Psychology & Mental Health, CAR-ERI

Although Sigmund Freud was once one of the most recognizable faces of psychology, this scientific discipline has developed significantly since the time of his predominance. Psychology has become an increasingly integrative science at the hub of diverse other disciplines, from biology and neurology to sociology, anthropology, and economics. At the same time, old sub-disciplinary boundaries within pyschology itself are now crossed more freely; interdisciplinary teams may work on a common problem using methods that draw on multiple levels of analysis, whether social, cognitive, or biological.
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Psychology & Mental Health Encyclopedia Articles By Title

Carter, Rosalynn
Rosalynn Carter was an American first lady (1977–81)—the wife of Jimmy Carter, 39th president of the United States—and......
Cattell, James McKeen
James McKeen Cattell was a U.S. psychologist who oriented U.S. psychology toward use of objective experimental......
Cattell, Raymond B.
Raymond B. Cattell was a British-born American psychologist, considered to be one of the world’s leading personality......
celibacy
celibacy, the state of being unmarried and, therefore, sexually abstinent, usually in association with the role......
Chamberlain, Neville
Neville Chamberlain was the prime minister of the United Kingdom from May 28, 1937, to May 10, 1940, whose name......
child abuse
child abuse, willful infliction of pain and suffering on children through physical, sexual, or emotional mistreatment.......
child development
child development, the growth of perceptual, emotional, intellectual, and behavioral capabilities and functioning......
child mental health
child mental health, the complete well-being and optimal development of a child in the emotional, behavioral, social,......
child pornography
child pornography, in criminal law, any visual depiction of a minor (a person who has not reached the age of consent)......
child psychiatry
child psychiatry, branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral......
child psychology
child psychology, the study of the psychological processes of children and, specifically, how these processes differ......
cisgender
cisgender, term used in reference to persons whose gender identity corresponds with their sex assigned at birth.......
clairvoyance
clairvoyance, knowledge of information not necessarily known to any other person, not obtained by ordinary channels......
Claparède, Édouard
Édouard Claparède was a psychologist who conducted exploratory research in the fields of child psychology, educational......
Clark, Larry
Larry Clark is an American photographer and film director who was best known for his provocative works about teenagers,......
Clinard, Marshall B.
Marshall B. Clinard was an American sociologist and criminologist known for his research on the sociology of deviant......
clinical psychology
clinical psychology, branch of psychology concerned with the practical application of research methodologies and......
codependency
codependency, a psychological syndrome noted in partners or relatives of persons with alcohol or drug addiction.......
coercion
coercion, threat or use of punitive measures against states, groups, or individuals in order to force them to undertake......
cognition
cognition, the states and processes involved in knowing, which in their completeness include perception and judgment.......
cognitive bias
cognitive bias, systematic errors in the way individuals reason about the world due to subjective perception of......
cognitive dissonance
cognitive dissonance, the mental conflict that occurs when beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new information.......
cognitive equilibrium
cognitive equilibrium, a state of balance between individuals’ mental schemata, or frameworks, and their environment.......
cognitive psychology
cognitive psychology, Branch of psychology devoted to the study of human cognition, particularly as it affects......
cognitive science
cognitive science, the interdisciplinary scientific investigation of the mind and intelligence. It encompasses......
collective behaviour
collective behaviour, the kinds of activities engaged in by sizable but loosely organized groups of people. Episodes......
collective unconscious
collective unconscious, term introduced by psychiatrist Carl Jung to represent a form of the unconscious (that......
collective violence
collective violence, violent form of collective behaviour engaged in by large numbers of people responding to a......
combination tone
combination tone, in musical acoustics, faint tone produced in the inner ear by two simultaneously sounded musical......
Comer, James
James Comer is an American child psychiatrist and founder of the Comer School Development Program, a school reform......
communication
communication, the exchange of meanings between individuals through a common system of symbols. This article treats......
community psychology
community psychology, the study of human behaviour in its multiple ecological, historical, cultural, and sociopolitical......
comparative psychology
comparative psychology, the study of similarities and differences in behavioral organization among living beings,......
comprehension
comprehension, Act of or capacity for grasping with the intellect. The term is most often used in connection with......
concept
concept, in the Analytic school of philosophy, the subject matter of philosophy, which philosophers of the Analytic......
concept formation
concept formation, process by which a person learns to sort specific experiences into general rules or classes.......
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac was a philosopher, psychologist, logician, economist, and the leading advocate in France......
conditioning
conditioning, in physiology, a behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent or more predictable......
confirmation bias
confirmation bias, people’s tendency to process information by looking for, or interpreting, information that is......
conflict
conflict, in psychology, the arousal of two or more strong motives that cannot be solved together. A youngster,......
conformity
conformity, the process whereby people change their beliefs, attitudes, actions, or perceptions to more closely......
consciousness
consciousness, a psychological condition defined by the English philosopher John Locke as “the perception of what......
conspiracy theory
conspiracy theory, an attempt to explain harmful or tragic events as the result of the actions of a small powerful......
construct
construct, in psychology, a tool used to facilitate understanding of human behaviour. All sciences are built on......
consumer psychology
consumer psychology, Branch of social psychology concerned with the market behaviour of consumers. Consumer psychologists......
contiguity, theory of
theory of contiguity, psychological theory of learning which emphasizes that the only condition necessary for the......
Cooley, Charles Horton
Charles Horton Cooley was an American sociologist who employed a sociopsychological approach to the understanding......
creativity
creativity, the ability to make or otherwise bring into existence something new, whether a new solution to a problem,......
critical thinking
critical thinking, in educational theory, mode of cognition using deliberative reasoning and impartial scrutiny......
culture-and-personality studies
culture-and-personality studies, branch of cultural anthropology that seeks to determine the range of personality......
Culverwel, Nathanael
Nathanael Culverwel was an English empiricist philosopher who specialized in the application of reason to ethical......
Cyberbullying
In 1768, when Encyclopædia Britannica was first published, there was no telephone, let alone the Internet, to facilitate......
Daladier, Édouard
Édouard Daladier was a French politician who as premier signed the Munich Pact (Sept. 30, 1938), an agreement that......
Das, Kamala
Kamala Das was an Indian author who wrote openly and frankly about female sexual desire and the experience of being......
Davidson, Donald
Donald Davidson was an American philosopher known for his strikingly original and unusually systematic treatments......
decision making
decision making, process and logic through which individuals arrive at a decision. Different models of decision......
deduction
deduction, in logic, a rigorous proof, or derivation, of one statement (the conclusion) from one or more statements......
defense mechanism
defense mechanism, in psychoanalytic theory, any of a group of mental processes that enables the mind to reach......
deindividuation
deindividuation, phenomenon in which people engage in seemingly impulsive, deviant, and sometimes violent acts......
Deisseroth, Karl
Karl Deisseroth is an American psychiatrist and bioengineer best known for his development of methods that revolutionized......
delay of gratification
delay of gratification, the act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of......
Dennett, Daniel C.
Daniel C. Dennett was an American naturalist philosopher specializing in the philosophy of mind. He became a prominent......
depression
depression, in psychology, a mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and......
Descartes, René
René Descartes was a French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher. Because he was one of the first to abandon......
developmental psychology
developmental psychology, the branch of psychology concerned with the changes in cognitive, motivational, psychophysiological,......
deviance
deviance, in sociology, violation of social rules and conventions. French sociologist Émile Durkheim viewed deviance......
differential psychology
differential psychology, branch of psychology that deals with individual and group differences in behaviour. Charles......
diffusion of innovations
diffusion of innovations, model that attempts to describe how novel products, practices, or ideas are adopted by......
Dignāga
Dignāga was a Buddhist logician and author of the Pramāṇasamuccaya (“Compendium of the Means of True Knowledge”),......
discrimination
discrimination, in psychology, the ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli. It is considered......
displacement activity
displacement activity, the performance by an animal of an act inappropriate for the stimulus or stimuli that evoked......
Dix, Dorothea
Dorothea Dix was an American educator, social reformer, and humanitarian whose devotion to the welfare of the mentally......
domestic violence
domestic violence, social and legal concept that, in the broadest sense, refers to any abuse—including physical,......
double-aspect theory
double-aspect theory, type of mind-body monism. According to double-aspect theory, the mental and the material......
Downey, June Etta
June Etta Downey was an American psychologist and educator whose studies centred on the psychology of aesthetics......
dread
dread, a fundamental category of existentialism. According to the 19th-century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, dread,......
dream
dream, a hallucinatory experience that occurs during sleep. Dreaming, a common and distinctive phenomenon of sleep,......
Dreikurs, Rudolf
Rudolf Dreikurs was an Austrian-born American psychiatrist and educator who developed the Austrian psychologist......
drive
drive, in psychology, an urgent basic need pressing for satisfaction, usually rooted in some physiological tension,......
Dunning-Kruger effect
Dunning-Kruger effect, in psychology, a cognitive bias whereby people with limited knowledge or competence in a......
déjà vu
déjà vu, a sense that one has experienced a situation before. The feeling of déjà vu is often fleeting, lasting......
Ebbinghaus, Hermann
Hermann Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist who pioneered in the development of experimental methods for the measurement......
echolocation
echolocation, a physiological process for locating distant or invisible objects (such as prey) by means of sound......
ecological validity
ecological validity, in psychology, a measure of how test performance predicts behaviours in real-world settings.......
economic rationality
economic rationality, conceptions of rationality used in economic theory. Although there is no single notion of......
educational psychology
educational psychology, theoretical and research branch of modern psychology, concerned with the learning processes......
ego
ego, in psychoanalytic theory, that portion of the human personality which is experienced as the “self” or “I”......
ego death
ego death, in psychoanalysis, mysticism, and some religions, the disappearance of an individual’s sense of self,......
egocentrism
egocentrism, in psychology, the cognitive shortcomings that underlie the failure, in both children and adults,......
eidetic imagery
eidetic imagery, an unusually vivid subjective visual phenomenon. An eidetic person claims to continue to “see”......
El Saadawi, Nawal
Nawal El Saadawi was an Egyptian public health physician, psychiatrist, author, and advocate of women’s rights.......
Elliotson, John
John Elliotson was an English physician who advocated the use of hypnosis in therapy and who in 1849 founded a......
emotion
emotion, a complex experience of consciousness, bodily sensation, and behaviour that reflects the personal significance......
emotional development
emotional development, emergence of the experience, expression, understanding, and regulation of emotions from......
emotional intelligence
emotional intelligence, set of psychological faculties that enable individuals to perceive, understand, express,......
empathy
empathy, the ability to imagine oneself in another’s place and understand the other’s feelings, desires, ideas,......
Enlightenment
Enlightenment, a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason,......
Erikson, Erik
Erik Erikson was a German-born American psychoanalyst whose writings on social psychology, individual identity,......

Psychology & Mental Health Encyclopedia Articles By Title