female genital cutting: The procedure: Infibulation (also called Pharoanic circumcision). The vaginal opening is reduced by removing all or parts of the external genitalia (the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora) and sewing, pinning, or otherwise causing the remaining tissue to fuse together during the healing process. Those procedures that…

quetzal, (genus Pharomachrus), any of five species of colourful birds belonging to the genus Pharomachrus of the trogon family (Trogonidae). All five species—the white-tipped quetzal (P. fulgidus), the crested quetzal (P. antisianus), the golden-headed quetzal (P. auriceps), the resplendent quetzal

quetzal: fulgidus), the crested quetzal (P. antisianus), the golden-headed quetzal (P. auriceps), the resplendent quetzal (P. mocinno), and the pavonine quetzal (P. pavoninus)—reside in the neotropics (Central America and South America).

quetzal: antisianus), the golden-headed quetzal (P. auriceps), the resplendent quetzal (P. mocinno), and the pavonine quetzal (P. pavoninus)—reside in the neotropics (Central America and South America).

quetzal: All five species—the white-tipped quetzal (P. fulgidus), the crested quetzal (P. antisianus), the golden-headed quetzal (P. auriceps), the resplendent quetzal (P. mocinno), and the pavonine quetzal (P. pavoninus)—reside in the neotropics (Central America and South America).

trogon: …(or Guatemalan) quetzal, also called resplendent trogon (Pharomachrus mocinno), which is about 125 cm (50 inches) long. The graduated tail, of 12 feathers, is carried closed (square-tipped) and typically has a black-and-white pattern on the underside (as in cuckoos). The wings are rounded, legs short, feet weak. Uniquely, the second…

trogon: …(or Guatemalan) quetzal, also called resplendent trogon (Pharomachrus mocinno), which is about 125 cm (50 inches) long. The graduated tail, of 12 feathers, is carried closed (square-tipped) and typically has a black-and-white pattern on the underside (as in cuckoos). The wings are rounded, legs short, feet weak. Uniquely, the second…

quetzal: mocinno), and the pavonine quetzal (P. pavoninus)—reside in the neotropics (Central America and South America).

Alexandria: City site: …founding, links the island of Pharos with the city centre on the mainland. Its two steeply curving bays form the basins for the Eastern Harbour and the Western Harbour.

lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the World and the most famous lighthouse in antiquity. It was a technological triumph and is the archetype of all lighthouses since. Built by Sostratus of Cnidus, perhaps for Ptolemy I Soter, it was finished during the reign of Soter’s son

Pharr, city, Hidalgo county, southern Texas, U.S., in the lower Rio Grande valley. It is one of several small cities in the area (including McAllen, San Juan, and Edinburg) with mixed farm, oil, and gas economies. Settled in the 1900s and named for a local sugarcane grower, it developed as a

Lucan: …civile, better known as the Pharsalia because of its vivid account of that battle, is remarkable as the single major Latin epic poem that eschewed the intervention of the gods.

Battle of Pharsalus, (48 bce), the decisive engagement in the Roman civil war (49–45 bce) between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great. After failing to subdue his enemies at Dyrrhachium (now Dürres, Albania), Caesar clashed with Pompey somewhere near Pharsalus (now Fársala, Greece). Although Caesar

Afro-Asiatic languages: Phonetics and phonology: …this inventory is called the pharyngeal fricatives and is exemplified in Egyptian, Cushitic, Amazigh, and Semitic by ħ and ʿ (“ayn”). A second commonly used group of consonants is an emphatic set, similar to the pharyngeal fricatives but with phonetically quite different articulations; characteristically, emphatics are formed deeper down in…

hymenopteran: Internal structure: …bees have one pair of pharyngeal glands that produce food, especially royal jelly, for the young larvae. The pharyngeal glands are rudimentary in drones and absent in queens.

elephant: Sound production and water storage: …structure associated with it, the pharyngeal pouch. In the vast majority of mammals, the throat contains nine bones connected in a boxlike structure, the hyoid apparatus, that supports the tongue and the voice box. Elephants have only five bones in the hyoid apparatus, and the gap formed by the missing…

adenoids, a mass of lymphatic tissue, similar to the (palatine) tonsils, that is attached to the back wall of the nasal pharynx (i.e., the upper part of the throat opening into the nasal cavity proper). An individual fold of such nasopharyngeal lymphatic tissue is called an adenoid. The surface

Afro-Asiatic languages: Phonetics and phonology: …three major types of consonants: pharyngealized (articulated at the back of the vocal tract with the pharynx), velarized (in which the back of the tongue touches the soft palate), and uvularized (articulated at the back of the vocal tract with the uvula). In South Arabian, Ethio-Semitic, Cushitic, and Chadic languages,…

pharyngitis, inflammatory illness of the mucous membranes and underlying structures of the throat (pharynx). Inflammation usually involves the nasopharynx, uvula, soft palate, and tonsils. The illness can be caused by bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, fungi, and parasites and by recognized diseases

pharynx, cone-shaped passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx chamber serves both respiratory and digestive functions. Thick fibres of muscle and connective tissue attach the pharynx to the base of the skull and surrounding structures.

marsupial mouse: …marsupial mice, or tuans (Phascogale), are grayish above and whitish below in colour; the distal half of the long tail is thickly furred and resembles a bottle brush when the hairs are erected. Tuans are arboreal but may raid poultry yards. In both appearance and behaviour the flat-skulled marsupial…

koala: …only member of the family Phascolarctidae. Unlike those of other arboreal marsupials, its pouch opens rearward. Births are single, occurring after a gestation of 34 to 36 days. The youngster (called a joey) first puts its head out of the pouch at about five months of age. For up to…

koala, (Phascolarctos cinereus), tree-dwelling marsupial of coastal eastern and southern Australia classified in the family Phascolarctidae (suborder Vombatiformes). Due to the animal’s superficial resemblance to a small bear, the koala is sometimes referred to, albeit erroneously, as the koala

wombat: The common wombat has coarse dark hair and a bald, granular nose pad. It is common in woodlands of hilly country along the Dividing Range in southeastern Australia, from southeastern Queensland through New South Wales and Victoria into South Australia, and in Tasmania. In historic times…

phase, in thermodynamics, chemically and physically uniform or homogeneous quantity of matter that can be separated mechanically from a nonhomogeneous mixture and that may consist of a single substance or a mixture of substances. The three fundamental phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas

phase, in mechanics of vibrations, the fraction of a period (i.e., the time required to complete a full cycle) that a point completes after last passing through the reference, or zero, position. For example, the reference position for the hands of a clock is at the numeral 12, and the minute hand

phase, in astronomy, any of the varying appearances of a celestial body as different amounts of its disk are seen (from Earth, ordinarily) to be illuminated by the Sun. The Moon displays eight phases: new, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full, waning gibbous, last quarter, and

television: PAL: PAL (phase alternation line) resembles NTSC in that the chrominance signal is simultaneously modulated in amplitude to carry the saturation (pastel-versus-vivid) aspect of the colours and modulated in phase to carry the hue aspect. In the PAL system, however, the phase information is reversed…

phase: …period, having passed through a phase angle of 90°, or π/2 radians. In this example the motion of the minute hand is a uniform circular motion, but the concept of phase also applies to simple harmonic motion such as that experienced by waves and vibrating bodies.

phase: …altered to another form, a phase change is said to have occurred.

phase diagram, graph showing the limiting conditions for solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a single substance or of a mixture of substances while undergoing changes in pressure and temperature or in some other combination of variables, such as solubility and temperature. The Figure shows a

separation and purification: Separations based on equilibria: All equilibrium methods considered in this section involve the distribution of substances between two phases that are insoluble in one another. As an example, consider the two immiscible liquids benzene and water. If a coloured compound is placed in the water and the two phases are…

particle accelerator: History: Phase focusing, the implementation of the principle of phase stability, was promptly demonstrated by the construction of a small synchrocyclotron at the University of California and an electron synchrotron in England. The first proton linear resonance accelerator was constructed soon thereafter. The large proton synchrotrons…

poison: Biotransformation: In phase I, an exogenous molecule is modified by the addition of a functional group such as a hydroxyl, a carboxyl, or a sulfhydryl. This modification allows phase II, the conjugation, or joining, of the exogenous molecule with an endogenous molecule (one naturally found in the…

steel band: …and Len (“Boogsie”) Sharpe (Phase II Pan Groove) helped to create a new style of steel band music for Panorama, and by the end of the 1970s the Panorama competition had eclipsed fetes and Carnival masquerades as the major venue for steel band performance.

poison: Biotransformation: In phase II reactions an altered exogenous chemical binds with an endogenous molecule, leading to the formation of a final product (the conjugate), which is usually much more water-soluble and easily excreted than the parent chemical. There are four types of parent compounds whose excretion can…

Saul Bass: …the sci-fi thriller feature film Phase IV (1974) and wrote, produced, and directed several short films. His Why Man Creates (1968) won the Academy Award for best short-subject documentary.

modulation: Phase modulation: The phase of a carrier wave is varied in response to the vibrations of the sound source in phase modulation (PM). This form of modulation is often considered a variation of FM. The two processes are closely related, because phase cannot be changed…

orthopteran: Hormones: …has both solitary and gregarious phases. Gregarious locusts outnumber solitary ones, migrate both as nymphs and adults, and travel in swarms. Swarming adults are tremendously destructive to crops. Typically, gregarious locusts have darker bodies and longer wings compared with solitary forms. Colour changes in adults are correlated with maturation of…

phase rule, law relating variables of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, deduced by the American physicist J. Willard Gibbs in his papers on thermodynamics (1875–78). Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are generally considered to be isolated from their environment in some kind of closed

industrial glass: Phase separation: On the scale of several atoms, the structure of multicomponent glasses usually is not as random as that shown in Figure 2. This is because the various components of a molten mixture may display liquid-liquid immiscibility during cooling; that is, the components may…

phase: …altered to another form, a phase change is said to have occurred.

wave: Physical characteristics of surface waves: …troughs and crests, called the phase speed, and the speed and direction of the transport of energy or information associated with the wave, termed the group velocity. For nondispersive long waves the two are equal, whereas for surface gravity waves in deep water the group velocity is only half the…

particle accelerator: Linear proton accelerators: …device, but the principle of phase stability reduces to a manageable magnitude the need for precision in construction. It also makes possible an intense beam because protons can be accelerated in a stable manner even if they do not cross the gaps at exactly the intended times. The principle is…

phase: …altered to another form, a phase change is said to have occurred.

radiation: Dispersion: …referred to, however, is the phase velocity or the velocity with which the sine-wave peaks are propagated. The propagation velocity of an actual signal or the group velocity is always less than the speed of light in vacuum. Therefore, relativity theory is not violated. An example is shown in Figure…

microscope: Phase-contrast microscopes: Many biological objects of interest consist of cell structures such as nuclei that are almost transparent; they transmit as much light as the mounting medium that surrounds them does. Because there is no colour or transmission contrast in such an object, it is…

Lee Ufan: Mono-ha group: …Japanese artist, Sekine Nobuo, created Phase—Mother Earth (1968) in a park in Kōbe. This conceptual work, consisting of a large hole dug in the ground with a cylinder of earth of corresponding size and shape next to it, would become known as a signature of the Mono-ha group. It drew…

telecommunication: Phase-shift keying: When phase is the parameter altered by the information signal, the method is called phase-shift keying (PSK). In the simplest form of PSK a single radio frequency carrier is sent with a fixed phase to represent a 0 and with a 180° phase…

radar: Antennas: ) This is called a phased-array antenna, the basic principle of which is shown in part C of the figure.

bean: The genera Phaseolus and Vigna have several species each of well-known beans, though a number of economically important species can be found in various genera throughout the family. Rich in protein and providing moderate amounts of iron, thiamin, and riboflavin, beans are used worldwide for cooking in…

bean: Other beans: The scarlet runner bean (P. coccineus) is native to tropical America. Naturally a perennial, it is grown to a small extent in temperate climates as an annual. It is a vigorous climbing plant with showy racemes of scarlet flowers, large coarse pods, and large coloured seeds.…

lima bean, (Phaseolus lunatus), any of a variety of legumes (family Fabaceae) widely cultivated for their edible seeds. Of Central American origin, the lima bean is of commercial importance in few countries outside the Americas. There is a wide range of pod size and shape and of seed size, shape,

common bean, (Phaseolus vulgaris), any of a variety of legumes (family Fabaceae) widely cultivated for their edible seeds and seedpods. The common bean is second to the soybean in economic and societal importance as a leguminous food crop. As with other beans, it is rich in protein and provides

Isaac ben Jacob Alfasi was a Talmudic scholar who wrote a codification of the Talmud known as Sefer ha-Halakhot (“Book of Laws”), which ranks with the great codes of Maimonides and Karo. Alfasi lived most of his life in Fès (from which his surname was derived) and there wrote his digest of the

gastropod: Classification: …(turban shells), and Phasianellidae (pheasant shells). Superfamily Neritacea Small, generally intertidal marine shells (Neritidae), with some freshwater dwellers, particularly in Indonesia and the Philippines (Neritidae), and 2 groups of land dwellers: 1 sparsely distributed in the Old World (Hydrocenidae) and 1 widely distributed in both Old and New

Phasianidae, the pheasant family, a bird family (order Galliformes) that includes among its members the jungle fowl (from which the domestic chicken is descended), partridge, peacock, pheasant, and quail. Some classifications assign the turkey to Phasianidae, whereas several others place it in the

Phasianidae, the pheasant family, a bird family (order Galliformes) that includes among its members the jungle fowl (from which the domestic chicken is descended), partridge, peacock, pheasant, and quail. Some classifications assign the turkey to Phasianidae, whereas several others place it in the

pheasant: The common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) has 20–30 races ranging across Asia. Birds naturalized elsewhere are mixtures of races, with the gray-rumped ringneck (or Chinese) strain usually dominating.

pheasant: The green pheasant, or kiji (P. versicolor), of Japan, is mainly metallic green. It is sensitive to earth tremors not felt by humans and calls in concert when a quake impends.

muscle: Twitch and tetanus responses: …by rapid, intense contractions called phasic contractions. If the ends of a frog sartorius muscle (at 0 °C) are fixed to prevent shortening, the tension increases for about 200 milliseconds and then begins to decrease, at first rather rapidly and then more slowly. More happens during this mechanical response to…

Poti: …the ancient Greek colony of Phasis. The modern city developed in the 1880s, when an artificial harbour and a rail link were built. The city has a fishing fleet, a fish-processing works, and a dredger-building works. Manufactures include hydraulic and electrical equipment. Pop. (2014) 41,465; (2016 est.) 41,500.

walkingstick, (order Phasmida, or Phasmatodea), any of about 3,000 species of slow-moving insects that are green or brown in colour and bear a resemblance to twigs as a protective device. Some species also have sharp spines, an offensive odour, or the ability to force their blood, which contains

insect: Annotated classification: Order Phasmida (Phasmatoptera; stick and leaf insects) Often wingless; when winged, tegmina often shorter than wings; all legs similar, adapted for walking; mandibulate mouthparts; no tympanum; female ovipositor short, often concealed. Order Orthoptera

insect: Annotated classification: Order Phasmida (Phasmatoptera; stick and leaf insects) Often wingless; when winged, tegmina often shorter than wings; all legs similar, adapted for walking; mandibulate mouthparts; no tympanum; female ovipositor short, often concealed. Order Orthoptera

insect: Annotated classification: Order Phasmida (Phasmatoptera; stick and leaf insects) Often wingless; when winged, tegmina often shorter than wings; all legs similar, adapted for walking; mandibulate mouthparts; no tympanum; female ovipositor short, often concealed. Order Orthoptera

insect: Annotated classification: Order Phasmida (Phasmatoptera; stick and leaf insects) Often wingless; when winged, tegmina often shorter than wings; all legs similar, adapted for walking; mandibulate mouthparts; no tympanum; female ovipositor short, often concealed. Order Orthoptera

biting midge, (family Ceratopogonidae), any member of a family of small, bloodsucking insects in the fly order, Diptera, that are often serious pests along seashores, rivers, and lakes and may attack in great numbers and cause extreme discomfort. The nickname no-see-ums is descriptive, for,

quasicrystal: Elastic properties: Known as phasons, these elastic deformations correspond to rearrangements of the relative atomic positions. Removal of a phason requires adjusting positions of all atoms within a row of atoms in a quasicrystalline structure. At low temperatures motion of atoms within the solid is difficult, and phason strain…

synchrocyclotron, improved form of cyclotron, a device that accelerates subatomic particles to high energies (see

Hoa Hao, Vietnamese Buddhist religious movement that was formed in 1939 by the Buddhist reformer Huynh Phu So. The Hoa Hao, along with the syncretic religious group Cao Dai, was one of the first groups to initiate armed hostilities against the French and later the Japanese colonialists. Based in

Mo’Nique: …Penguins (2005), and starred in Phat Girlz (2006), a romantic comedy. She attained further critical praise for her performance as the violent, sexually abusive Mary in Precious: Based on the Novel ‘Push’ by Sapphire (2009), which was helmed by Shadowboxer director Lee Daniels. As Mary, the zaftig Mo’Nique stalks the…

Huynh Phu So was a Vietnamese philosopher, Buddhist reformer, and founder (1939) of the religion Phat Giao Hoa Hao, more simply known as Hoa Hao (q.v.), and an anti-French, anticommunist military and political activist. Frail and sickly in his youth, he was educated by a Buddhist monk and at the

pangolin: Some pangolins, such as the African black-bellied pangolin (Manis longicaudata, also classified as Phataginus tetradactyla) and the Chinese pangolin (M. pentadactyla), are almost entirely arboreal; others, such as the giant ground pangolin (M. gigantea, also classified as Smutsia gigantea) of Africa, are terrestrial. All are nocturnal and able to swim…

Phatthalung, town, southern Thailand, situated in a large fertile plain 45 miles (72 km) northeast of Songkhla. It lies on the Bangkok–Singapore rail line. The area is planted largely in rice and coconuts. Fishing is a major activity on Thale Lagoon. Pop. (2000)

Phatthalung, town, southern Thailand, situated in a large fertile plain 45 miles (72 km) northeast of Songkhla. It lies on the Bangkok–Singapore rail line. The area is planted largely in rice and coconuts. Fishing is a major activity on Thale Lagoon. Pop. (2000)

Constantine Phaulkon was a Greek adventurer who became one of the most audacious and prominent figures in the history of 17th-century European relations with Southeast Asia. Phaulkon signed on an English merchant ship in Greece at 12 years of age and sailed to Thailand. He learned the Thai language

Phaulkon-Tachard conspiracy, (1685–88), in Thai history, an unsuccessful attempt to establish French control over Siam (Thailand). Two main conspirators in this attempt were Constantine Phaulkon, a high-level royal adviser to Siam’s King Narai, and Gui Tachard, a French Jesuit missionary. A Greek

Phayao, town, northern Thailand, lying in a mountainous region on the watershed between the Mekong and Chao Phraya river systems. Phayao is located on a scenic mountain lake that empties into the Ing River, a Mekong tributary. The town was the capital of a principality in the 13th and 14th

Sir Arthur Purves Phayre was a British commissioner in Burma (Myanmar), who made a novel attempt to spread European education through traditional Burmese institutions. Educated at the Shrewsbury School in England, Phayre joined the army in India in 1828. He was an army officer in Moulmein in the

Fezzan, historic region of northern Africa and until 1963 one of the three provinces of the United Kingdom of Libya. It is part of the Sahara (desert) and now constitutes the southwestern sector of Libya. Fezzan’s climate is extreme, with very hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall is scarce and

major industrial polymers: Degradable polyesters: acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly-2-hydroxy butyrate (PHB), and polycaprolactone (PCL), as well as their copolymers:

pheasant, any bird of the family Phasianidae (order Galliformes) that is larger than a quail or partridge. Most pheasants—some 50 species in about 16 genera of the subfamily Phasianinae—are long-tailed birds of open woodlands and fields, where they feed in small flocks. All have hoarse calls and a

swamp pheasant, bird species of the cuckoo family (Cuculidae). See

pigeon: …subfamily Columbinae include the chicken-sized pheasant pigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis) of New Guinea. In the New World the white-winged doves and the mourning dove (Zenaida) are popular game birds; Central and South America support the terrestrial ground doves (Metriopelia) and quail doves (Geotrygon). The New World passenger pigeon is extinct.

gastropod: Classification: …(turban shells), and Phasianellidae (pheasant shells). Superfamily Neritacea Small, generally intertidal marine shells (Neritidae), with some freshwater dwellers, particularly in Indonesia and the Philippines (Neritidae), and 2 groups of land dwellers: 1 sparsely distributed in the Old World (Hydrocenidae) and 1 widely distributed in both Old and New

pheasant’s-eye, (species Adonis annua), annual herbaceous plant of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) native to Eurasia and grown in garden borders and for cut flowers. It is 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 inches) tall and is noted for its small, red flowers with prominent dark

Philip III: …the more-elaborate banquets, notably the Feast of the Pheasant in 1454, at Lille, were open to the public, who could admire the endless array of model ships and towers, pies with people inside them, peacocks, swans, and eagles (mock or real), and other paraphernalia that accompanied the various dishes. Other…

jacana: …eastern Australian coast; and the pheasant-tailed jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus), of India and the Philippines, a handsome black, yellow, and white bird that acquires long tail feathers in breeding season.

Gaston III was the count of Foix from 1343, who made Foix one of the most influential and powerful domains in France. A handsome man (hence the surname Phoebus), his court in southern France was famous for its luxury. His passion for hunting led him to write the treatise Livre de la chasse (“Book

Phèdre, classical tragedy in five acts by Jean Racine, performed and published in 1677. Racine’s work is based on the play Hippolytus by the Greek playwright Euripides and addresses the same story, but it changes the focus from Hippolytus (Hippolyte), the stepson, to Phaedra (Phèdre), the

Pierre-Narcisse, Baron Guérin: Phèdre et Hippolyte (1802) and Andromaque et Pyrrhus (1810) are melodramatic, highly calculated pieces. His best painting, the only one to show feeling for colour and atmosphere, is Enée racontant à Didon les malheurs de la ville de Troie (1817). He was director of the…

Phidias was an Athenian sculptor, the artistic director of the construction of the Parthenon, who created its most important religious images and supervised and probably designed its overall sculptural decoration. It is said of Phidias that he alone had seen the exact image of the gods and that he

Battle of Marathon: …relates that a trained runner, Pheidippides (also spelled Phidippides, or Philippides), was sent from Athens to Sparta before the battle in order to request assistance from the Spartans; he is said to have covered about 150 miles (240 km) in about two days.

caste: The subcastes of Pheidole ants are among the best characterized. These ants are capable of producing minor and major subcastes; minors perform foraging duties, while majors, which have large bodies and heads, are involved primarily in defense. A reduction in the population of minors causes majors to take…

Pheidon was the king of Argos, Argolis, who made his city an important power in the Peloponnese, Greece. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus implied that Pheidon flourished about 600 bc, but at this time Corinth and Sicyon, not the Argives, were in the ascendance. Although some later writers

Phek, town, south-central Nagaland state, northeastern India. It lies in the Naga Hills, about 75 miles (121 km) by winding mountain roads east of Kohima. Phek is a remote rural town whose inhabitants practice shifting cultivation. Weaving is the important cottage industry. The people of the region

Orobanchaceae: Major genera and species: The broomrapes and the related Phelipanche attack broadleaf crops in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and elsewhere and are a major constraint to the production of legumes, oilseed crops, and solanaceous crops (e.g., tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, and eggplants). Aeginetia and Christisonia infest sugarcane.

cork, the outer bark of an evergreen type of oak tree called the cork oak (species Quercus suber) that is native to the Mediterranean region. Cork consists of the irregularly shaped, thin-walled, wax-coated cells that make up the peeling bark of the birch and many other trees, but, in the

Asterales: Other families: …in the single genus of Phellinaceae, all of which are endemic to New Caledonia.