake Winnebago (215 square miles [550 square km]) in the Fox River valley. Included in Wisconsin’s boundary waters and under its jurisdiction are 7,387 square miles (19,132 square km) of Lake Michigan and 2,675 square miles (6,928 square km) of Lake Superior. Wisconsin has about 400 miles (640 km) of shoreline along Lake Michigan and some 150 miles (240 km) along Lake Superior. The Mississippi River flows along the lower half of Wisconsin’s western border for about 230 miles (370 km). There are also thousands of streams throughout the state; streams and lakes may be frozen from December to mid-April, however.

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Soils

The best soils for agricultural use are the black prairie soils and gray-brown forest soils of the Eastern Ridges and Lowlands and the Western Upland; these coincide rather well with the areas having the warmer and longer growing seasons. Soils less favourable for agricultural use are found in the predominantly forested regions of the Northern Highland and the Central Plain. But through the use of irrigation, drainage, and fertilization, even some of these soils have been made highly productive for special crops of vegetables, potatoes, and cranberries. On the steep slopes of the Western Upland, contour plowing and strip cropping of corn (maize) and hay reduce soil erosion, and in the Central Plain the sandy soils are protected from wind erosion by shelter belts of trees around fields and farmsteads.

Climate

Wisconsin’s climate is characterized by long, cold winters and warm, relatively short summers. Average temperatures in January range from about 10 °F (−12 °C) in the north to the low 20s F (about −6 °C) in the southeast; in July they range from the mid-60s F (about 19 °C) in the north to the low 70s F (about 22 °C) in the southwest. The Great Lakes ameliorate both summer and winter temperatures along their margins. The length of the growing season diminishes westward and northward, from about six months in the southeast—where the best soils are found—to about three months in parts of the Northern Highland.

Annual rainfall averages about 30 inches (760 mm), the bulk of it occurring between May and October. Snowfall varies from about 30 inches in the south, with an 85-day snow cover, to approximately 50 or 60 inches (1,270 to 1,500 mm) in the north, with a 140-day snow cover near Lake Superior.

Plant and animal life

Forests once covered more than four-fifths of the state, with the remainder in prairies and wetlands. Most of the forests were cleared for lumber and agriculture, but by natural regrowth and reforestation about two-fifths of Wisconsin is again forested, most heavily in the Northern Highland and Central Plain. Second-growth hardwood trees include maple, birch, oak, aspen, elm, basswood, and ash. Evergreens include white, red, and jack pine, hemlock, balsam fir, black spruce, white cedar, and tamarack.

White-tailed deer, foxes, cottontail rabbits, skunks, woodchucks, squirrels, chipmunks, and gophers are common in all areas. Black bears, coyotes, wolves, porcupines, beavers, otters, snowshoe hares, and eagles live primarily in the north. In the 1990s gray wolves were reintroduced but have since been listed as endangered. Pheasants are prevalent in southern farming areas. Waterfowl are abundant, and migratory Canadian geese by the thousands visit refuges twice annually. The numerous fish types include panfish as well as various trout species, bass, walleye, northern pike, muskellunge, and sturgeon.