mercury processing
- Related Topics:
- materials processing
- mercury
mercury processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products.
Mercury (Hg) has a unique combination of physical properties. Its low melting point (−38.87 °C [−38 °F]) and boiling point (356.9 °C [674 °F]), high specific gravity (13.5 grams per cubic centimetre), uniform volume expansion over the entire range of temperatures in its liquid state, and high surface tension (so that it does not wet glass) make it useful for the measurement of temperature in thermometers and of pressure in barometers and manometers. In addition, the high electrical conductivity of liquid mercury has led to its use in sealed electric switches and relays, industrial power rectifiers, fluorescent and mercury-vapour lamps, mercury cell batteries, and as moving cathodes in the large-scale production of chlorine and caustic soda.
Because mercury is highly toxic, care must be exercised in its handling and transport. By limiting exposure to mercury metal, vapours, and compounds through such preventive measures as proper ventilation, plant cleanliness and personal hygiene, industrial plants can be made relatively safe from the dangers of mercury poisoning.
History
The recovery and uses of mercury, also known as quicksilver, have been described since antiquity. Its use in the early 2nd millennium bce in Egypt has been implied but not authenticated, as the use of synonyms in ancient writings obscures the meaning of some writers, but the mining and concentrating of cinnabar, the most common ore of mercury, were certainly described in the 4th century bce. Alchemists in China were believed to have used mercury in trying to convert base metals to gold as early as the 2nd century bce, and the Roman writer Pliny the Elder wrote in the 1st century about the recovery of quicksilver by distillation and condensation, the forerunner of modern methods of metallurgical treatment. Pliny also described the trade in mercury and cinnabar between Spain and Rome.
Because mercury was credited in folklore with the power to ward off evil spirits and cure various ailments, it acquired various therapeutic and agricultural uses. By the 16th century, crude furnaces for treating cinnabar by distillation and condensation were meeting the growing demand for quicksilver in medicine and in the amalgamation of gold and silver ores. Beginning in the 17th century, advancing science and technology brought a continuous increase in demand for mercury for use in thermometers, barometers, and electrical and chemical applications.
In the early mining and furnacing of cinnabar and mercury, workers showed the symptoms of mercury poisoning, but little was known of the cause and treatment. As operators learned to reduce the escape of gases by improving furnaces and condensers and to promote personal hygiene, the incidence of poisoning declined. Throughout history, cinnabar has been used as a pigment or colouring because of its attractive red colour, and in the 19th century some American Indians in California complained of illness that was diagnosed as mercury poisoning caused by cinnabar in war paint. Little was known about the release of mercury into the environment by the chemical, electrical, and battery industries until the 20th century, when the medical profession and government agencies began to evaluate plants and operations. Thereafter, regulations reducing plant emissions improved the environment in and around these operations.
Ores
There are more than 25 known minerals containing mercury, but the principal ore mineral is cinnabar, a soft, red to reddish brown mercury sulfide. Some cinnabar deposits may also contain elemental mercury. The mineral has been found in all continents except Antarctica. It occurs in all types and ages of rock, usually alone but sometimes in association with antimony, gold, iron, and zinc.
Large commercial deposits of mercury have been mined at Almadén, Spain; Idrija, Slovenia; Monte Amiata, Italy; Santa Barbara, Peru; and New Almaden, California, U.S. The world’s leading producers of mercury are China, Kyrgyzstan, and Chile.
Mining and concentrating
Mercury deposits are small and irregular, occurring sometimes as disseminated deposits but usually as veinlets. This precludes large-scale, highly mechanized mining methods. The most common method of ore recovery is underground mining, with conventional drilling and blasting followed by scraping or mechanical loading into ore cars.
Because most cinnabar as mined contains less than 1 percent mercury, various mineral-processing methods, such as jigging, shaking, screening, elutriation, and flotation, have been practiced to concentrate the ore. Flotation separation by the usual procedures for sulfide ores has had some success in the United States, but, because cinnabar is soft and friable, crushing and grinding the ore to reduce it to a size small enough to liberate the mineral may cause significant losses as slimes in the flotation tank. Although various methods are effective in producing higher-grade concentrates of cinnabar for furnacing, they cannot compete economically with the direct furnacing of the ore either as mined or after preliminary sorting by hand. A growing source of mercury in the United States is as a by-product of large, low-grade gold mining operations.