purine: …in 1776 from urinary calculi; xanthine was obtained from the same source in 1817. Xanthine also occurs in tea, as does caffeine, another purine compound. Guanine, found in guano, the accumulated excrement and dead bodies of birds, bats, and seals, and adenine were identified in 1891 as products of the…

xanthinuria, rare inherited disorder of purine metabolism that results from a deficiency in the enzyme xanthine oxidase. Normally this enzyme breaks down the purine base xanthine to uric acid, which is then excreted. In the absence of the enzyme, xanthine is not metabolized by the body and its

Pericles: Background and education: His father, Xanthippus, a typical member of this generation, almost certainly of an old family, began his political career by a dynastic marriage into the controversial family of the Alcmaeonids. He soon left their political camp, probably on the question of relations with Persia, and took the…

cocklebur, weedy annual plant of the genus Xanthium of the family Asteraceae, distributed throughout much of Europe and parts of North America. Some authorities consider that the genus contains about 15 species, others say from 2 to 4. All species have round, short clusters of male flowers, above

cocklebur: Cocklebur (X. strumarium) is poisonous to grazing animals and was formerly used in herbal remedies.

plant disease: General characteristics: Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Streptomyces, and Xylella. With the exception of Streptomyces species, all are small, single, rod-shaped cells approximately 0.5 to 1.0 micrometre (0.00002 to 0.00004 inch) in width and 1.0 to 3.5 micrometres in length. Streptomycetes develop branched mycelia (narrow, threadlike growth) with curled chains of…

rice bacterial blight: causal agent, the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae (also referred to as Xoo), was identified in 1911, at that time having been named Bacillus oryzae. Thriving in warm, humid environments, bacterial blight has been observed in rice-growing regions of Asia, the western coast of Africa, Australia, Latin America, and…

pollination: Evolution of insect pollination: …race of a hawk moth, Xanthopan morganii, which has a proboscis of 22.5 cm (9 inches). Interestingly enough, the existence of the hawk moth was predicted by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, codiscoverers of evolution, about 40 years before its actual discovery.

hawk moth: The species Xanthopan morganii praedicta, named in honour of its predicted existence by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, exclusively pollinates the Madagascar orchid, Angraecum sesquipedale. The proboscis of this hawk moth is long enough to reach the nectar receptacle of the orchid, which is between 20…

chromatophore: xanthophores (yellow), or leucophores (white). The distribution of the chromatophores and the pigments they contain determine the colour patterns of an organism.

yellow-green algae, (class Xanthophyceae), class of approximately 600 species of algae in the division Chromophyta, most of which inhabit fresh water. Yellow-green algae vary in form and size from single-celled organisms to small filamentous forms or simple colonies. They were once classified with

carotenoid: …the oxygenated (alcoholic) class, or xanthophylls.

Xanthophyta, division or phylum of algae commonly known as yellow-green algae

heterocyclic compound: Five- and six-membered rings with two or more heteroatoms: …example is the yellow pigment 2-amino-4,6-pteridinedione (xanthopterin).

yellow scales, (Xanthoria parietina), lichen species characterized by lobed margins and a wrinkled centre. It is usually found where the air is filled with mineral salts, especially near the sea and on rocks and walls. It was once considered a valuable medication for jaundice because of its yellow

grass tree, (genus Xanthorrhoea), genus of about 30 species of slow-growing perennial plants (family Asphodelaceae) endemic to Australia. Certain species are also known as grass gums because of the red or yellow gumlike resins that exude from the base of old leaves. The resins are used for varnish.

Xanthus, principal city of ancient Lycia. The ruined city, situated on a cliff above the mouth of the Koca (Xanthus) River in what is now southwestern Turkey, was designated (along with the nearby Letoon religious centre) a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1988. The early history of Xanthus is

Greece: Philikí Etaireía: The three founders—Emmanuil Xanthos, Nikolaos Skouphas, and Athanasios Tsakalov—had little vision of the shape of the independent Greece they sought beyond the liberation of the motherland.

carotenemia, yellow skin discoloration caused by excess blood carotene; it may follow overeating of such carotenoid-rich foods as carrots, sweet potatoes, or

jay: …in tropical America is the green jay (Cyanocorax, sometimes Xanthoura, yncas). For the “blue jay” of southern Asia, see roller.

Xanthus, principal city of ancient Lycia. The ruined city, situated on a cliff above the mouth of the Koca (Xanthus) River in what is now southwestern Turkey, was designated (along with the nearby Letoon religious centre) a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1988. The early history of Xanthus is

Urbino majolica: …at Urbino from 1528, and Francesco Xanto Avelli of Rovigo (flourished 1529–42). Nicola, who introduced and developed the istoriato style at Urbino, painted in the workshop of his son Guido (who took the name Fontana), drawing from engravings after the painter Raphael. Finely modeled figures, sometimes singly, sometimes in complex…

murrelet: Most southerly is Xantus’s murrelet (Endomychura hypoleucus), which nests on the hot coast of Baja California and (like some gulls of the region) travels north in winter.

night lizard, (family Xantusiidae), any of 26 species of small, secretive New World lizards that live under rocks and decaying vegetation and in crevices and caves. Three genera are known. Xantusia (six species) occurs from southern California to the tip of the Baja California peninsula, with one

night lizard: A close relative, the granite night lizard (X. henshawi), lives in crevices, where it moves about during the day.

night lizard: The desert night lizard (X. vigilis) lives underneath decaying Joshua trees in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. Among the smallest night lizards, X. vigilis is less than 4 cm (1.6 inches) from snout to vent. It eats small insects and termites that live under logs. A…

Pantanal, floodplain in south-central Brazil that extends into northeast Paraguay and southeast Bolivia. It lies mainly within the Brazilian estados (states) of Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The Pantanal is one of the world’s largest freshwater wetlands, and the extent of its seasonally

Sayyid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan was a Somali religious and nationalist leader (called the “Mad Mullah” by the British) who for 20 years led armed resistance to the British, Italian, and Ethiopian colonial forces in Somaliland. Because of his active resistance to the British and his vision of a

Chefchaouene, town, northern Morocco, situated in the Rif mountain range. Founded as a holy city in 1471 by the warrior Abū Youma and later moved by Sīdī ʿAlī ibn Rashīd to its present site at the base of Mount El-Chaouene, it became a refuge for Moors expelled from Spain. A site long closed to

Dámaso Berenguer, count de Xauen was a Spanish general who served briefly as prime minister (January 1930–February 1931) before the establishment of the Second Republic. Berenguer entered the army in 1889, served in Cuba and Morocco, and was promoted to general in 1909. He was minister of war in

Xavante, Brazilian Indian group speaking Xavante, a language of the Macro-Ge language family. The Xavante, who numbered about 10,000 in the early 21st century, live in the southeastern corner of Mato Grosso state, between the Rio das Mortes and the Araguaia River, in a region of upland savannah

Xavi is a Spanish football (soccer) player and manager who was widely regarded as one of the best midfielders in the world in the early 21st century. At age 11 Xavi joined the youth squad of FC Barcelona, a first-division football club near his hometown. He advanced through the club’s various

Xavier University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. It is affiliated with the Jesuit order (Society of Jesus) of the Roman Catholic church. The university comprises colleges of arts and sciences, business administration, and social sciences. In

St. Francis Xavier ; canonized March 12, 1622; feast day December 3) was the greatest Roman Catholic missionary of modern times who was instrumental in the establishment of Christianity in India, the Malay Archipelago, and Japan. In Paris in 1534 he pronounced vows as one of the first seven members

Jamaica, island country of the West Indies. It is the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea, after Cuba and Hispaniola. Jamaica is about 146 miles (235 km) long and varies from 22 to 51 miles (35 to 82 km) wide. It is situated some 100 miles (160 km) west of Haiti, 90 miles (150 km) south of

John Knudsen Northrop: First flown in 1946, the XB-35 was powered by pusher propellers; its jet-propelled version, the YB-49, first flew in 1947. The following year the U.S. Air Force rejected the flying wing, citing as one factor the instability caused by its lack of a vertical tail fin, but four decades later…

Xbox, video game console system created by the American company Microsoft. The Xbox, Microsoft’s first entry into the world of console electronic gaming, was released in 2001, which placed it in direct competition with Sony’s PlayStation 2 and Nintendo’s GameCube. Concerned about Sony’s successful

electronic fighting game: Home console games: …generation of video consoles, the Xbox 360 (2005) and PlayStation 3 (2006), featured still greater integration of proprietary gaming networks and consoles. Although many of the most popular fighting games, such as Tekken and Mortal Kombat, are available in versions for both platforms, players cannot compete across these networks.

Microsoft Corporation: Entry into the gaming and mobile phone markets: In 2002 it launched Xbox Live, a broadband gaming network for its consoles. A more powerful gaming console, the Xbox 360, was released in 2005. In an intensely competitive market, where the Xbox faced strong pressure from the Nintendo Wii and Sony PlayStation, Microsoft struggled through the years to…

Xbox: …November 2013 Microsoft released the Xbox One, a more powerful system that addressed one of the most persistent flaws of the Xbox 360. A larger, better-ventilated housing, combined with more responsive cooling mechanisms, meant that the Xbox One would not be subject to the overheating issues that had plagued the…

undersea exploration: Water sampling for temperature and salinity: An expendable bathythermograph (XBT) was developed during the 1970s and has come into increasingly wider use. Unlike the BT, this instrument requires an electrical system aboard the research platform. It detects temperature variations by means of a thermistor (an electrical resistance element made of a semiconductor…

xenon (Xe), chemical element, a heavy and extremely rare gas of Group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table. It was the first noble gas found to form true chemical compounds. More than 4.5 times heavier than air, xenon is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Solid xenon belongs to the face-centered

pre-Columbian civilizations: The Maya in the Middle Formative: …lowlands are called, collectively, the Xe horizon. They apparently developed from antecedent Early Formative cultures of the Maya lowlands that have been discussed above. The problem of the origin of the Mayan-speaking people has not been solved. It may be that they were Olmec people who had been forced out…

Lisa Robertson: Early life, education, and work: XEclogue (1993) draws on Virgil’s Eclogues to examine and critique traditional conceptions of nature and womanhood that have become established clichés in the poetic tradition. This concern is also apparent in Debbie: An Epic (1997), which reconfigures the classical epic genre in the service of…

gull: Abounding in the Arctic, Sabine’s gull (Xema sabini) has a forked tail and a habit of running and picking up food like a plover. The swallow-tailed gull (Creagrus furcatus) of the Galapagos Islands is a striking bird, the only gull with a deeply forked tail. (See also kittiwake.)

Eris, large, distant body of the solar system, revolving around the Sun well beyond the orbits of Neptune and Pluto in the Kuiper belt. It was discovered in 2005 in images taken two years earlier at Palomar Observatory in California, U.S. Before it received its official name, Eris was known by the

Richard Taylor: …episodes of the TV shows Xena: Warrior Princess and Young Hercules; and Jackson’s film The Frighteners (1996). In his work on The Lord of the Rings, Taylor advanced his animatronics innovations, giving them greater dynamic range, by combining physical models with digital technologies. He and his Weta technicians also created…

fish: Chondrichthyes: sharks and rays: …ago, while the freshwater order Xenacanthiformes lasted until the end of the Triassic, about 200 million years ago. The final Devonian order, Heterodontiformes, still has surviving members.

Xenacanthus, long-surviving but now extinct genus of freshwater sharks. Xenacanthus survived from the end of the Devonian Period, some 360 million years ago, to about the end of the Triassic Period, 208 million years ago. Xenacanthus had a slim, elongated body with a low dorsal fin that extended

Iannis Xenakis was a Romanian-born French composer, architect, and mathematician who originated musique stochastique, music composed with the aid of electronic computers and based upon mathematical probability systems. Xenakis was born to a wealthy family of Greek ancestry, and he moved to Greece

Iannis Xenakis was a Romanian-born French composer, architect, and mathematician who originated musique stochastique, music composed with the aid of electronic computers and based upon mathematical probability systems. Xenakis was born to a wealthy family of Greek ancestry, and he moved to Greece

Strabo: …tutor of Cicero, and with Xenarchus, both of whom were members of the Aristotelian school of philosophy. Under the influence of Athenodorus, former tutor of Octavius, who probably introduced him into the future emperor’s circle, he turned toward Stoical philosophy, the precepts of which included the view that one unique…

xenarthran, (magnorder Xenarthra), an ancient lineage of mammals comprising the armadillos (order Cingulata) and the sloths and anteaters (order Pilosa). The namesake feature shared by all members of Xenarthra is seen in the lower backbone. The lumbar vertebrae are “xenarthrous”; that is, they have

xenarthran, (magnorder Xenarthra), an ancient lineage of mammals comprising the armadillos (order Cingulata) and the sloths and anteaters (order Pilosa). The namesake feature shared by all members of Xenarthra is seen in the lower backbone. The lumbar vertebrae are “xenarthrous”; that is, they have

Martial: Life and career: …the collection) with Greek titles Xenia and Apophoreta; these consist almost entirely of couplets describing presents given to guests at the December festival of the Saturnalia. In the next 15 or 16 years, however, appeared the 12 books of epigrams on which his renown deservedly rests. In ad 86 Books…

ancient Greek civilization: The world of the tyrants: …small-scale ventures exploiting relationships of xenia (hospitality), there was something like free internationalism. Not that the old xenia ties disappeared—on the contrary, they were solidified, above all by the tyrants themselves.

Xenia, city, seat (1804) of Greene county, southwestern Ohio, U.S., near the Little Miami River, about 15 miles (25 km) east-southeast of Dayton. It was founded in 1803 by Joseph C. Vance, who gave it a Greek name meaning “hospitality.” The arrival of the railroads in the 1840s provided impetus for

Xenicidae, bird family of the order Passeriformes; its members are commonly known as New Zealand wrens. The three living species are the rock wren (Xenicus gilviventris) and the rare bush wren (X. longipes) on South Island and, common to both islands, the rifleman (Acanthisitta chloris). A fourth

rock wren, New Zealand bird belonging to the family Xenicidae (q.v.); also, a true wren of North America (Salpinctes obsoletus; see

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Xenisthmidae Lower lip with free ventral margin; 6 branchiostegal rays. Marine, Indo-Pacific. 6 genera with about 12 species. Family Microdesmidae (Cerdalidae) (wormfishes and dartfishes) Rare, small, eel-like; chin large, forming pointed end of snout; 10 genera with about 66 species; both coasts of tropical Americas,

Eugenio d’Ors y Rovira was a Catalan essayist, philosopher, and art critic who was a leading ideologue of the Catalan cultural renaissance of the early 20th century. Although d’Ors studied law in Barcelona and earned a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Madrid, he was by profession a

synthetic biology: BioBricks and xeno-nucleic acids: These molecules, known as xeno-nucleic acids (XNAs), cannot be replicated by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which catalyzes the synthesis of DNA. Instead, their replication requires specially engineered enzymes, the first of which that were capable of faithfully transcribing DNA into the desired XNA product were reported in 2012.

cetacean: Diseases and parasitism: Xenobalanus globicipitis, a unique type of small pseudo-stalked barnacle, occurs on the appendages of cetaceans, including the common bottlenose dolphin. Stalked barnacles can also occur on exposed teeth and can be particularly striking on the tusks of beaked whales.

astrobiology, a multidisciplinary field dealing with the nature, existence, and search for extraterrestrial life (life beyond Earth). Astrobiology encompasses areas of biology, astronomy, and geology. Although no compelling evidence of extraterrestrial life has yet been found, the possibility that

soil: Xenobiotic chemicals: The presence of substances in soil that are not naturally produced by biological species is of great public concern. Many of these so-called xenobiotic (from Greek xenos, “stranger,” and bios, “life”) chemicals have been found to be carcinogens or may accumulate in the…

eel: Annotated classification: Family Chlopsidae (Xenocongridae) (false morays) Burrowing. 8 genera with 18 species. Pantropical. Family Muraenidae (morays) No pectorals, large mouth, often brightly coloured, voracious, sedentary. About 15 genera and approximately 190 species. Pantropical to subtropical. Family

Xenocrates was a Greek philosopher, pupil of Plato, and successor of Speusippus as the head of the Greek Academy, which Plato founded about 387 bc. In the company of Aristotle he left Athens after Plato’s death in 348/347, returning in 339 on his election as head of the Academy, where he remained

igneous rock: Fabric: …phenocrysts are referred to as xenocrysts, while the aggregates can be termed xenoliths. The size of phenocrysts is essentially independent of their abundance relative to the groundmass, and they range in external form from euhedral to anhedral. Most of them are best described as subhedral. Because the groundmass constituents span…

Octavia E. Butler: Her later novels include the Xenogenesis trilogy—Dawn: Xenogenesis (1987), Adulthood Rites (1988), and Imago (1989)—and The Parable of the Sower (1993), The Parable of the Talents (1998), and Fledgling (2005). Butler’s short story Speech Sounds won a Hugo Award

cardiovascular disease: Valvular disease: …human beings after death) and heterograft valves (secured from animals) is widespread. One of the advantages of both types is the absence of clotting, which occurs occasionally with the use of artificial valves. Most homograft and heterograft valves have a durability of 10–15 years. There is a risk of endocarditis…

xenolith, rock fragment within an intrusive igneous body that is unrelated to the igneous body itself. Xenoliths, which represent pieces of older rock incorporated into the magma while it was still fluid, may be located near their original positions of detachment or may have settled deep into the

igneous rock: Fabric: … or hypidiomorphic (partly faced), or anhedral or allotriomorphic (no external crystal faces). Quite apart from the presence or absence of crystal faces, the shape, or habit, of individual mineral grains is described by such terms as equant, tabular, platy, elongate, fibrous, rodlike, lathlike, needlelike, and irregular. A more general contrast…

notopterid: The species Xenomystus nigri is sometimes kept in aquariums.

xenon (Xe), chemical element, a heavy and extremely rare gas of Group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table. It was the first noble gas found to form true chemical compounds. More than 4.5 times heavier than air, xenon is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Solid xenon belongs to the face-centered

chemical bonding: Applying VSEPR theory to simple molecules: The XeF4 (xenon tetrafluoride) molecule is hypervalent with six electron pairs around the central xenon (Xe) atom. These pairs adopt an octahedral arrangement. Four of the pairs are bonding pairs, and two are lone pairs. According to VSEPR theory, the repulsion between the lone pairs is minimized…

xenon: Properties of the element: 92), xenon-129 (26.44), xenon-130 (4.08), xenon-131 (21.18), xenon-132 (26.89), xenon-134 (10.44), and xenon-136 (8.87). The mass numbers of the known isotopes of xenon range from 118 to 144. The xenon found in some stony meteorites shows a large proportion of xenon-129, believed to be a product…

xenon: Properties of the element: For example, xenon-135 (9.2-hour half-life) is produced by uranium fission in nuclear reactors, where it is troublesome because it absorbs fission-producing neutrons. Xenon-129 is of particular importance because this isotope can be observed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which makes it useful for the structural characterization of…

sunbeam snake, (genus Xenopeltis), any of two species of primitive, nonvenomous, burrowing snakes of family Xenopeltidae distributed geographically from Southeast Asia to Indonesia and the Philippines. Sunbeam snakes belong to a single genus (Xenopeltis) and are characterized by smooth, glossy,

Xenophanes was a Greek poet and rhapsode, religious thinker, and reputed precursor of the Eleatic school of philosophy, which stressed unity rather than diversity and viewed the separate existences of material things as apparent rather than real. Xenophanes was probably exiled from Greece by the

xenophobia, fear and contempt of strangers or foreigners or of anything designated as foreign, or a conviction that certain foreign individuals and cultures represent a threat to the authentic identity of one’s own nation-state and cannot integrate into the local society peacefully. The term

Xenophon was a Greek historian and philosopher whose numerous surviving works are valuable for their depiction of late Classical Greece. His Anabasis (“Upcountry March”) in particular was highly regarded in antiquity and had a strong influence on Latin literature. Xenophon’s life history before 401

Greek literature: Demoticism and folklorism, 1880–1922: Meanwhile Grigórios Xenópoulos wrote novels with an urban setting and devoted considerable effort to drama, a medium that received a substantial boost from the demoticist movement.

plague: History: …results of experiments demonstrating that Oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) carried the plague bacillus between rats. It was then demonstrated definitively that rat fleas would infest humans and transmit plague through their bites. With that, massive rat-proofing measures were instituted worldwide in maritime vessels and port facilities, and insecticides were…

clawed frog, (genus Xenopus), any member of 6 to 15 species of tongueless aquatic African frogs (family Pipidae) having small black claws on the inner three toes of the hind limbs. Xenopus species are generally dull-coloured. Their bodies are relatively flat and bear whitish fringelike mucous

clawed frog: …the African clawed frog, or platanna (X. laevis) of southern Africa, a smooth-skinned frog about 13 cm (5 inches) long. It is valuable for mosquito control, because it eats the eggs and young of those insects. Native to sub-Saharan Africa, X. laevis was introduced to the United States and Britain.…

lizard: Annotated classification: Family Xenosauridae (knob-scaled lizards) Shape of interclavicle bone and presence of tubercles in the osteoderms distinguishes the family. Late Cretaceous from North America. Presently, 2 genera, 1 in Mexico (Xenosaurus) with about 6 species and 1 in China (Shinisaurus) with 1 species. Superfamily Varanoidea Family Helodermatidae

xenotime, widely distributed phosphate mineral, yttrium phosphate (YPO4), though large proportions of erbium commonly replace yttrium), that occurs as brown, glassy crystals, crystal aggregates, or rosettes in igneous rocks and associated pegmatites, in quartzose and micaceous gneiss, and commonly

cardiovascular disease: Valvular disease: …human beings after death) and heterograft valves (secured from animals) is widespread. One of the advantages of both types is the absence of clotting, which occurs occasionally with the use of artificial valves. Most homograft and heterograft valves have a durability of 10–15 years. There is a risk of endocarditis…

Galicia: Geography: Known as the Xeración Nós (“The We Generation”), these writers promoted their objectives in the literary and artistic journal Nós (1920; “We”), dedicated to consolidating Galician culture.

Xerénte, Brazilian Indian group speaking Xerénte, a Macro-Ge language. The Xerénte live in northern Goias state, on a hilly upland plateau that is broken up by strips of forest that trace the courses of the rivers flowing through the region. They numbered approximately 500 in the late 20th century.

ichthyosis, a hereditary condition involving dryness and scaliness of the skin brought about by excessive growth of the horny outermost covering of the skin. The dead cells of this horny layer do not slough off at the normal rate but tend instead to adhere to the skin surface to form scales; horny

xeroderma pigmentosum, rare, recessively inherited skin condition in which resistance to sunlight and other radiation beyond the violet end of the spectrum is lacking. On exposure to such radiation the skin erupts into numerous pigmented spots, resembling freckles, which tend to develop into

xerography, Image-forming process that relies on a photoconductive substance whose electrical resistance decreases when light falls on it. Xerography is the basis of the most widely used document-copying machines (see photocopier). The process was invented in the 1930s by U.S. physicist Chester F.

xerophyte, any plant adapted to life in a dry or physiologically dry habitat (salt marsh, saline soil, or acid bog) by means of mechanisms to prevent water loss or to store available water. Succulents (plants that store water) such as cacti and agaves have thick, fleshy stems or leaves. Other

extremophile: …pores of mineral grains); and xerophilic (growth in dry conditions, with low water availability). Some extremophiles are adapted simultaneously to multiple stresses (polyextremophile); common examples include thermoacidophiles and haloalkaliphiles.

extremophile: …pores of mineral grains); and xerophilic (growth in dry conditions, with low water availability). Some extremophiles are adapted simultaneously to multiple stresses (polyextremophile); common examples include thermoacidophiles and haloalkaliphiles.

nutritional disease: Vitamin A: …cornea, a condition known as xerophthalmia. Other symptoms include dry skin, hardening of epithelial cells elsewhere in the body (such as mucous membranes), and impaired growth and development. In many areas where vitamin A deficiency is endemic, the incidence is being reduced by giving children a single large dose of…

bear grass, (genus Xerophyllum), either of two species of North American plants constituting the genus Xerophyllum of the family Melanthiaceae. Despite their common name and grasslike leaves, the plants are not true grasses. Both species, common bear grass (Xerophyllum tenax) and turkey beard (X.

bear grass: Physical description: Turkey beard, or eastern turkey beard (X. asphodeloides), of southern North America, is similar in appearance and grows in dry pine barrens.

bear grass: Physical description: tenax), is also known as elk grass and fire lily. It is a light green mountain perennial with a stout unbranched stem, 0.6 to 2 metres (2 to 6 feet) high, which rises from a tuberlike rootstock and cordlike roots. The stem bears a dense basal tuft of narrow rough-edged…