lady’s slipper: Genera: Species of Paphiopedilum, a genus of about 70 tropical Asian lady’s slippers, have mottled or greenish leaves with a leathery texture and large waxy flowers of various colours. Many hybrids have been developed.

Paphlagonia, ancient district of Anatolia adjoining the Black Sea, bounded by Bithynia in the west, Pontus in the east, and Galatia in the south. The Paphlagonians were one of the most ancient peoples of Anatolia. Passing under the rule of Lydia and Persia, they submitted to Alexander the Great

Paphos, town, southwestern Republic of Cyprus. Paphos was also the name of two ancient cities that were the precursors of the modern town. The older ancient city (Greek: Palaipaphos) was located at modern Pírgos (Kouklia); New Paphos, which had superseded Old Paphos by Roman times, was 10 miles (16

airport: Navigational aids: … (VASIS) and the more modern precision approach path indicator (PAPI). Both work on the principle of guiding lights that show white when the pilot is above the proper glide slope and red when below.

Papiamentu, creole language based on Portuguese but heavily influenced by Spanish. In the early 21st century, it was spoken by about 250,000 people, primarily on the Caribbean islands of Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire. It is an official language of Curaçao and Aruba. Papiamentu developed in Curaçao

Netherlands Antilles, group of five islands in the Caribbean Sea that formerly constituted an autonomous part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The group is composed of two widely separated subgroups approximately 500 miles (800 km) apart. The southern group comprises Curaçao and Bonaire, which

Papiamentu, creole language based on Portuguese but heavily influenced by Spanish. In the early 21st century, it was spoken by about 250,000 people, primarily on the Caribbean islands of Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire. It is an official language of Curaçao and Aruba. Papiamentu developed in Curaçao

Germanic law: The Lex Burgundiorum and the Lex Romana Burgundiorum of the same period had similar functions, while the Edictum Rothari (643) applied to Lombards only.

Papias was a bishop of Hierapolis, in Phrygia (now in Turkey), and one of the Apostolic Fathers. His work Explanation of the Sayings of the Lord, although extant only in fragments, provides important apostolic oral source accounts of the history of primitive Christianity and of the origins of the

collage: In the 19th century, papiers collés were created from papers cut out and put together to form decorative compositions. In about 1912–13 Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque extended this technique, combining fragments of paper, wood, linoleum, and newspapers with oil paint on canvas to form subtle and interesting abstract…

papier-mâché, repulped paper that has been mixed with glue or paste so that it can be molded. The art of making articles of papier-mâché, beautifully decorated in Oriental motifs and handsomely lacquered, was known in the East centuries before its introduction in Europe. Molded-paper products were

caterpillar: …of many swallowtail butterflies (Papilio) are white and brown and resemble bird droppings on leaves, but, as the caterpillars grow, their appearance changes such that their colours eventually serve as camouflage enabling them to blend in with the leaves and stems of plants. In some caterpillars, coloration is conspicuous…

lepidopteran: Protection against danger: …notably the African swallowtail (Papilio dardanus). The occurrence of different species of inedible butterfly models in various geographic regions has been accompanied by the evolution of correspondingly different mimetic females of this single species of swallowtail. In North America the tiger swallowtail (P. glaucus) has mostly black females wherever…

lepidopteran: Protection against danger: In North America the tiger swallowtail (P. glaucus) has mostly black females wherever it coexists with the distasteful pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor), which is also black. However, where B. philenor does not occur, P. glaucus females tend to be all nonmimetic yellow forms like the males because, without the…

community ecology: Specialization in parasites: …Old World swallowtail group (Papilio machaon). In the Old World swallowtail group are several species that feed on plants in the carrot family Apiaceae (also called Umbelliferae), with different populations feeding on different plant species. However, one species within this group, the Oregon swallowtail (Papilio oregonius), has become specialized…

zebra swallowtail butterfly, (Eurytides marcellus), species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae (order Lepidoptera) that has wing patterns reminiscent of a zebra’s stripes, with a series of longitudinal black bands forming a pattern on a greenish white or white background. There are several

community ecology: Specialization in parasites: …group, the Oregon swallowtail (Papilio oregonius), has become specialized to feed on tarragon sagebrush (Artemisia dracunculus), which is in the plant family Asteracaea (Compositae of some sources). Among the tiger swallowtail group, various members have become specialized to different plant hosts. The eastern tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus) has a…

Fabaceae, pea family of flowering plants (angiosperms), within the order Fabales. Fabaceae, which is the third largest family among the angiosperms after Orchidaceae (orchid family) and Asteraceae (aster family), consists of more than 700 genera and about 20,000 species of trees, shrubs, vines, and

butterfly: …known for their mass migrations; Papilionidae, the swallowtails and parnassians; Lycaenidae, including the blues, coppers, hairstreaks, and gossamer-winged butterflies; Riodinidae, the metalmarks, found chiefly in the

swallowtail butterfly, (subfamily Papilioninae), any of a group of butterflies in the family Papilionidae (order Lepidoptera). The swallowtail butterflies (Papilio) are found worldwide except in the Arctic. They are named for the characteristic tail-like extensions of the hindwings, although many

butterfly, (superfamily Papilionoidea), any of numerous species of insects belonging to multiple families. Butterflies, along with the moths and the skippers, make up the insect order Lepidoptera. Butterflies are nearly worldwide in their distribution. The wings, bodies, and legs, like those of

Fabales: Classification of Fabaceae: The subfamily Faboideae, also called Papilionoideae (classified as a family, Fabaceae or Papilionaceae, by some authorities), is the largest group of legumes, consisting of about 475 genera and nearly 14,000 species grouped in 14 tribes. The name of the group probably originated because of the flower’s resemblance to a butterfly…

sound reception: Sound reception in vertebrates— auditory mechanisms of fishes and amphibians: Only the amphibians have a papilla amphibiorum, which is located near the junction of the utricle and the saccule. In some amphibians and in all reptiles, birds, and mammals, there is a papilla basilaris, which is usually called a cochlea in the higher forms, in which it is highly detailed.…

human ear: Structure of the cochlea: …the basilar membrane is the organ of Corti, which contains the hair cells that give rise to nerve signals in response to sound vibrations. The side of the triangle is formed by two tissues that line the bony wall of the cochlea: the stria vascularis, which lines the outer wall…

mollusk: The nervous system and organs of sensation: Pluricellular mantle papillae, which penetrate the cuticle, the valves, and the shell in some conchifers, are differentiated in placophores as photoreceptors. Aside from the well-developed, vertebrate-like eyes of cephalopods, there are photoreceptors on the mantle margins of scallops and related bivalves. Orientation in different gastropods is…

thyroid tumour: …four types of thyroid cancer: papillary carcinoma, which accounts for about 90 percent of cases, and follicular carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, and medullary carcinoma, which together account for the remaining 10 percent of cases. Papillary and follicular carcinomas are very slow-growing tumours, and, while they can spread to lymph nodes in…

ventricle: The papillary muscles project like nipples into the cavities of the ventricles. They are attached by fine strands of tendon to the valves between the atria and ventricles and prevent the valves from opening when the ventricles contract. .

eye disease: Disorders of the optic nerve: …head of each eye (called papilledema) is one of the most important signs of increased intracranial pressure. If the swelling persists, damage to the fibres of the optic nerve can take place, with subsequent loss of vision.

optic neuritis: …nerve from the eye (papillitis), or it may be in the nerve shaft behind the eyeball (retrobulbar neuritis).

laryngeal cancer: …carcinoma; the other, called a papilloma, often is benign but occasionally becomes malignant.

papillomavirus, any of a subgroup of viruses belonging to the family Papillomaviridae that infect birds and mammals, causing warts (papillomas) and other benign tumours, as well as malignant cancers of the genital tract and the uterine cervix in humans. They are small polygonal viruses containing

papillomavirus, any of a subgroup of viruses belonging to the family Papillomaviridae that infect birds and mammals, causing warts (papillomas) and other benign tumours, as well as malignant cancers of the genital tract and the uterine cervix in humans. They are small polygonal viruses containing

papillomavirus, any of a subgroup of viruses belonging to the family Papillomaviridae that infect birds and mammals, causing warts (papillomas) and other benign tumours, as well as malignant cancers of the genital tract and the uterine cervix in humans. They are small polygonal viruses containing

Henri Charrière was a French criminal and prisoner in French Guiana who described a lively career of imprisonments, adventures, and escapes in an autobiography, Papillon (1969). Charrière’s nickname derived from the design of a butterfly (French: “papillon”) tattooed on his chest. As a young man he

Franklin J. Schaffner: Even more popular was Papillon (1973), which was based on the autobiography of Henri Charrière, a French prisoner who escaped from Devils Island. Steve McQueen starred in the title role, and Dustin Hoffman portrayed a fellow prisoner. Although considered overly long, the drama was a critical and commercial success.…

papillon, breed of toy dog known from the 16th century, when it was called a dwarf spaniel. A fashionable dog, it was favoured by Madame de Pompadour and Marie-Antoinette, and it appeared in paintings by some of the Old Masters. The name papillon (French: “butterfly”) was given to the breed in the

Henri Charrière: …and escapes in an autobiography, Papillon (1969).

Denis Papin was a French-born British physicist who invented the pressure cooker and suggested the first cylinder and piston steam engine. Though his design was not practical, it was improved by others and led to the development of the steam engine, a major contribution to the Industrial

Louis-Joseph Papineau was a politician who was the radical leader of the French Canadians in Lower Canada (now Quebec) in the period preceding an unsuccessful revolt against the British government in 1837. Papineau was elected a member of the House of Assembly of Lower Canada in 1809. During the

Giovanni Papini was a journalist, critic, poet, and novelist, one of the most outspoken and controversial Italian literary figures of the early and mid-20th century. He was influential first as a fiercely iconoclastic editor and writer, then as a leader of Italian Futurism, and finally as a

Papinian was a Roman jurist who posthumously became the definitive authority on Roman law, possibly because his moral high-mindedness was congenial to the worldview of the Christian rulers of the post-Classical empire. Papinian held high public office under the emperor Septimius Severus (reigned

Andreas Gryphius: …Celinde (all printed 1657), and Papinianus (1659). These plays deal with the themes of stoicism and religious constancy unto martyrdom, of the Christian ruler and the Machiavellian tyrant, and of illusion and reality, a theme that is used with telling effect in the middle-class background of Cardenio und Celinde. The…

baboon, (genus Papio), any of five species of large, robust, and primarily terrrestrial monkeys found in dry regions of Africa and Arabia. Males of the largest species, the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus), average 30 kg (66 pounds) or so, but females are only half this size. The smallest is the

baboon: The anubis, or olive baboon (P. anubis), is only slightly smaller than the chacma and olive in colour; the male has a large mane of hair over the head and shoulders. The anubis baboon has a wide range, from the hinterland of Kenya and Ethiopia through the grasslands…

chacma, species of baboon

hamadryas, (Papio hamadryas), large, powerful monkey of the plains and open-rock areas of the Red Sea coast, both in Africa (Eritrea, The Sudan) and on the opposite coast in Yemen and Saudi Arabia. The hamadryas is the smallest baboon species, with a body length of about 60–70 cm (24–28 inches) and

baboon: The small red Guinea baboon (P. papio) is restricted to far western Africa, and males have a cape of hair. These four species are often referred to collectively as savannah baboons, and they have much in common. All live in large cohesive troops numbering from 10 to several…

chacma, species of baboon

Joseph Papp was an American theatrical producer and director, founder of the New York Shakespeare Festival and the Public Theater. He was a major innovative force in the American theater in the second half of the 20th century. Papp studied acting and directing at the Actor’s Laboratory Theater in

Papish v. Board of Curators of the University of Missouri, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 19, 1973, held in a per curiam (unsigned) opinion that the expulsion of a student from a public university for distributing on campus a newspaper that contained what the university deemed

Papish v. Board of Curators of the University of Missouri: Facts of the case: Barbara Papish, a 32-year-old graduate student majoring in journalism at the University of Missouri, was expelled for distributing an issue of the Free Press Underground newspaper, published by the nonprofit Columbia Free Press Corporation. According to university officials, the paper contained forms of what they…

Greek literature: Old Athenian School: … novel I Pápissa Ioánna (1866; Pope Joan) is a hilarious satire on medieval and modern religious practices as well as a pastiche of the historical novel. Pávlos Kalligás, in Thános Vlékas (1855), treated contemporary problems such as brigandage. In Loukís Láras (1879; Eng. trans., Loukis Laras) Dimítrios Vikélas presented a…

Stanley Ketchel: …September 7, 1908, Ketchel faced Billy Papke in a title match. As Ketchel stepped forward to shake hands (touch gloves) with his opponent, Papke sucker punched Ketchel and staggered him. Ketchel never recovered and was badly beaten in the 1st round, although he managed to hold on until he was…

papovavirus, any virus in the families Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae. Papovaviruses are responsible for a variety of abnormal growths in animals: warts (papillomas) in humans, dogs, and other animals; cervical cancer in women; tumours (polyomas) in mice; and vacuoles (open areas) in cells of

papovavirus, any virus in the families Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae. Papovaviruses are responsible for a variety of abnormal growths in animals: warts (papillomas) in humans, dogs, and other animals; cervical cancer in women; tumours (polyomas) in mice; and vacuoles (open areas) in cells of

Green Arrow: …writer Mort Weisinger and artist George Papp. Nicknamed the “Emerald Archer” for his Robin Hood-like appearance and manner, the character first appeared in More Fun Comics no. 73 (November 1941).

Joseph Papp was an American theatrical producer and director, founder of the New York Shakespeare Festival and the Public Theater. He was a major innovative force in the American theater in the second half of the 20th century. Papp studied acting and directing at the Actor’s Laboratory Theater in

László Papp was a Hungarian boxer who became the first three-time Olympic boxing champion, winning gold medals in 1948, 1952, and 1956. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Papp, a former railway clerk, competed as a middleweight (161 pounds [73 kg]) at the 1948 Olympic Games in

pappataci fever, acute infectious febrile disease caused by a phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae) and producing temporary incapacitation, marked initially by abdominal symptoms, severe frontal headache, chills, fever, and joint and muscle pain. It is transmitted to humans by the bloodsucking female

Bertha Pappenheim was an Austrian Jewish activist who was a founder of the League of Jewish Women and who is widely considered to have been the first patient of psychoanalysis. Pappenheim was a well-documented patient of Austrian physician Josef Breuer in the early 1880s; she became known by the

Gottfried Heinrich, count zu Pappenheim was a German cavalry commander conspicuous early in the Thirty Years’ War. Pappenheim served with the Catholic League, headed by the elector Maximilian I of Bavaria and commanded by Johann Tserclaes, Graf von Tilly. Idolized by his regiment of cuirassiers,

Asteraceae: Flowers: …given a different name, the pappus. The pappus consists of one to many dry scales, awns (small pointed processes), or capillary (hairlike) bristles; in some the scales may be joined by their margins to form a crownlike ring at the summit of the ovary. In a few genera (e.g., Marshallia)…

Pappus of Alexandria was the most important mathematical author writing in Greek during the later Roman Empire, known for his Synagoge (“Collection”), a voluminous account of the most important work done in ancient Greek mathematics. Other than that he was born at Alexandria in Egypt and that his

projective geometry: Projective invariants: In its first variant, by Pappus of Alexandria (fl. ad 320) as shown in the figure, it only uses collinearity:

Pappus’s theorem, in mathematics, theorem named for the 4th-century Greek geometer Pappus of Alexandria that describes the volume of a solid, obtained by revolving a plane region D about a line L not intersecting D, as the product of the area of D and the length of the circular path traversed by

chaat: Papri chaat (or papdi chaat) is crispy fried-dough wafers served with typical chaat ingredients such as chickpeas, boiled potatoes, yogurt sauce, and tamarind and coriander chutneys; it may also contain pomegranate seeds

paprika, spice made from the pods of Capsicum annuum, an annual shrub belonging to the nightshade family, Solanaceae, and native to tropical areas of the Western Hemisphere, including Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies. C. annuum is cultivated throughout most of the world

Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger: …Papst und das Konzil (1869; The Pope and the Council), under the pen name Janus. This book, which criticized the Vatican Council and the doctrine of infallibility, immediately was placed on the Vatican’s Index of Forbidden Books.

Papua, propinsi (or provinsi; province) of Indonesia, spanning roughly the eastern three-fourths of the western half of the island of New Guinea as well as a number of offshore islands—notably, Sorenarwa (Yapen), Yos Sudarso (Dolak), and the Schouten Islands. Papua is bounded by the Pacific Ocean

West Papua, propinsi (or provinsi; province) of Indonesia, including the Bomberai and Doberai (Vogelkop) peninsulas on the western end of the island of New Guinea and, to the west, the Raja Ampat Islands—most notably Salawati, Waigeo, Batanta, and Misool. The province is bounded to the north by the

Papua New Guinea, island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It encompasses the eastern half of New Guinea, the world’s second largest island (the western half is made up of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua); the Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty

diagonally divided red-black national flag featuring a yellow bird-of-paradise and the Southern Cross constellation. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 3 to 4.In the 20th century the two territories finally linked in Papua New Guinea were administered by the Germans, British, and Australians. The

Oceanic literature: Development of written literature: …after the establishment of the University of Papua New Guinea (1965) and the University of the South Pacific (1968). The most significant works have been written in English and have come from the regions served by the two universities (Papua New Guinea and the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue,…

Gulf of Papua, inlet of the Coral Sea (southwestern Pacific Ocean) indenting the southeast coast of the island of New Guinea. About 225 miles (360 km) wide, it extends 95 miles (150 km) into south-central New Guinea. From west to east it is entered by the Fly, Bamu, Turama, Kikori, Purari,

inheritance: Inheritance and individual ownership of property: Among the Papua of New Guinea and the Damara (Bergdama) of Namibia, the hut of the dead man was abandoned or burned down so as to ban the magic of the disease of which the owner had died. Among the Herero of southwest Africa, the dead man’s…

Papuan languages, group of languages spoken in New Guinea and its surrounds. The area includes the entire island of New Guinea and the offshore islands of New Britain, New Ireland, Sorenarwa (Yapen), and Biak, as well as the adjoining areas of eastern Indonesia, especially the islands of Timor,

connective tissue disease: Hereditary disorders of connective tissue: …pseudoxanthoma refers to the yellowish papules (pimplelike protuberances) that occur most commonly in the folds of the skin of the neck, armpits, and groin. The colour results from the thickening and fragmentation of elastic fibres in the deep layers of the skin. Calcium deposition may occur in the skin, and…

Herculaneum: …a suburban villa, called the Villa of the Papyri because it yielded a whole library of ancient papyri, in Greek, on philosophical subjects of Epicurean inspiration, which are preserved in the National Library of Naples.

papyrology, the care, reading, and interpretation of ancient documents written on papyrus, which is of prime importance in Egyptian, Middle Eastern, and Classical archaeology. Most papyrus documents have been found in Egypt, where the papyrus plant was cultivated for the manufacture of writing

papyrus, writing material of ancient times and also the plant from which it was derived, Cyperus papyrus (family Cyperaceae), also called paper plant. The papyrus plant was long cultivated in the Nile delta region in Egypt and was collected for its stalk or stem, whose central pith was cut into

papyrus: …ancient times and also the plant from which it was derived, Cyperus papyrus (family Cyperaceae), also called paper plant. The papyrus plant was long cultivated in the Nile delta region in Egypt and was collected for its stalk or stem, whose central pith was cut into thin strips, pressed together,…

biblical literature: Papyri: P66, also known as Papyrus Bodmer II, contains in 146 leaves (some having lacunae) almost all of the Gospel According to John, including chapter 21. This codex, written before 200, is thus merely one century removed from the time of the autograph, the original text. Its text, like that…

papyrus column, in Egyptian religion, amulet that conveyed freshness, youth, vigour, and the continuance of life to its wearer. The amulet, made of glazed ware or various types of stone, was shaped like a papyrus stem and bud. Its significance was perhaps derived from its ideographic value

history of publishing: The Egyptian papyrus roll: The papyrus roll of ancient Egypt is more nearly the direct ancestor of the modern book than is the clay tablet. Papyrus as a writing material resembles paper. It was made from a reedy plant of the same name that flourishes in the…

Inca: History: …originated in the village of Paqari-tampu, about 15 miles (24 km) south of Cuzco. The founder of the Inca dynasty, Manco Capac (Manqo Qhapaq), led the tribe to settle in Cuzco, which remained thereafter their capital. Until the reign of the fourth emperor, Mayta Capac (Mayta Qhapaq), in the 14th…

pre-Columbian civilizations: Settlement in the Cuzco Valley: These places of origin, or paqarina, were regarded as shrines, where religious ceremonies had to be performed. The Inca paqarina was located at Paqari-tampu (Paccari Tampu), about 15 miles south of Cuzco. There are three caves at Paqari-tampu, and the founders of the Inca dynasty—Manco Capac (Manqo Qhapaq), his three…

Charles Vildrac: …Le Paquebot Tenacity (produced, 1920; S.S. Tenacity), is a character study of two former soldiers about to immigrate to Canada. Michel Auclair (1921) revolves around the loyalty of a man to a woman who has rejected him. La Brouille (1930; “The Misunderstanding”) traces the quarrel of an idealist and a…

international law: International law and municipal law: …of federal law in the Paquette Habana case (1900), in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that international law forbade the U.S. Navy from selling, as prizes of war, Cuban fishing vessels it had seized. Domestic legislation is supreme in the United States even if it breaches international law, though…

Vienna porcelain: Claudius Innocentius du Paquier (d. 1751), a Dutchman, began making porcelain there with the help of two workmen from Meissen in Germany. In 1744 he sold the enterprise to the Austrian state. After a succession of different directors, Konrad von Sorgenthal took over the direction…

Anna Paquin is a Canadian-born New Zealand actress who, as a child, won an Academy Award for best supporting actress for her portrayal of the loquacious and inquisitive daughter of the lead character, played by Holly Hunter, in the atmospheric romance film The Piano (1993). Paquin moved with her

Anna Paquin is a Canadian-born New Zealand actress who, as a child, won an Academy Award for best supporting actress for her portrayal of the loquacious and inquisitive daughter of the lead character, played by Holly Hunter, in the atmospheric romance film The Piano (1993). Paquin moved with her

golf: Par golf: Every course has a par, which is defined as the score an expert (i.e., a scratch player) would be expected to make, and many courses also have a bogey, which is defined as the score that a moderately good golfer would be expected to make. Both par and bogey…

government budget: Program budgeting and zero-base budgeting: …Kingdom in the introduction of program analysis reviews (PAR), but again attempts to evaluate systematically the whole of government expenditure were unsuccessful. The degree of inertia in the system and the vested interests of existing institutions have proved too entrenched to be overcome by administrative procedure.

bankruptcy: Preferences: …equal treatment of creditors—the classical par condicio creditorum. Debtors on the eve of bankruptcy, either of their own volition or under pressure, may accord preferential treatment—by way of payment or security—to certain creditors. The bankruptcy laws of most, if not all, countries therefore contain rules aiming at the reintegration of…

André Baillon: Par fil spécial (1924; “By Special Cable”) is a sardonic account of the world of journalism based on his own experiences as a newspaper editor. In Un Homme si simple . . . (1925; “Such a Simple Man . . . ”), confessional in style…

Gustave Flaubert: Early life and works: …his death under that title, Par les champs et par les grèves. This book contains some of his best writing—e.g., his description of a visit to Chateaubriand’s family estate, Combourg.

Gustave Aimard: …Gypsies of the Sea”), and Par mer et par terre (1879; “By Sea and by Land”).

international payment and exchange: Determination of exchange rates: …a standard, government-determined price, or par value. This par value may be quoted in terms of another currency; for example, the par value of the pound was £1 = $2.80 between 1949 and 1967. In 1973 many governments abandoned their par values and let their exchange rates be determined by…

Principal, also known as par value or face value in the bond market, is the amount of money the issuer will return to bondholders at maturity. The principal is separate from the interest payments (known as coupon payments) the bond issuer makes to the bondholder. The value of a bond investment can

golf: Par-three golf: Par-three golf courses, on which each hole measures 100 yards (90 metres) more or less and plays at par three, were developed as a result of the shortage of available open land in congested urban areas. Whereas a regulation 18-hole course may stretch…