Romance languages: Orthography: The Latin letter x, an abbreviation for ks, was also put to other uses in Romance; in Portuguese, Catalan, Sicilian, and Old Spanish it represents a /sh/ sound, in modern Spanish a strong /h/ sound, more commonly spelled with a j, and in northern Italian dialects, the /z/…

Romance languages: Orthography: The Latin letter x, an abbreviation for ks, was also put to other uses in Romance; in Portuguese, Catalan, Sicilian, and Old Spanish it represents a /sh/ sound, in modern Spanish a strong /h/ sound, more commonly spelled with a j, and in northern Italian dialects, the /z/…

X, American band whose tales of urban decay, corruption, and sleaze, delivered with skilled musicianship and unique vocal harmonies, marked them as important contributors to the punk movement. The original members were singer Exene Cervenka (original name Christine Cervenka; b. February 1, 1956,

X, formerly Twitter (2006–2023), is an online social media platform and microblogging service that distributes short messages of no more than 280 characters. The service was influential in shaping politics and culture in the early 21st century. The successor to Twitter, X Corp., is a wholly owned

Kylie Minogue: Her subsequent albums include X (2007) and Aphrodite (2010), on which disco and electro-pop remained prominent elements of her sound. Kiss Me Once (2014) features songs written and produced by Pharrell Williams and Sia, among others, and Golden (2018) is flavored with

Sue Grafton: X (2015), about Millhone’s efforts to find a serial killer, was the first entry in the series to feature only a letter in the title. Y Is for Yesterday (2017), the 25th book in the series, was published just months before Grafton’s death.

Chris Brown: His subsequent albums included X (2014), which features guest appearances by Lil Wayne and R. Kelly; Royalty (2015), named for his daughter; and the double albums Heartbreak on a Full Moon (2017) and Indigo (2019). The mixtape Slime & B (2020) is a

Coldplay: …album Live 2003 (2003) with X & Y (2005), a collection of guitar-driven, arena-friendly rock anthems (including the hit single “Speed of Sound”) that elevated the group to the rank of such “big bands” as U2 and Radiohead. Meanwhile, Martin’s 2003–16 marriage to American actress Gwyneth Paltrow earned him celebrity…

satellite communication: How satellites work: …high frequency) L-, S-, C-, X-, Ku-, Ka-, and V-bands. Signals in the lower range (L-, S-, and C-bands) of the satellite frequency spectrum are transmitted with low power, and thus larger antennas are needed to receive these signals. Signals in the higher end (X-, Ku-, Ka-, and V-bands) of…

subatomic particle: Toward a grand unified theory: …new gauge bosons, generally called X, which must have masses comparable to the energy scale of grand unification. The mean life for the proton, according to the GUTs, depends on this mass; in the simplest GUTs based on SU(5), the mean life varies as the fourth power of the mass…

sex chromosome: …are designated by scientists as X and Y. In humans the sex chromosomes consist of one pair of the total of 23 pairs of chromosomes. The other 22 pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes.

X Club, private scientific dining club of Victorian London, remarkable for the power that its nine members exerted on the scientific and cultural climate of late-19th-century England. Dining clubs were common in gentlemanly society of the time. The X Club met monthly in the London “season” (October

Inchon landing: …entire force was designated the X Corps and was placed under the command of Maj. Gen. Edward M. Almond, MacArthur’s chief of staff. The landing force became part of Joint Task Force 7, directed by Vice Adm. Arthur D. Struble, the U.S. Navy’s Seventh Fleet commander.

vagus nerve, longest and most complex of the cranial nerves. The vagus nerve runs from the brain through the face and thorax to the abdomen. It is a mixed nerve that contains parasympathetic fibres. The vagus nerve has two sensory ganglia (masses of nerve tissue that transmit sensory impulses): the

Simon Cowell: In 2004 The X Factor, a talent competition cojudged by Cowell and coproduced by his company, Syco Productions, began airing on British TV. Two years later it won the award for best entertainment program from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Also in 2006 he…

fatsia: …(Hedera helix) to produce the tree ivy, or aralia ivy (× Fatshedera lizei), an intergeneric cross, a most uncommon botanical occurrence.

extreme sports: … is generally attributed to the X Games, a made-for-television sports festival created by the cable network ESPN in 1995. The success of the X Games raised the profile and economic viability of these sports. The extreme sports of mountain biking and snowboarding debuted at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games…

human genetic disease: Abnormalities of the sex chromosomes: …sperm) via a process called X inactivation. The phenomenon of X inactivation prevents a female who carries two copies of the X chromosome in every cell from expressing twice the amount of gene products encoded exclusively on the X chromosome, in comparison with males, who carry a single X. In…

Los Angeles 1932 Olympic Games, athletic festival held in Los Angeles that took place July 30–August 14, 1932. The Los Angeles Games were the ninth occurrence of the modern Olympic Games. Only about 1,300 athletes, representing 37 countries, competed in the 1932 Games. The poor participation was

Grenoble 1968 Olympic Winter Games, athletic festival held in Grenoble, France, that took place Feb. 6–18, 1968. The Grenoble Games were the 10th occurrence of the Winter Olympic Games. The 1968 Winter Games, opened by French Pres. Charles de Gaulle, were a triumph for France but were not without

Robert Gober: …bars on one side, while X Playpen (1987) effectively reduces the “play” area to one of two tiny triangular spaces—those sculptures seemed exercises in wistful memory, exposing a stark poetry embedded within the mundane and the domestic.

Bell X-1, U.S. rocket-powered supersonic research airplane built by Bell Aircraft Corporation, the first aircraft to exceed the speed of sound in level flight. On October 14, 1947, an X-1 launched from the bomb bay of a B-29 bomber and piloted by U.S. Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager over the Mojave

helicopter: Fixed jet: An early example, the Ryan X-13 Vertijet, was launched from a trailer bed that was erected vertically prior to takeoff. The aircraft flew successfully in vertical and horizontal modes, including takeoff and “tail-sitter” landings, but the operational limitations in terms of speed, range, and payload were too great for further…

Richard Donner: Early work: …a Cold War drama called X-15, which starred one of the cinema’s least likely couples, Charles Bronson and Mary Tyler Moore. Donner then returned to television, and his credits during this time included Twilight Zone, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., Gilligan’s Island, and Perry Mason.

X-15, rocket-powered research aircraft built in the 1950s by North American Aviation, Inc., for the U.S. military and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in order to gather information on flight conditions beyond the atmosphere. First flown in 1959, the X-15 set separate unofficial

military aircraft: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs): If the experimental Boeing X-45 and Northrop Grumman X-47 are representative of these vehicles, they will resemble small B-2 Spirit stealth bombers and will vary in size from one-third to one-sixth the gross weight of a single-seat fighter-bomber. They will most likely supplement or even replace piloted fighter-bombers in…

military aircraft: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs): …Boeing X-45 and Northrop Grumman X-47 are representative of these vehicles, they will resemble small B-2 Spirit stealth bombers and will vary in size from one-third to one-sixth the gross weight of a single-seat fighter-bomber. They will most likely supplement or even replace piloted fighter-bombers in the attack role in…

metabolic disease: Inheritance: …ammonia and impaired urea formation), X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (a disorder that is characterized by progressive mental and physical deterioration and adrenal insufficiency), and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (a disorder of purine metabolism that is characterized by the excretion of large amounts of uric acid in the urine, neurological disturbances, and self-mutilation).

scissors chair, chair supported by two crossed and curved supports either at the sides or at the back and front. Because of its basic simplicity, it is one of the oldest forms of chair or stool, with examples reaching back to the 2nd millennium bc. The seat, which was originally made of leather or

hyperkeratosis, in cattle, a disease characterized by inflammation and thickening of the horny covering of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Other symptoms include weight loss, wartlike swellings in the mouth, drooling, and a runny nose. Severely afflicted animals usually die.

efficiency: …measured via the concept of x-efficiency, which is defined as the degree to which a group of inputs achieves the maximal level of outputs possible with those inputs. Market theory predicts that all firms will be x-efficient under perfect competition, because competitors would drive x-inefficient firms out of business over…

The X-Files, American science-fiction television series that aired on the Fox Broadcasting Company network (1993–2002, 2016, and 2018). The show attracted a huge cult following and won three Golden Globe Awards for best drama. The X-Files focused on the professional lives of two FBI special agents,

Gillian Anderson: The X-Files: …following year the motion picture The X-Files: Fight the Future took in more than $30 million in its first weekend. Although the television series ended in 2002, a second movie, The X-Files: I Want to Believe, was released in 2008.

Gillian Anderson: The X-Files: …in 2002, a second movie, The X-Files: I Want to Believe, was released in 2008.

China: Conflicts within the international alliance: …regiments (this became known as X-Force). Also in training were Chinese instructors to help retrain other divisions in China. Both air development and army modernizing were being pushed in early 1943, with a training center created near Kunming to reenergize and reequip select Chinese divisions (called Y-Force), and a network…

Sudan: Medieval Christian kingdoms: …by a people called the Nobatae by the ancient geographers and the X-Group by modern archaeologists, who are still at a loss to explain their origins. The X-Group were clearly, however, the heirs of Kush, for their whole cultural life was dominated by Meroitic crafts and customs, and occasionally they…

metabolic disease: Inheritance: …ammonia and impaired urea formation), X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (a disorder that is characterized by progressive mental and physical deterioration and adrenal insufficiency), and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (a disorder of purine metabolism that is characterized by the excretion of large amounts of uric acid in the urine, neurological disturbances, and self-mutilation).

immune system disorder: Hereditary and congenital deficiencies: …the rare hereditary disorder called X-linked infantile agammaglobulinemia, which affects only males, B lymphocytes are unable to secrete all classes of immunoglobulins. (An immunoglobulin is a type of protein, also called an antibody, that is produced by B cells in response to the presence of a foreign substance called an…

metabolic disease: Inheritance: …male offspring who inherit an X-linked mutation are affected, because the Y chromosome of the XY pair does not have a compensating normal gene. Because the mutation is on the X chromosome and males transmit only the Y chromosome to their sons during fertilization, fathers do not transmit the disease…

Stan Lee: Later work and participation in the Marvel Cinematic Universe: X-Men (2000) and Spider-Man (2002) launched blockbuster franchises that earned billions of dollars in box-office revenue worldwide. Other Lee creations to receive the Hollywood treatment were Daredevil (2003), Hulk (2003), and Iron Man (2008). Lee was often

X-Men, American comic strip team consisting of a rotating ensemble cast of mutants born with superhuman powers. Created in 1963 by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, the team became one of Marvel Comics’ most successful properties. The original version of the X-Men was a group of teenagers

Halle Berry: …X-Men (2000) and its sequels (2003, 2006, 2014), Swordfish (2001), and Die Another Day (2002), an installment in the James Bond spy series. The thriller Gothika (2003) and the Batman spin-off Catwoman (2004) were the first theatrical films in which she

Hugh Jackman: …as Wolverine in the prequel X-Men Origins: Wolverine and adopted the speech and mannerisms of an aging Chicago police officer to star opposite Daniel Craig in the Broadway play A Steady Rain.

Nicholas Hoult: …of Future Past (2014), and X-Men: Apocalypse (2016). He underwent another transformation for his role in George Miller’s Mad Max: Fury Road (2015). In the futuristic thriller he was cast as Nux, a bald-headed, pasty-faced War Boy and fanatic follower in the army of villainous Immortan Joe. In 2015 Holt…

Jessica Chastain: …appeared in the franchise film X-Men: Dark Phoenix and the horror movie It Chapter Two (both 2019). In 2020 she starred in the crime drama Ava. The following year she and Oscar Isaac portrayed a couple whose relationship is falling apart in the TV miniseries Scenes from a Marriage, a…

Halle Berry: …and its sequels (2003, 2006, 2014), Swordfish (2001), and Die Another Day (2002), an installment in the James Bond spy series. The thriller Gothika (2003) and the Batman spin-off Catwoman (2004) were the first theatrical films in which she received top billing. After starring in the television movie Their Eyes…

Kevin Bacon: Breakthrough in Footloose and later film career: …as villain Sebastian Shaw in X-Men: First Class (2011). On television he earned a Golden Globe nomination for his performance as Dick in I Love Dick (2016–17) and praise for his portrayal of a respected but corrupt FBI agent in City on a Hill (2019–22). He played himself in The…

Halle Berry: … (2000) and its sequels (2003, 2006, 2014), Swordfish (2001), and Die Another Day (2002), an installment in the James Bond spy series. The thriller Gothika (2003) and the Batman spin-off Catwoman (2004) were the first theatrical films in which she received top billing. After starring in the

crustacean: Hormones: The X-organ passes its secretions to the sinus gland, which acts as a release centre into the blood. Hormones liberated from the sinus gland have been shown to influence molting, gonad development, water balance, blood glucose, and the expansion and contraction of pigment cells both in…

crustacean: Hormones: The X-organ–sinus-gland complex is located in the eyestalk. The X-organ passes its secretions to the sinus gland, which acts as a release centre into the blood. Hormones liberated from the sinus gland have been shown to influence molting, gonad development, water balance, blood glucose, and the…

X-ray, electromagnetic radiation of extremely short wavelength and high frequency, with wavelengths ranging from about 10−8 to 10−12 metre and corresponding frequencies from about 1016 to 1020 hertz (Hz). X-rays are commonly produced by accelerating (or decelerating) charged particles; examples

X-ray, electromagnetic radiation of extremely short wavelength and high frequency, with wavelengths ranging from about 10−8 to 10−12 metre and corresponding frequencies from about 1016 to 1020 hertz (Hz). X-rays are commonly produced by accelerating (or decelerating) charged particles; examples

chemical analysis: X-ray absorption: Absorbed X rays cause excitation of electrons from inner orbitals (those near the nucleus) to unoccupied outer orbitals. In some cases, the energy of the incident X ray is sufficient to ionize the analyte by completely removing the electron from the atom or…

X-ray astronomy, Study of astronomical objects and phenomena that emit radiation at X-ray wavelengths. Because Earth’s atmosphere absorbs most X-rays, X-ray telescopes and detectors are taken to high altitudes or into space by balloons and spacecraft. In 1949 detectors aboard sounding rockets

accretion disk: quasars, radio galaxies, X-ray binaries (see X-ray astronomy), and probably also Type Ia supernovas all involve accretion disks. The astronomical object whose mass is growing is known as the accretor.

principles of physical science: Symmetry: …is the great triumph of X-ray crystallography to have provided the means for determining experimentally what arrangement is involved in each case.

X-ray diffraction, phenomenon in which the atoms of a crystal, by virtue of their uniform spacing, cause an interference pattern of the waves present in an incident beam of X-rays. The atomic planes of the crystal act on the X-rays in exactly the same manner as does a uniformly ruled diffraction

X-ray diffraction, phenomenon in which the atoms of a crystal, by virtue of their uniform spacing, cause an interference pattern of the waves present in an incident beam of X-rays. The atomic planes of the crystal act on the X-rays in exactly the same manner as does a uniformly ruled diffraction

Martin Julian Buerger: …of Buerger’s innovations is the precession method of X-ray diffraction analysis (the determination of the spatial arrangement of atoms in crystals by observing the pattern in which they scatter a beam of X rays), one of the two most commonly used methods of recording diffraction intensities.

spectroscopy: X-ray spectroscopy: The first spectrographs for this radiation were devised in 1912–13 by two British physicists—father and son—William Henry and Lawrence Bragg, who showed that there existed not only continuum X-ray spectra, to be expected from processes involving the stopping of charged particles in motion, but also discrete characteristic…

spectroscopy: X-ray spectroscopy: A penetrating, electrically uncharged radiation was discovered in 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and was named X-radiation because its origin was unknown. This radiation is produced when electrons (cathode rays) strike

geology: Chemistry of the Earth: …follows: The X-ray fluorescent (XRF) spectrometer excites atoms with a primary X-ray beam and causes secondary (or fluorescent) X-rays to be emitted. Each element produces a diagnostic X-radiation, the intensity of which is measured. This intensity is proportional to the concentration of the element in the rock, and so…

galaxy: X-ray galaxies: Synchrotron radiation is characteristically emitted at virtually all wavelengths at almost the same intensity. A synchrotron source therefore ought to be detectable at optical and radio wavelengths, as well as at others (e.g., infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths). For radio galaxies this…

roentgenogram, photograph of internal structures that is made by passing X-rays through the body to produce a shadow image on specially sensitized film. The roentgenogram is named after German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who discovered X-rays in 1895. The value of a roentgenogram is

electron-probe microanalyzer: X-ray microprobe analysis has proved to be so valuable that a majority of SEMs, as well as many TEMs, are now equipped with X-ray spectrometers as accessories. The technique has found wide applications in mineralogy, metallurgy, and solid-state science, as well as in the clinical…

X-ray microscope, instrument that uses X-rays to produce enlarged images of small objects. The basic device uses the emission of X-rays from a point source to cast an enlarged image on a phosphor screen. A successful X-ray microscope was made in 1951 by British physicists Ellis Coslett and William

spectroscopy: X-ray optics: X-ray monochromators are analogous to grating monochromators and spectrometers in the visible portion of the spectrum. If the lattice spacing for a crystal is accurately known, the observed angles of diffraction can be used to measure and identify unknown X-ray wavelengths. Because of the sensitive…

Ezequiel Martínez Estrada: …Radiografía de la pampa (1933; X-Ray of the Pampa), a comprehensive psychological study of the Argentine character laden with fatalistic overtones. La cabeza de Goliat: Microscopía de Buenos Aires (1940; “The Head of Goliath: A Microscopic Study of Buenos Aires”) treats the people of Buenos Aires and continues the themes…

spectroscopy: X-ray optics: X-rays are strongly absorbed by solid matter so that the optics used in the visible and near-infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum cannot be used to focus or reflect the radiation. Over a fairly wide range of X-ray energies, however, radiation hitting a…

surface analysis: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: Since the binding energies of the electrons emitted through XPS are discrete and atoms of different elements have different characteristic electron-binding energies, the emitted electron beam can provide a simple method of elemental analysis. The specificity of XPS is very good, since…

spectroscopy: X-ray spectroscopy: …nature (could be polarized) by scattering from certain materials. These properties suggested that the rays were another form of electromagnetic radiation, a possibility that was postulated earlier by the British physicist J.J. Thomson. He noted that the electrons that hit the glass wall of the tube would undergo violent accelerations…

X-ray source, in astronomy, any of a class of cosmic objects that emit radiation at X-ray wavelength. Because the Earth’s atmosphere absorbs X rays very efficiently, X-ray telescopes and detectors must be carried high above it by spacecraft to observe objects that produce such electromagnetic

spectroscopy: X-ray spectroscopy: A penetrating, electrically uncharged radiation was discovered in 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and was named X-radiation because its origin was unknown. This radiation is produced when electrons (cathode rays) strike

punk: …the Sex Pistols’ “EMI” and X-Ray Spex’s “Identity”—early British punk spawned a resurgence of interest in rock. Mirroring social upheaval with a series of visionary songs couched in black humour, groups such as the Buzzcocks (“Orgasm Addict”), the Clash (“Complete Control”), and Siouxsie and the Banshees (“Hong Kong Garden”) scored…

X-ray style, manner of depicting animals by drawing or painting the skeletal frame and internal organs. It is one of the characteristic styles of the art of some prehistoric hunting cultures. The style can be seen in the Mesolithic art of northern Europe (c. 8000–2700 bc), where early examples have

X-ray telescope, instrument designed to detect and resolve X-rays from sources outside Earth’s atmosphere. Because of atmospheric absorption, X-ray telescopes must be carried to high altitudes by rockets or balloons or placed in orbit outside the atmosphere. Balloon-borne telescopes can detect the

radiation therapy, the use of ionizing radiation (high-energy radiation that displaces electrons from atoms and molecules) to destroy cancer cells. Radiation has been present throughout the evolution of life on Earth. However, with the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad

X-ray tube, evacuated electron tube that produces X rays by accelerating electrons to a high velocity with a high-voltage field and causing them to collide with a target, the anode plate. The tube consists of a source of electrons, the cathode, which is usually a heated filament, and a thermally

trisomy X, sex chromosome disorder of human females, in which three X chromosomes are present, rather than the normal pair. Although trisomy X can be inherited, it most often is caused by a random failure in chromosome separation. When the error occurs via nondisjunction—the failure of chromosomes

Hugh Jackman: …Wolverine’s trademark razor claws in X2 (2003). Jackman made his Broadway debut in 2003 as singer-songwriter Peter Allen in the biographical musical The Boy from Oz. For American filmgoers who were unfamiliar with his work in Oklahoma!, Jackman’s flamboyantly spot-on performance was a revelation, and it won him a Tony…

Hugh Jackman: …Wolverine’s trademark razor claws in X2 (2003). Jackman made his Broadway debut in 2003 as singer-songwriter Peter Allen in the biographical musical The Boy from Oz. For American filmgoers who were unfamiliar with his work in Oklahoma!, Jackman’s flamboyantly spot-on performance was a revelation, and it won him a Tony…

Xai-Xai, port town, southern Mozambique. Located on the eastern bank of the Limpopo River near its mouth, the town is a market centre for cashew nuts, rice, corn (maize), cassava, and sorghum raised in the surrounding area, which is irrigated by the lower Limpopo irrigation project; dairy cattle

Ricardo Güiraldes: …Death and of Blood”) and Xaimaca (1923; “Jamaica”). In Don Segundo Sombra, the work considered his masterpiece, he combined poetic description of country life with a subtle portrayal of the cattleman Don Segundo, a re-creation of the mythical gaucho, national symbol and folk hero of Argentina.

museum: Asia and Africa: …and the last Han emperor, Xiandi (abdicated 220 ce), established a gallery containing portraits of his ministers.

Third Cinema: …films of Sembène, such as Xala (1975) and Moolaadé (2004), with their mixture of African and Western elements and their critical approach to local culture. Another example of Third Cinema was Algerian filmmaker Abderrahmane Bouguermouh’s La Colline oubliée (1997; The Forgotten Hillside), which was shot in the Berber language and…

Xalapa, city, capital of Veracruz estado (state), east-central Mexico. About 55 miles (90 km) northwest of Veracruz city, Xalapa is located beneath towering volcanic peaks in the Sierra Madre Oriental, at an elevation of about 4,680 feet (1,425 metres). Known for its scenic backdrop and its lush

Xalapa, city, capital of Veracruz estado (state), east-central Mexico. About 55 miles (90 km) northwest of Veracruz city, Xalapa is located beneath towering volcanic peaks in the Sierra Madre Oriental, at an elevation of about 4,680 feet (1,425 metres). Known for its scenic backdrop and its lush

Mogadishu, capital, largest city, and a major port of Somalia, located just north of the Equator on the Indian Ocean. One of the earliest Arab settlements on the East African coast, its origins date to the 10th century. It declined in the 16th century after a period of extensive trade with the Arab

Xanadu, place in the opium-induced vision that English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge recorded in the poetic fragment “Kubla Khan” (1798). Coleridge’s fantasyland was based on Shangdu (“Upper Capital”), near present-day Duolun in Inner Mongolia, to which the real Kublai Khan moved the seat of Mongol

Olivia Newton-John: Career: Her next two films, Xanadu (1980) and Two of a Kind (1983), were not well received by critics, though the first produced a platinum soundtrack.

Titan: The surface of Titan: …bright continent-sized region, later named Xanadu Regio, on Titan’s leading face. This region was also discerned from Earth and from the Cassini spacecraft at radar wavelengths, which can penetrate the haze.

alprazolam, drug used in the treatment of anxiety disorders and panic disorder. Alprazolam is classified as a benzodiazepine (a drug that produces a calming, sedative effect) and is marketed under the brand name Xanax by Pfizer, Inc. Alprazolam was patented in the 1970s, having been developed by

Nanda dynasty: Dhanananda, the last of this list, possibly figures as Agrammes, or Xandrames, in classical sources, a powerful contemporary of Alexander the Great. The Nanda line ended with him in about 321 bce when Chandragupta laid the foundation for Mauryan power.

Xankändi, city, southwestern Azerbaijan. Situated at the foot of the eastern slopes of the Karabakh Range, the city was founded after the October Revolution (1917) on the site of the village of Khankendy and was renamed Stepanakert in 1923 for Stepan Shaumyan, a leader of the Baku Commune. After

Jülich: By the Treaty of Xanten (1614), they agreed to a division of the territories. Cleves-Mark and Ravensberg went to John Sigismund, Jülich-Berg and Ravensstein, to Wolfgang William.

xanthan gum, water-soluble polysaccharide compound that is produced by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris and is best known for its use as a food additive, typically as an emulsifier, a stabilizer, or a thickener. Xanthan gum often is used in conjunction with other thickening agents to improve

xanthate, any of a class of organic salts formed by treatment of an alcohol with carbon disulfide in the presence of an alkali. The term is derived from the Greek word xanthos, for “yellow,” in reference to the compound potassium ethyl xanthate (C2H5OCS2K), which gives a yellow precipitate when

Xánthi, city and dímos (municipality), East Macedonia and Thrace (Modern Greek: Anatolikí Makedonía kai Thrakí) periféreia region, eastern Greece. The city, which is situated below the Rhodope (Rodópi) massif at the head of the narrow Eskejé (Esketzé) Valley, is the seat of a metropolitan bishop of

dye: Xanthene and related dyes: In 1871 the German chemist Adolph von Baeyer discovered a new dye class closely related to the triphenylmethane series and also without natural counterparts. Heating phthalic anhydride with resorcinol (1,3-dihydroxybenzene) produced a yellow compound he named fluorescein,

Xánthi, city and dímos (municipality), East Macedonia and Thrace (Modern Greek: Anatolikí Makedonía kai Thrakí) periféreia region, eastern Greece. The city, which is situated below the Rhodope (Rodópi) massif at the head of the narrow Eskejé (Esketzé) Valley, is the seat of a metropolitan bishop of