Music, Classical Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Michael East was an English composer, especially known for his madrigals. (He was once thought to be a son of the......
Carl Ebert was a German-born opera director who, as artistic director and producer of the Glyndebourne Festival......
Werner Egk was a German composer primarily of music for the theatre. Egk studied composition with Carl Orff in......
Eine kleine Nachtmusik, serenade for two violins, viola, cello, and double bass by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, admired......
Gottfried von Einem was an Austrian composer whose operas and orchestral works combine late-19th-century Romanticism......
Alfred Einstein was an eminent German-American musicologist and critic. Einstein was born into a family of scholars......
Sir Edward Elgar was an English composer whose works in the orchestral idiom of late 19th-century Romanticism—characterized......
L’elisir d’amore, comic opera in two acts by the Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti (Italian libretto by Felice......
Elvira Madigan, three-movement concerto for piano and orchestra by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the best known of his......
Emperor Concerto, piano concerto by Ludwig van Beethoven known for its grandeur, bold melodies, and heroic spirit.......
Emperor Quartet, string quartet in four movements by Austrian composer Joseph Haydn that provided the melody for......
empfindsamer Stil, important movement occurring in northern German instrumental music during the mid-18th century......
George Enesco was a Romanian violinist and composer, known for his interpretations of Bach and his eclectic compositions.......
Ferenc Erkel was the founding father of Hungary’s national opera in the 19th century and composer of the “Hymnusz,”......
Eroica Symphony, symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven, known as the Eroica Symphony for its supposed heroic nature.......
Rudolf Escher was a Dutch composer and music theoretician especially noted for his chamber works. Escher studied......
Estancia, orchestral suite and one-act ballet by Argentine composer Alberto Ginastera that, through its references......
Europe, second smallest of the world’s continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the......
- Introduction
- Geology, Tectonics, Plate Boundaries
- Hercynian, Orogenic, Belt
- Cenozoic, Igneous, Provinces
- Geography, Climate, People
- Mediterranean, Balkan, Iberian
- Climate, Regions, Weather
- Flora, Fauna, Ecosystems
- Wildlife, Fauna, Ecosystems
- Migration, Ethnicity, Religion
- Religions, Faiths, Beliefs
- Trade, Manufacturing, Services
- Resources, Power, Geography
- Manufacturing, Industries, Trade
- Tourism, Culture, History
Sir Geraint Evans was a Welsh opera singer, one of Britain’s leading operatic baritones, who was known for his......
Johannes Ewald was one of Denmark’s greatest lyric poets and the first to use themes from early Scandinavian myths......
Expressionism, artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective......
Exsultate, Jubilate, K 165, three-movement motet (short sacred composition for voice sung with or without an orchestra)......
Robert Faesi was a Swiss poet, dramatist, short-story writer, and literary critic, noted for his trilogy of novels......
Manuel de Falla was the most distinguished Spanish composer of the early 20th century. In his music, he achieved......
Farinelli was a celebrated Italian castrato singer of the 18th century and one of the greatest singers in the history......
Giles Farnaby was an English composer of virginal music and madrigals who ranks with the greatest keyboard composers......
Geraldine Farrar was an American soprano, known for her beauty and dramatic talent and the intimate timbre of her......
Eileen Farrell was an American soprano who achieved success in both operatic and popular music. Farrell’s parents......
Gabriel Fauré was a composer whose refined and gentle music influenced the course of modern French music. Fauré’s......
Faust, opera in five (or sometimes four) acts by French composer Charles Gounod (French libretto by Jules Barbier......
Charles-Simon Favart was a French dramatist and theatre director who was one of the creators of the opéra comique.......
Morton Feldman was an American avant-garde composer associated with John Cage. Feldman studied composition with......
Lucas Fernández was a Spanish dramatist and musician, whose plays are notable for their effective dialogue, simple......
Alfonso Ferrabosco, I was an Italian composer known for his madrigals, motets, and lute music. The son of a singer......
Kathleen Ferrier was a contralto who was one of the most widely beloved British singers of her day. She won a national......
Arthur Fiedler was an American conductor who was maestro of the Boston Pops Orchestra for 50 seasons and the best-selling......
John Field was an Irish pianist and composer, whose nocturnes for piano were among models used by Chopin. Field......
Harvey Fierstein is an American comedian, author, and playwright who was best known as the author of The Torch......
Ludwig Fischer was a German operatic bass, famed for his vocal range of two and a half octaves. Although originally......
Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau was a German operatic baritone and preeminent singer of lieder, distinguished for his......
Kirsten Flagstad was the greatest Wagnerian soprano of the mid-20th century. Flagstad came from a family of professional......
Die Fledermaus, operetta by the Austrian composer Johann Strauss the Younger (German libretto by Carl [or Karl]......
Renée Fleming is an American soprano noted for the beauty and richness of her voice and for the thought and sensitivity......
Florencia en el Amazonas, opera in two acts by Daniel Catán with a Spanish libretto by Marcela Fuentes-Berain and......
Friedrich von Flotow was a German composer, active mainly in France, who was best known for his opera Martha (1847).......
Juan Diego Flórez is a Peruvian opera singer, widely acclaimed for his command of the high tenor range. Flórez,......
Bernard Le Bovier, sieur de Fontenelle was a French scientist and man of letters, described by Voltaire as the......
Wolfgang Fortner was a progressive composer and influential music teacher in Germany. Fortner studied music and......
Lukas Foss was a German-born U.S. composer, pianist, and conductor, widely recognized for his experiments with......
Four Saints in Three Acts, opera consisting of a prologue and four acts, with libretto by Gertrude Stein and music......
The Four Seasons, group of four violin concerti by Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi, each of which gives a musical......
Carol Fox was an American opera lover who cofounded the Lyric Theatre of Chicago (1954; now Lyric Opera of Chicago)......
Della May Fox was an actress and singer whose professional ability and childlike persona earned her great popularity......
France, country of northwestern Europe. Historically and culturally among the most important nations in the Western......
- Introduction
- Alps, Mediterranean, Atlantic
- Hercynian Massifs
- Lowlands, Rivers, Climate
- Alps, Pyrenees, Plains
- Rivers, Alps, Mediterranean
- Soils, Climate, Geology
- Climate, Mediterranean, Atlantic
- Flora, Fauna, Alps
- Ethnicity, Immigration, Language
- Religion, Catholicism, Secularism
- Urbanization, Regions, Departments
- Population, Migration, Ageing
- Immigration, Multiculturalism, Integration
- Population, Regions, Ethnicity
- Urbanization, Regions, Migration
- Manufacturing, Agriculture, Tourism
- Farming, Crops, Livestock
- Resources, Power, Economy
- Manufacturing, Automotive, Textiles
- Economy, Banking, Taxation
- Trade, Manufacturing, Agriculture
- Services, Infrastructure, Economy
- Labour, Taxation, Economy
- Railways, Highways, Airports
- Politics, Regions, Culture
- Parliament, Composition, Functions
- Regional, Local Gov't
- Justice, Legal System, Civil Law
- Politics, Constitution, Elections
- Security, Military, Geopolitics
- Healthcare, Social Security, Quality of Life
- Education, Literacy, Schools
- Culture, Cuisine, Arts
- Cuisine, Culture, Language
- Art, Culture, History
- Art, Culture, History
- Dance, Ballet, Folk
- Cinema, Film, Directors
- Cultural Institutions
- Sports, Recreation, Culture
- Media, Publishing, Culture
- Revolution, Monarchy, Republic
- Roman Conquest, Gaul, Franks
- Gaul, Roman Empire, 250-400
- Roman Gaul, 400-500
- Merovingian, Carolingian, Monarchy
- Merovingians, Gauls, Franks
- Merovingians, Franks, Charlemagne
- Clovis, Merovingians, Franks
- Reunification, Merovingians, Franks
- Carolingian Dynasty, Charlemagne, Merovingians
- Charlemagne, Franks, Gauls
- Louis I, Monarchy, Revolution
- Partition, Carolingian, Empire
- Franks, Charlemagne, Gauls
- Institutions, Politics, Economy
- Economy, Manufacturing, Agriculture
- Religion, Catholicism, Monasteries
- Carolingian Literature, Arts
- Revolution, Monarchy, Republic
- Medieval, Capetian, Monarchy
- Provence, Languedoc, Aquitaine
- Monarchy, Revolution, Republic
- Medieval, Feudalism, Monarchy
- Urbanization, Prosperity, Culture
- Rural Life, Agriculture, Cuisine
- Religion, Culture, Heritage
- Cathedrals, Scholasticism, Monasteries
- Art, Cuisine, Education
- Medieval, Monarchy, Feudalism
- Louis IX, Monarchy, Crusades
- Later Capetians, Monarchy, Revolution
- EU, Diplomacy, Trade
- Hundred Years War, Medieval Europe, Monarchy
- Philip VI, Monarchy, Revolution
- John the Good, Monarchy, Revolution
- Charles V, Monarchy, Renaissance
- Charles VI, Monarchy, Revolution
- Charles VII, Monarchy, Hundred Years' War
- Reunification, Hundred Years War, Joan of Arc
- Military Reforms
- 14th Century, 15th Century, Feudalism
- Renaissance, Monarchy, Revolution
- Professionalism, Bureaucracy, Governance
- Reformation, Religion, Culture
- Wars, Religion, Conflict
- Politics, Ideology, Revolution
- Absolutism, Religious Conflict, Louis XIII
- Louis XIII, Monarchy, Absolutism
- Fronde, Civil War, Nobles
- Monarchy, Revolution, Culture
- Louis' Religious Policy
- Absolutism, Louis XIV, Monarchy
- European Union, Diplomacy, Sovereignty
- Baroque, Enlightenment, Revolution
- Revolution, Monarchy, Enlightenment
- History, Culture, Politics
- Cultural Transformation, Revolution, Enlightenment
- Politics, Revolution, Reform
- Foreign Policy, Financial Crisis
- Reform, Politics, Economy
- Tax Reform, Economy, Politics
- Parlements, Politics, Revolution
- Monarchy, Parlements, Revolution
- Revolution, Monarchy, Equality
- Revolution, Napoleon, 1789-1815
- Parisian Revolt, Revolution, 1871
- Peasant Insurgencies
- Abolition, Feudalism, Revolution
- Revolution, Republic, Napoleon
- Restructuring, Politics, Economy
- Discord, Revolution, Republic
- Religious Tensions
- Political Tensions, Revolution, Republic
- Revolution, Republic, Napoleon
- Revolution, Republic, Crisis
- Girondins, Montagnards, Revolution
- Revolution, Terror, Guillotine
- Jacobin Dictatorship, Revolution, Republic
- Army, Republic, Revolution
- Thermidorian Reaction, Revolution, Republic
- Revolution, Directory, Monarchy
- Revolution, Empire, Napoleon
- Revolution, Napoleon, Republic
- Revolution, Equality, Liberty
- Campaigns, Conquests, 1797-1807
- Continental System, Napoleonic Wars, Blockade
- Conscription, Military, Draft
- Revolution, Napoleon, Empire
- Revolution, Empire, Republic
- Charles X, Bourbon, Revolution
- Revolution, 1830, Monarchy
- July Monarchy, Revolution, Napoleon
- Revolution, Napoleon, Republic
- Revolution, Republic, Monarchy
- Napoleon III, Revolution, Unification
- Revolution, Republic, Politics
- Commune, Paris, Revolution
- Industrialization, Republic, Revolution
- Constitution, Third Republic, Politics
- Opportunist, Control, Revolution
- Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism, Politics
- European Union, Diplomacy, Sovereignty
- Prewar, Politics, Economy
- WWI, Battlefields, Armistice
- Interwar, Politics, Economy
- Leftist Politics, Unrest, Revolution
- Great Depression, Political Crises
- German Aggressions
- Education, Politics, Culture
- Culture, Science, Attainments
- Postwar Recovery, EU, Culture
- Resistance, WWII, Liberation
- Politics, Constitution, Revolution
- Politics, Culture, Economy
- Politics, Economy, Culture
- Socialist, Presidency, Economy
- Politics, Economy, Culture
- Euro Zone Crisis, Socialist Resurgence
- Hollande, Reforms, Economy
- Modernization, Immigration, EU
- Art, Cuisine, History
- Kings, Revolution, Napoleon
César Franck was a Belgian-French Romantic composer and organist who was the chief figure in a movement to give......
Franco-Netherlandish school, designation for several generations of major northern composers, who from about 1440......
Jean Françaix was a French composer and pianist whose music in a light neoclassical style displays the wit and......
Frauenliebe und -leben, song cycle by Robert Schumann, written in 1840, with text by the French-born German poet......
Harry Lawrence Freeman was a pioneering African American composer and librettist especially known for his operas.......
Der Freischütz, Romantic opera in three acts by Carl Maria von Weber that is widely considered one of the first......
Girolamo Frescobaldi was an Italian organist and one of the first great masters of organ composition. He strongly......
Rudolf Friml was an American composer of operettas. Showing strong European musical influences, his work suggested......
Johann Jakob Froberger was a German composer, organist, and harpsichordist whose keyboard compositions are generally......
fugue, in music, a compositional procedure characterized by the systematic imitation of a principal theme (called......
Wilhelm Furtwängler was a German conductor, one of the great exponents of Romantic music. Known for his passionate,......
Johann Joseph Fux was an Austrian composer, one of the most successful of his time, whose theoretical work on counterpoint,......
François-Joseph Fétis was a prolific scholar and pioneer scientific investigator of music history and theory. He......
Andrea Gabrieli was an Italian Renaissance composer and organist, known for his madrigals and his large-scale choral......
Giovanni Gabrieli was an Italian Renaissance composer, organist, and teacher, celebrated for his sacred music,......
Ossip Gabrilowitsch was a Russian-born American pianist noted for the elegance and subtlety of his playing. After......
Niels Gade was a Danish composer who founded the Romantic nationalist school in Danish music. Gade studied violin......
Gaelic Symphony, symphony by American composer Amy Beach, premiered October 30, 1896, in Boston. It was the first......
Marco da Gagliano was one of the earliest composers of Italian opera. Gagliano worked in Florence as chapelmaster......
Vincenzo Galilei was the father of the astronomer Galileo and a leader of the Florentine Camerata, a group of musical......
Amelita Galli-Curci was an Italian-born American singer, one of the outstanding operatic sopranos of her time.......
Baldassare Galuppi was an Italian composer whose comic operas won him the title “father of the opera buffa.” His......
gamelan, the indigenous orchestra type of the islands of Java and Bali, in Indonesia, consisting largely of several......
Rudolph Ganz was a Swiss-born pianist, conductor, and composer who introduced works by contemporary composers such......
Manuel del Popolo García was a Spanish tenor and composer, one of the finest singers of his time. At age 17 García......
Mary Garden was a soprano famous for her vivid operatic portrayals. She was noted for her acting as well as her......
Denis Gaultier was a celebrated lute virtuoso whose style influenced the French school of harpsichord music. Gaultier......
Francesco Geminiani was an Italian composer, violinist, teacher, writer on musical performance, and a leading figure......
Valery Gergiev is a Russian conductor, known for his charismatic stage presence and passionate performances, who......
Sir Edward German was a popular composer of light operas whose music was noted for its lyric quality and distinctly......
George Gershwin was one of the most significant and popular American composers of all time. He wrote primarily......
Ira Gershwin was an American lyricist who collaborated with his younger brother, George Gershwin, on more than......
Carlo Gesualdo, principe di Venosa, conte di Conza was an Italian composer and lutenist. Until the late 20th century......
gharana, in Hindustani music of India, a community of performers who share a distinctive musical style that traces......
Angela Gheorghiu is a Romanian operatic lyric soprano noted for her powerful voice and commanding stage presence.......
Matthias van den Gheyn was a Flemish organist, composer, and an outstanding virtuoso of the carillon, particularly......
Gianni Schicchi, comic opera in one act by Italian composer Giacomo Puccini that premiered at New York City’s Metropolitan......
Felice Giardini was an Italian violinist and composer who influenced the music of 18th-century England. Giardini......
Orlando Gibbons was an organist and composer, one of the last great figures of the English polyphonic school. Gibbons......
Beniamino Gigli was one of the greatest Italian operatic tenors of the first quarter of the 20th century. Gigli......
Alan Gilbert is an American conductor who is known for programming contemporary music along with the traditional......
W.S. Gilbert was an English playwright and humorist best known for his collaboration with Arthur Sullivan in comic......
Claude Gillot was a French painter, engraver, and theatrical designer best known as the master of the great painter......
Alberto Ginastera was a leading 20th-century Latin-American composer, known for his use of local and national musical......
Umberto Giordano was an Italian opera composer in the verismo, or “realist,” style, known for his opera Andrea......
Carlo Maria Giulini was an Italian conductor esteemed for his skills in directing both grand opera and symphony......