Religious art and iconography

The earliest periods in Mesopotamia have yielded figurines of clay or stone, some of which may represent gods or demons; certainty of interpretation in regard to these figurines is, however, difficult to attain. With the advent of the Protoliterate period toward the end of the 4th millennium bce, the cylinder seal came into use. In the designs on these seals—often, it would seem, copies from monumental wall paintings now lost—ritual scenes and divine figures, recognizable from what is known about them in historical times, make their first appearance. To this period also belongs the magnificent Uruk Vase, with its representation of the sacred marriage rite. Until the early centuries of the 2nd millennium bce the cylinder seal remains one of the most prolific sources of religious motifs and representations of divine figures, but larger reliefs, wall paintings, and sculpture in the round greatly add to modern historians’ understanding of who and what is rendered. In the 2nd and 1st millennia bce the humble categories of clay plaques and clay figurines often contained representations of deities, and the numerous sculptured boundary stones (kudurrus) furnish representations of symbols and emblems of gods, at times identified by labels in cuneiform. To the 1st millennium bce belong also the magnificent colossal statues of protective genies (spirits) in the shape of lions or human-headed bulls that guarded the entrances to Assyrian palaces, and also, on the gates of Nebuchadrezzar’s (died 562 bce) Babylon, the reliefs in glazed tile of lions and dragons that served the same purpose.

Conclusion

A religious development covering four millennia such as one finds in ancient Mesopotamia is obviously of interest in and of itself. The tendencies that lead from a central concern with salvation from famine to a concern with salvation from attack, and finally to salvation from a sense of personal guilt, with the attendant deepening and enriching of the concept of the divine, invite close study. So also do the many moving and profound expressions of religious faith in the hymns, laments, and prayers of these religions. As one of the earliest religious systems in history to structure, and be itself structured by, the complexities of a high civilization, Mesopotamian religions are of significant interest to historians, historians of religion, and theologians. As a source from which religious insights, attitudes, and problems flowed into all of Western tradition, Mesopotamian religions are of lasting and great interest beyond themselves.