Banking & Business, FRA-HIL
This general category includes a selection of more specific topics.
Banking & Business Encyclopedia Articles By Title
franc, originally a French coin but now the monetary unit of a number of countries, notably Switzerland, most French......
France Telecom SA, French telecommunications company, formerly with a monopoly status. Headquarters are in Paris.......
Banque de France, national bank of France, created in 1800 to restore confidence in the French banking system after......
Freddie Mac (FHLMC), federally chartered private corporation created by the U.S. Congress in 1970 to provide continuous......
free market, an unregulated system of economic exchange, in which taxes, quality controls, quotas, tariffs, and......
free trade, a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying......
free-trade zone, an area within which goods may be landed, handled, manufactured or reconfigured, and reexported......
Freedmen’s Bank, bank chartered by the U.S. Congress in March 1865 to provide a place for former slaves to safely......
Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (FDGB), East German trade union federation. Controlled by the Socialist Unity......
French Confederation of Christian Workers, French labour-union federation that was founded in 1919 by Roman Catholic......
French Democratic Confederation of Labour, French trade union federation that evolved from the French Confederation......
French East India Company, any of the French trading companies established in the 17th and 18th centuries to oversee......
Frescobaldi Family, family of medieval bankers who were prominent in Florentine business and politics and who financed......
friendly society, mutual-aid organization formed voluntarily by individuals to protect members against debts incurred......
fringe benefit, any nonwage payment or benefit (e.g., pension plans, profit-sharing programs, vacation pay, and......
Fruehauf Trailer Corporation, American corporation engaged in the manufacture and sale of truck trailers. Headquarters......
Fugger family, German mercantile and banking dynasty that dominated European business during the 15th and 16th......
Fuji Bank, former Japanese bank, and one of Japan’s largest commercial banks, that had built a network of offices,......
Fujitsu Limited, Japanese electronics, computers, information technology, and telecommunications company, with......
futures, commercial contract calling for the purchase or sale of specified quantities of a commodity at specified......
gabelle, form of tax in France before the Revolution of 1789—in particular, from the 15th century onward, the tax......
Gannett Co., Inc., one of the largest newspaper publishers in the United States, with interests in newspaper Web......
gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of......
General Confederation of Labour, major labour-union federation in Argentina. The CGT was formed in 1930. Its leadership......
General Confederation of Labour, French labour union federation. Formed in 1895, the CGT united in 1902 with the......
General Confederation of Labour–Workers’ Force, French labour-union federation that is most influential among white-collar......
General Dynamics Corp., major American defense contractor. The company’s headquarters are in Falls Church, Va.......
General Electric Company (GE) is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, that was......
General Foods Corporation, former American manufacturer of packaged grocery and meat products. Since 1989, General......
General Italian Confederation of Labour , Italy’s largest trade-union federation. It was organized in Rome in 1944......
General Mills, Inc., leading American producer of packaged consumer foods, especially flour, breakfast cereals,......
General Motors (GM), American corporation that was the world’s largest motor-vehicle manufacturer for much of the......
general store, retail store in a small town or rural community that carries a wide variety of goods, including......
general strike, stoppage of work by a substantial proportion of workers in a number of industries in an organized......
George Philip and Son, British publishing house, one of the oldest in the United Kingdom, located in London. The......
On August 14, 2023, former U.S. president Donald Trump was charged in Georgia on 13 counts in connection with his......
German Salaried Employees’ Union, white-collar labour organization in Germany. The DAG was organized in 1945, shortly......
German Trade Union Federation, dominant union organization in Germany. The DGB was founded in Munich in 1949 and......
gift tax, a levy imposed on gratuitous transfers of property—i.e., those made without compensation. Provisions......
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), British-based pharmaceutical company with research-and-development centres in the United......
GMB, one of the largest trade unions in Great Britain and one of the two giant general unions (the other being......
gold standard, monetary system in which the standard unit of currency is a fixed quantity of gold or is kept at......
gold-exchange standard, monetary system under which a nation’s currency may be converted into bills of exchange......
golden parachute, a provision in an employment contract that grants lucrative severance benefits to an executive......
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is a major U.S. manufacturer of tires and related products for passenger cars, trucks,......
Google is an American search engine company, founded in 1998 by Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Since 2015, Google......
Government Accountability Office (GAO), agency of the U.S. federal government that reports to Congress and bills......
government budget, forecast by a government of its expenditures and revenues for a specific period of time. In......
- Introduction
- Fiscal Planning, Deficit Reduction, Allocation
- Cash, Unified, Deficit
- Full Employment, Fiscal Policy, Deficit
- Revenue, Expenditure, Deficit
- Public Expenditure, Fiscal Policy, Taxation
- Revenue, Expenditure, Balance
- Taxation, Expenditure, Balance
- Borrowing, Deficit, Revenue
- Fiscal Deficit, Debt, Revenues
- Retiring Debt, Fiscal Policy, Deficit
- Borrowing, Deficits, Debt
- Borrowing, Deficits, Debt
- US Spending, Revenues, Deficits
- Japan, Fiscal Policy, Economy
- Planning, Allocation, Execution
- UK Spending, Revenue, Deficit
- Local, State, Federal
government economic policy, measures by which a government attempts to influence the economy. The national budget......
Grameen Bank, Bangladeshi bank founded by economist Muhammad Yunus as a means of providing small loans to poor......
Grand Trunk Railway, early Canadian railway line, incorporated in 1852–53 to build a railway connecting the key......
La Granja De San Ildefonso, Spanish royal glass factory established in 1728 near the summer palace of King Philip......
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, Inc. (A&P), former German-owned food distribution company that operated supermarket......
Great Northern Railway Company, American railroad founded by James J. Hill in 1890. It developed out of a struggling......
Greene and Greene, American firm established by the Greene brothers, architects who pioneered the California bungalow,......
greenwashing, a form of deceptive marketing in which a company, product, or business practice is falsely or excessively......
Gresham’s law, observation in economics that “bad money drives out good.” More exactly, if coins containing metal......
Greyhound Lines, Inc., American corporation that has provided the major intercity bus transportation in the United......
group insurance, insurance provided to members of a formal group such as employees of a firm or members of an association.......
Groupon, American e-commerce company that offers deep discounts, usually 50–90 percent, for popular products and......
growth stock, stock whose market value is expected to increase at a faster-than-average rate, usually because the......
grémio, any of the organized guilds that were founded during the Moorish occupation of Portugal (714–1249) by men......
GTE Corporation, U.S. holding company for several U.S. and international telephone companies. It also manufactures......
guaranteed wage plan, system by which an employer ensures a minimum annual amount of employment or wages (or both)......
guaranty and suretyship, in law, assumption of liability for the obligations of another. In modern usage the term......
Gucci, luxury fashion house based in Florence. Founded in 1921 by Guccio Gucci, the company began as a leather......
guest worker, foreign national who is permitted to live and work temporarily in a host country. Most guest workers......
Guest, Keen & Nettlefolds, PLC, major British group of engineering companies. The group has a variety of manufacturing......
guild, an association of craftsmen or merchants formed for mutual aid and protection and for the furtherance of......
guilder, former monetary unit of the Netherlands. In 2002 the guilder ceased to be legal tender after the euro,......
Guinness, former company, incorporated in 1886 as Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., best known as the brewer of a......
Guinness Brewery, brewery at St. James’s Gate in Dublin, Ireland, where, according to legend, the Guinness brand......
Compañía Guipuzcoana, trading concern chartered by the Spanish crown in 1728, with a monopoly on trade between......
Gulf + Western Inc., corporation that was founded in 1958 by Charles Bluhdorn and became one of the most highly......
Gulf Oil Corporation, former American petroleum company; it was acquired by Chevron Corporation in 1984. Although......
Hallam family, family of Anglo-American actors and theatrical managers associated with the beginning of professional......
Halliburton, American oil-field services, engineering, and construction company that operates worldwide. It is......
Hammer Films, British production company known for its low-budget, gothic horror feature films. In 1934 theatre......
Hanseatic League, organization founded by north German towns and German merchant communities abroad to protect......
Harris v. Quinn, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on June 30, 2014, held (5–4) that workers who are......
Harrods, renowned department store in London. It is located on Brompton Road, south of Hyde Park, in the borough......
Hat Act, (1732), in U.S. colonial history, British law restricting colonial manufacture and export of hats in direct......
Hawthorne research, socioeconomic experiments conducted by Elton Mayo in 1927 among employees of the Hawthorne......
Haymarket Affair, violent confrontation between police and labour protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886, that became......
HBO, American cable television company that arguably became the leading premium cable station for its mix of movies......
health insurance, system for the financing of medical expenses by means of contributions or taxes paid into a common......
health maintenance organization (HMO), organization, either public or private, that provides comprehensive medical......
Heckscher-Ohlin theory, in economics, a theory of comparative advantage in international trade according to which......
hedge fund, a company that manages investment portfolios with the goal of generating high returns. A hedge fund......
Heinz is a division and brand of the Kraft Heinz Company, a major manufacturer of processed foods and beverages......
Hello Kitty, cartoon character whose likeness adorns hundreds of products for children and adults throughout the......
hellēnotamiai, financial officers of the Delian League (478–404 bce) and instruments of Athenian control over league......
helot, a state-owned serf of the ancient Spartans. The ethnic origin of helots is uncertain, but they were probably......
hemispheric integration, the process by which countries in the Americas liberalized their trade regimes in the......
Herman Miller, Inc., American furniture company known for innovations in design and in organizational management.......
Hershey Company, American manufacturer of food products, chiefly chocolate and sugar-based confections. Hershey’s......
Hewlett-Packard Company, American manufacturer of software and computer services and a major brand in the history......
Hi Records, American record label founded in 1957 by guitarist Ray Harris and Memphis record store owner Joe Cuoghi.......
In the early 1970s Memphis’s chain of racially mixed musics made by integrated musicians—from the output of Sun......
When Austrian immigrant brothers Jean and Julian Aberbach formed their Hill and Range publishing company in 1945,......