phalarope: …phalarope in Britain, and the northern phalarope (P. lobatus), called red-necked phalarope in Britain. Both species winter on tropical oceans, where they are known as sea snipe. Wilson’s phalarope (P. tricolor) breeds primarily in interior western North America and migrates chiefly to the Argentine pampas.

phalarope: Wilson’s phalarope (P. tricolor) breeds primarily in interior western North America and migrates chiefly to the Argentine pampas.

bonnet shell, any of certain small marine mollusks of the helmet shell (q.v.)

Dadasaheb Phalke was a motion picture director who is considered the father of the Indian cinema. Phalke was credited with making India’s first indigenous feature film and spawning the burgeoning Indian film industry today chiefly known through Bollywood productions. As a child, Phalke displayed

Dadasaheb Phalke was a motion picture director who is considered the father of the Indian cinema. Phalke was credited with making India’s first indigenous feature film and spawning the burgeoning Indian film industry today chiefly known through Bollywood productions. As a child, Phalke displayed

stinkhorn, any fungus of the order Phallales (phylum Basidiomycota, kingdom Fungi), typified by a phalluslike, ill-smelling fruiting body. Stinkhorns produce odours that attract the flies and other insects that assist in dispersing the reproductive bodies (spores). Their appearance is often sudden;

human behaviour: Psychoanalytic theories: …Freud called this stage the phallic stage. The half dozen years before puberty are called the latency stage. During the final and so-called genital stage of development, mature gratification is sought in a heterosexual love relationship with another. Freud believed that adult emotional problems result from either deprivation or excessive…

comedy: Origins and definitions: …states that comedy originated in phallic songs and that, like tragedy, it began in improvisation. Though tragedy evolved by stages that can be traced, the progress of comedy passed unnoticed because it was not taken seriously. When tragedy and comedy arose, poets wrote one or the other, according to their…

phallicism, worship of the generative principle as symbolized by the sexual organs or the act of sexual intercourse. Although religious activities that involve sexuality or the symbolism of the male or female sexual organs are sometimes called phallic cults, there is no evidence that any cult is

atheriniform: Natural history: …relatives) and the more specialized phallostethoids. The silversides are mainly freshwater fishes and show some reproductive specializations in courtship behaviour and sexual dimorphism (coloration and fin shape). They breed near the shore, attaching the eggs to plants. The grunion (Leuresthes tenuis) breeds on the California coast, schooling in the surf…

human reproductive system: The scrotum: …of the base of the phallus, the precursor of the penis or clitoris in the embryo. The swellings are also referred to as the labioscrotal swellings, because in females they remain separate to form the labia majora and in males they unite to form the scrotum.

stinkhorn: …in the temperate zone include Phallus, Mutinus, Dictyophora, Simblum, and Clathrus.

comedy: Origins and definitions: …states that comedy originated in phallic songs and that, like tragedy, it began in improvisation. Though tragedy evolved by stages that can be traced, the progress of comedy passed unnoticed because it was not taken seriously. When tragedy and comedy arose, poets wrote one or the other, according to their…

Phalodi, town, west-central Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It lies in a sandy upland region of the Thar (Great Indian) Desert about 70 miles (110 km) northwest of Jodhpur. Phalodi is an old caravan centre, believed to have been founded in the 15th century. Architectural monuments include a

Pham Hung was a Vietnamese politician who served briefly as prime minister (1987–88) and was the first southern Vietnamese to reach the highest level of the Communist Party Central Committee, the Politburo. Hung, an early follower of Ho Chi Minh, joined the Revolutionary Youth League soon after his

South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: North Indian style: …types are called latina and phāmsanā. Curvilinear in outline, the latina is composed of a series of superimposed horizontal roof slabs and has offsets called latās. The edges of the śikhara are interrupted at intervals with grooved discs, each one demarcating a “story.” The surface of the entire śikhara is…

Phan Boi Chau was a dominant personality of early Vietnamese resistance movements, whose impassioned writings and tireless schemes for independence earned him the reverence of his people as one of Vietnam’s greatest patriots. Phan Boi Chau was the son of a poor scholar, who stressed education and

Phan Chau Trinh was a nationalist leader and reformer who played a vital role in the movement for Vietnamese independence and who was the leading proponent of a reformist program that joined the aims of expelling the French and of restructuring Vietnamese society. Trained in military skills by his

Phan Chau Trinh was a nationalist leader and reformer who played a vital role in the movement for Vietnamese independence and who was the leading proponent of a reformist program that joined the aims of expelling the French and of restructuring Vietnamese society. Trained in military skills by his

Le Duc Tho was a Vietnamese politician who, acting as an adviser to North Vietnam, negotiated a cease-fire agreement with U.S. official Henry Kissinger during the Vietnam War. The two men were jointly awarded the 1973 Nobel Prize for Peace, but Tho declined it. Le Duc Tho was one of the founders of

Phan Dinh Phung was a Vietnamese government official who opposed French expansion in Vietnam and became a leader of the nationalist resistance movement. Phan was a mandarin at the court of the Vietnamese emperor Tu Duc. After Tu Duc’s death in 1883, Phan opposed the succession of the emperor’s

Phan Khoi was an intellectual leader who inspired a North Vietnamese variety of the Chinese Hundred Flowers Campaign, in which scholars were permitted to criticize the Communist regime, but for which he himself was ultimately persecuted by the Communist Party of Vietnam. Phan Khoi was a dedicated

Phan Thanh Gian was a Vietnamese government official and diplomat whose conservatism and strict adherence to the political and ethical tenets of Confucianism may have contributed to the French conquest of Vietnam. The son of a low-ranking administrative employee, Phan Thanh Gian was outstanding in

Phan Thanh Gian was a Vietnamese government official and diplomat whose conservatism and strict adherence to the political and ethical tenets of Confucianism may have contributed to the French conquest of Vietnam. The son of a low-ranking administrative employee, Phan Thanh Gian was outstanding in

Phan Thiet, seaport, southern Vietnam. It lies along the South China Sea at the head of a broad crescent bay, 112 miles (180 km) east-northeast of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). Originally a fishing village, it had resort facilities under the French colonial administration. It is one of

Phanariote, member of one of the principal Greek families of the Phanar, the Greek quarter of Constantinople (Istanbul), who, as administrators in the civil bureaucracy, exercised great influence in the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century. Some members of these families, which had acquired great

Phanariote, member of one of the principal Greek families of the Phanar, the Greek quarter of Constantinople (Istanbul), who, as administrators in the civil bureaucracy, exercised great influence in the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century. Some members of these families, which had acquired great

primate: Classification: and mouse lemurs) Subfamily Phanerinae (fork-crowned lemurs) Family Lemuridae (“true” lemurs) 5 genera, about 18 species from Madagascar. 1 Holocene fossil genus. Family Megaladapidae (sportive and koala lemurs) 1

rock: Classification by grain or crystal size: …term for small crystals, and phaneritic for larger ones. Very coarse crystals (those larger than 3 centimetres, or 1.2 inches) are termed pegmatitic.

seed plant, any of the more than 300,000 species of seed-bearing vascular plants. Although the taxonomic division Spermatophyta is no longer accepted, the term spermatophyte is used to refer collectively to the angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperms (conifers, cycads, and allies). See also

Matoniaceae: …genera (Matonia, two species; and Phanerosorus, two species). Although once widespread in the tropics, the family’s members now occur only in the Malayan region, mainly on open ridgetops at higher elevations, on mountain summits, and on limestone.

Phanerozoic Eon, the span of geologic time extending about 541 million years from the end of the Proterozoic Eon (which began about 2.5 billion years ago) to the present. The Phanerozoic, the eon of visible life, is divided into three major spans of time largely on the basis of characteristic

Australia: Tectonic framework: …to a younger cover of Phanerozoic sediment (deposited during the past 541 million years); for example, all the sedimentary basins west of the Tasman Line are underlain by Precambrian basement. The third is as relicts in younger orogenic belts, as in the Georgetown Inlier of northern Queensland and in the…

sea star: Edged sea stars, order Phanerozonia, have distinct marginal plates and therefore tend to be rigid. Members of the order have suction-tube feet; the anus may be lacking. Most of the deep-sea sea stars belong to this order, and many are burrowers. Albatrossaster richardi has been…

Cambyses II: …from Polycrates of Samos; from Phanes, a Greek general in the Egyptian army who gave him valuable military information; and from the Arabs, who provided water for the crossing of the Sinai Desert. After Cambyses had won the Battle of Pelusium (525) in the Nile Delta and had captured Heliopolis…

Fan Si Peak, highest peak (10,312 feet [3,143 metres]) in Vietnam, lying in Lao Cai tinh (province) and forming part of the Fan Si–Sa Phin range, which extends northwest-southeast for nearly 19 miles (31 km) between the Red River (Song Hong) and the Black River (Song Da). Along most of the range

Phangnga, town, southern Thailand, on the hilly western side of the Malay Peninsula. It lies on the coastal road and is a centre for mining, trade, and tourism inspired by the mountain caves and coastal scenery. The surrounding area has a coastline on the Indian Ocean and embraces a number of

Phanias was a Greek philosopher of Eresus on the island of Lesbos, a pupil of Aristotle and a friend of Theophrastus, whom he joined in the Peripatetic school. Phanias is mentioned as the author of works on logic, in which he probably followed Aristotle’s doctrine. He also wrote, as Theophrastus

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling: Period of intense productivity: …his Phänomenologie des Geistes (1807; The Phenomenology of Mind) contained strong charges against Schelling’s system. To Schelling’s definition of the Absolute as an indiscriminate unity of the subjective and the objective, Hegel replied that such an Absolute is comparable to the night, “in which all cows are black.” Besides, Schelling…

Thailand: Cultural life: …end of “Buddhist Lent” (phansa)—a three-month period corresponding to the monsoon season, during which both monks and laypeople give added attention to religious practices such as meditation.

Frank Bridge: …smaller forms, such as the Phantasie Quartet for piano and strings (1910), four string quartets, and songs and piano pieces. His early works were Romantic in style; later, while he never abandoned Romanticism, he moved toward atonality. He was widely respected as a teacher, and his pupils included Benjamin Britten.

Wolfgang Fortner: The Phantasie über B-A-C-H for two pianos, nine solo instruments, and orchestra (1950) displays Fortner’s skill with 12-tone technique. In the Phantasie, Arnold Schoenberg’s original 12-tone system is modified to fit Fortner’s virtuosic conception. Fortner’s operas include two works based on plays by Federico García Lorca:…

Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder: …of his own essays) as Phantasien über die Kunst (“Fantasies on Art”). Wackenroder died of typhoid at the age of 24.

E.T.A. Hoffmann: …and wrote the stories in Phantasiestücke in Callots Manier, 4 vol. (1814–15; Fantasy Pieces in Callot’s Manner), that established his reputation as a writer. He was appointed in 1814 to the court of appeal in Berlin, becoming councillor in 1816.

Hypnos: …brought dreams of animals; and Phantasus, who brought dreams of inanimate things.

Ludwig Tieck: Phantasus, 3 vol. (1812–16), a heterogeneous collection of works in a narrative framework, indicated a movement toward realism.

fantasy, imaginative fiction dependent for effect on strangeness of setting (such as other worlds or times) and of characters (such as supernatural or unnatural beings). Examples include William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord

fantasia: …later works, including Arnold Schoenberg’s Phantasy for Violin and Piano (1949), frequently recall the sectionalized arrangement that prevailed during the Renaissance and early Baroque periods. The complex contrapuntal keyboard fantasias of J.S. Bach (e.g., Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue, c. 1720), on the other hand, inspired similar works by Franz Liszt,…

Mount Everest: The first ascent by a woman: …team included a Tibetan woman, Phantog, who reached the summit on May 27. The honours for the first woman to summit Everest, however, belong to the Japanese climber Tabei Junko, who reached the top from the South Col on May 16. She was climbing with the first all-women expedition to…

Phantom, the first costumed, fictional superhero, known as “The Ghost Who Walks.” Comics scholars generally agree that Superman was the first true superhero of the comic books, clearly marking the entrance of a new kind of hero into the marketplace. Though Superman wears an iconic costume, he was

Ed Harris: In the Cold War thriller Phantom (2013) Harris starred as a Soviet submarine captain suffering from hallucinatory seizures, and in the action caper Pain & Gain (2013) he portrayed a private investigator. Harris’s other films from 2013 included the sci-fi drama Gravity, in which he provided the voice of mission…

Audrey Tautou: …journalist in the animated fantasy Phantom Boy (both 2015). In 2016 Tautou appeared in L’Odyssée (The Odyssey), a biopic about Jacques Cousteau. Her later films included the family comedy Santa & Cie (2017; Christmas & Co.) and En liberte! (2018; The Trouble with You), in which she played the wife…

Wild Strawberries: His film Körkarlen (The Phantom Carriage, 1921) was one of Bergman’s favourites and a major influence on Wild Strawberries, which was Sjöström’s final performance. Sjöström won much praise for bringing empathy to a character who has spent his life as a cold and insulated person. Bergman later said,…

Second Battle of Fallujah, joint American, Iraqi, and British military campaign from November 7 to December 23, 2004, during the Iraq War that crushed the Islamic insurgents in Fallujah, Iraq, in the Sunni Muslim province of Al-Anbar. After the First Battle of Fallujah (April 4–May 1, 2004) left

F-4, two-seat, twin-engine jet fighter-bomber built by the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation (later the McDonnell-Douglas Corporation) for the United States and many other countries. The first F-4 was delivered to the U.S. Navy in 1960 and to the Air Force in 1963. By the time it went out of

Robert Siodmak: …triumph was the film noir Phantom Lady (1944), an acclaimed adaptation of Cornell Woolrich’s novel, with Alan Curtis as a man accused of killing his wife, Ella Raines as his faithful secretary, and Franchot Tone as his ostensibly loyal pal. Next was Cobra Woman (1944), a Technicolor extravaganza featuring Maria…

phantom limb syndrome, the ability to feel sensations and even pain in a limb or limbs that no longer exist. Phantom limb syndrome is characterized by both nonpainful and painful sensations. Nonpainful sensations can be divided into the perception of movement and the perception of external

phantom midge, any insect of the family Chaoboridae (order Diptera), similar in appearance to the mosquito. The common name is derived from the fact that the larvae are almost transparent. Their antennae are modified into grasping organs. The larvae, found in pools, often feed on mosquito larvae.

The Phantom of the Opera: A feature film adaptation, directed by Joel Schumacher, was released in 2004. Though the film retained most of the songs from the stage musical, it found its cast away from the Broadway stage: its stars—Gerald Butler (Phantom), Emmy Rossum (Christine), and Patrick Wilson (Raoul)—were primarily film and…

The Phantom of the Opera, American silent horror film, released in 1925, that starred Lon Chaney in his most famous role. (Read Lon Chaney’s 1929 Britannica essay on makeup.) The macabre story is based on French author Gaston Leroux’s novel Le Fantôme de l’opéra (1910). A disfigured eccentric

Gaston Leroux: In 1910 The Phantom of the Opera appeared serially (before publication as a novel) and received only moderate sales and somewhat poor reviews. The melodrama of the hideous recluse abducting a beautiful young woman in a Paris opera house did not achieve international celebrity until the American…

The Phantom of the Opera, British horror film, released in 1962, that was based on Gaston Leroux’s popular novel and was notable for Herbert Lom’s sympathetic portrayal of the Phantom. For this adapation, the setting is moved from Paris to London at the turn of the 20th century. The film opens as

Brian De Palma: The 1970s: Phantom of the Paradise (1974) was Phantom of the Opera retold as a rock musical, with stylistic references to several classic horror movies. It was a commercial disappointment, however, as was De Palma’s next film, Obsession (1976), a recycling of Vertigo (1958).

Roy Del Ruth: Later work: In 1954 Del Ruth directed Phantom of the Rue Morgue, which was shot in 3-D but released “flat.” Del Ruth’s horror film paled in comparison with the 1932 version, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, with Karl Malden miscast in the Bela Lugosi role.

helleborine: The phantom orchid (C. austiniae), the only species native to the Western Hemisphere, relies entirely on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrition. The most common British species is large white helleborine (C. damasonium). It has many long thick roots. The petals are borne close together, giving the flower…

human nervous system: Changes in the cerebral cortex: …area; this phenomenon is called phantom pain.

Walter Lippmann: In The Phantom Public (1925) he again treated the problem of communication in politics; while continuing to doubt the possibility of a true democracy, he nonetheless rejected government by an elite.

Rudyard Kipling: Legacy of Rudyard Kipling: …eruption of the supernatural in The Phantom Rickshaw (1888) to its subtle exploitation in “The Wish House” or “A Madonna of the Trenches” (1924), or from the innocent chauvinism of the bravura “The Man Who Was” (1890) to the depth of implication beneath the seemingly insensate xenophobia of Mary Postgate…

Paul Thomas Anderson: Anderson next wrote and directed Phantom Thread (2017), which starred Day-Lewis as a dressmaker whose pursuit of perfection begets tension in his romantic relationships. Anderson earned an Oscar nod for his direction, and the film was nominated for best picture. He was also praised for Licorice Pizza (2021), a 1970s…

children’s literature: Contemporary times: The first was The Phantom Tollbooth (1961) by Norton Juster, a fantasy about a boy “who didn’t know what to do with himself.” Not entirely unjustly, it has been compared to Alice. The second received less attention but is more remarkable: The Mouse and His Child (1969), by…

Phao Sriyanond was the director general of the Thai government’s national police, who as one of a powerful triumvirate, with Luang Phibunsongkhram and Sarit Thanarat, built a formidable armed force in an unsuccessful attempt to assert his individual authority. Phao, of Thai-Burmese ancestry, joined

columbiform: Distinguishing characteristics: One, the flock pigeon (Phaps histrionica), makes long flights to its feeding and drinking places and has long wings, in many respects apparently living like the sandgrouse of Africa and Eurasia.

David Williamson: …also wrote several screenplays, including Phar Lap (1982) and, in collaboration with Peter Weir, Gallipoli (1981) and The Year of Living Dangerously (1982).

pharaoh, (from Egyptian per ʿaa, “great house”), originally, the royal palace in ancient Egypt. The word came to be used metonymically for the Egyptian king under the New Kingdom (starting in the 18th dynasty, c. 1539–c. 1292 bce), and by the 22nd dynasty (c. 943–c. 746 bce) it had been adopted as

Chris Cooper: …the American Civil War movie Pharoah’s Army. In Lone Star (1996) he portrayed a character created for him by Sayles, that of a Texas sheriff investigating a long-ago murder that may have been committed by his father. He appeared in A Time to Kill (1996), based on a novel by…

vulture: Old World vultures: The Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus), also called Pharaoh’s chicken, is a small Old World vulture about 60 cm (24 inches) long. It is white with black flight feathers, a bare face, and a cascading mane of feathers. This vulture’s range is northern and eastern Africa, southern…

Egypt: Sports and recreation: The national team, the Pharaohs, was the first African representative at the World Cup (1934) and has won the African Cup of Nations a number of times since that competition began in 1957. In 2010 Egypt became the first country to win three consecutive African Cup of Nations titles.

Pharisee, member of a Jewish religious party that flourished in Palestine during the latter part of the Second Temple period (515 bce–70 ce). The Pharisees’ insistence on the binding force of oral tradition (“the unwritten Torah”) remains a basic tenet of Jewish theological thought. When the Mishna

pharmaceutical, substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease and for restoring, correcting, or modifying organic functions. (See also pharmaceutical industry.) Records of medicinal plants and minerals date to ancient Chinese, Hindu, and Mediterranean civilizations. Ancient

antifungal drug, any substance that acts selectively against a fungal pathogen (disease-causing organism) in the treatment of fungal infection (mycosis). The major groups of antifungals are the polyenes, the azoles, and the allyamines; these groups are distinguished primarily by chemical structure

pharmaceutical industry, the discovery, development, and manufacture of drugs and medications (pharmaceuticals) by public and private organizations. The modern era of the pharmaceutical industry—of isolation and purification of compounds, chemical synthesis, and computer-aided drug design—is

pharmaceutical industry: Pharmaceutical science in the 16th and 17th centuries: In 1841 the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain was founded. This society oversaw the education and training of pharmacists to assure a scientific basis for the profession. Today professional societies around the world play a prominent role in supervising the education and practice of their members.

therapeutics: Drug therapy: Study of the factors that influence the movement of drugs throughout the body is called pharmacokinetics, which includes the

therapeutics: Principles of drug uptake and distribution: …and their effects is called pharmacodynamics. Before a drug can be effective, it must be absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Drugs taken orally may be absorbed by the intestines at different rates, some being absorbed rapidly, some more slowly. Even rapidly absorbed drugs can be prepared in ways that…

pharmaceutical industry: Pharmacokinetic investigation: In addition to the animal toxicity studies outlined above, biopharmaceutical studies are required for all new drugs. The chemical makeup of the drug and the dosage form of the drug to be used in trials must be described. The stability of the drug…

drug cult, group using drugs to achieve religious or spiritual revelation and for ritualistic purposes. Though the idea may be strange to most modern worshippers, drugs have played an important role in the history of religions. The ceremonial use of wine and incense in contemporary ritual is

pharmacology, branch of medicine that deals with the interaction of drugs with the systems and processes of living animals, in particular, the mechanisms of drug action as well as the therapeutic and other uses of the drug. The first Western pharmacological treatise, a listing of herbal plants used

pharmacopoeia, book published by a government, or otherwise under official sanction, to provide standards of strength and purity for therapeutic drugs. The primary function of a pharmacopoeia is to describe the formulation of each drug on the selected list. The provisions of the pharmacopoeia are

pharmacopoeia: …the British Pharmacopoeia and the Pharmacopeia of the United States are written by private, nonprofit organizations with the sanction of their respective governments. The proceeds of their sale support their revision. Most countries not having a national pharmacopoeia have adopted one of another country or countries or, in some cases,…

pharmacopoeia, book published by a government, or otherwise under official sanction, to provide standards of strength and purity for therapeutic drugs. The primary function of a pharmacopoeia is to describe the formulation of each drug on the selected list. The provisions of the pharmacopoeia are

pharmacopoeia: …the British Pharmacopoeia and the Pharmacopeia of the United States are written by private, nonprofit organizations with the sanction of their respective governments. The proceeds of their sale support their revision. Most countries not having a national pharmacopoeia have adopted one of another country or countries or, in some cases,…

pharmacosiderite, hydrated iron arsenate mineral (KFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4·6−7H2O) that forms olive-green to honey-yellow, yellowish-brown, and brown, transparent to translucent, striated cubes. It usually occurs as a weathering product of arsenic-rich minerals, as in Cornwall, Eng.; Saxony (Ger.);

therapeutics: Drug therapy: Study of the factors that influence the movement of drugs throughout the body is called pharmacokinetics, which includes the

pharmacy, the science and art concerned with the preparation and standardization of drugs. Its scope includes the cultivation of plants that are used as drugs, the synthesis of chemical compounds of medicinal value, and the analysis of medicinal agents. Pharmacists are responsible for the

Marcel Duchamp: Farewell to art: In 1914 Pharmacy consisted of a commercial print of a winter landscape, to which he added two small figures reminiscent of pharmacists’ bottles. It was nearly 40 years before the ready-mades were seen as more than a derisive gesture against the excessive importance attached to works of…

pharmākos, in Greek religion, a human scapegoat used in certain state rituals. In Athens, for example, a man and a woman who were considered ugly were selected as scapegoats each year. At the festival of the Thargelia in May or June, they were feasted, led round the town, beaten with green twigs,

pharming, the generation of pharmaceuticals using animals or plants that have been genetically engineered. Pharming is a useful alternative to traditional pharmaceutical development because genetically engineered livestock and plants are relatively inexpensive to produce and maintain. In addition,

Pharnabazus was a Persian soldier and statesman who was the hereditary satrap (provincial governor) of Dascylium under Darius II and Artaxerxes II. Pharnabazus was an outstanding military and naval commander in Persia’s wars against Athens and Sparta. In the war with Athens, beginning in 413 bc, he

Julius Caesar: Antecedents and outcome of the civil war of 49–45 bce: …war in northeastern Anatolia with Pharnaces, king of the Cimmerian Bosporus, who was trying to regain Pontus, the kingdom of his father, Mithradates. Caesar’s famous words, Veni, vidi, vici (“I came, I saw, I conquered”), are his own account of this campaign.

Giresun, city and seaport, northeastern Turkey. It lies along the Black Sea about 110 miles (175 km) west of Trabzon. The older parts of the city lie on a peninsula crowned by a ruined Byzantine fortress, sheltering the small natural harbour. Nearby is Giresun Island, in ancient times called Ares.