papal bull, in Roman Catholicism, an official papal letter or document. The name is derived from the lead seal (bulla) traditionally affixed to such documents. Since the 12th century it has designated a letter from the pope carrying a bulla that shows the heads of the apostles Peter and Paul on one

diplomatics: The papal chancery: Knowledge about early papal documents is scant because no originals survive from before the 9th century, and extant copies of earlier documents are often much abridged. But it is clear that the popes at first imitated the form of the letters of the…

papal conclave, (from Latin cum clave, “with a key”), in the Roman Catholic Church, the assembly of cardinals gathered to elect a new pope and the system of strict seclusion to which they submit. The early history of papal elections remains unclear. There is some evidence that the early popes,

consistory, (from Latin consistorium, “assembly place”), a gathering of ecclesiastical persons for the purpose of administering justice or transacting business, particularly meetings of the Sacred College of Cardinals with the pope as president. From the 11th century, when the institution of the

triregnum, triple crown that was either worn by or carried in front of the pope—the leader of the Roman Catholic Church—at ceremonies such as papal coronations and at nonliturgical functions such as processions. From about the 12th century to the mid-20th century each pope was presented with at

diplomatics: The papal chancery: Knowledge about early papal documents is scant because no originals survive from before the 9th century, and extant copies of earlier documents are often much abridged. But it is clear that the popes at first imitated the form of the letters of the Roman emperors. The papal protocol…

Pontifical Gendarmerie, former police force of Vatican City. The Pontifical, or Papal, Gendarmerie was created in the 19th century under the formal supervision of the pope. The gendarmes were responsible for maintaining the internal order and security of Vatican City. In the late 19th and early

papal infallibility, in Roman Catholic theology, the doctrine that the pope, acting as supreme teacher and under certain conditions, cannot err when he teaches in matters of faith or morals. As an element of the broader understanding of the infallibility of the church, this doctrine is based on the

legate, in the Roman Catholic Church, a cleric sent on a mission, ecclesiastical or diplomatic, by the pope as his personal representative. Three types of legates are recognized by canon law. A legatus a latere (a legate sent from the pope’s side, as it were) is a cardinal who represents the pope

Avignon: …and the interior of the Palais des Papes (Popes’ Palace) was wrecked. The palace, a formidable eight-towered fortress on a rock 190 feet (58 metres) above Avignon, was used as a barracks from 1822 to 1906.

Council of Sardica: …development of the Roman bishop’s primacy as pope.

Roman Curia: …the Secretariat of State (or Papal Secretariat) and the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church (the latter previously known as the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs). The various sacred congregations of the Roman Curia are concerned with administrative matters. The Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith…

Roman Curia: …the Secretariat of State (or Papal Secretariat) and the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church (the latter previously known as the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs). The various sacred congregations of the Roman Curia are concerned with administrative matters. The Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith…

Papal States, territories of central Italy over which the pope had sovereignty from 756 to 1870. Included were the modern Italian regions of Lazio (Latium), Umbria, and Marche and part of Emilia-Romagna, though the extent of the territory, along with the degree of papal control, varied over the

Albert Wendt: …traditions and mores of the papalagi (people descended from Europeans) and depicts their effect on Samoan culture. An early example of this theme appears in Sons for the Return Home (1973; film 1979), his first novel, a roman à clef about a romance between a Samoan man and a white…

Willie Pep was an American professional boxer, world featherweight (126 pounds) champion during the 1940s. Pep specialized in finesse rather than slugging prowess and competed successfully in the 1940s, ’50s, and ’60s. His rivalry with American Sandy Saddler is considered one of the greatest of

Papaloapan River, river in Veracruz state, southeastern Mexico. It is formed by the junction of several rivers in Oaxaca state near the Veracruz–Oaxaca border and meanders generally northeastward for 76 miles (122 km) to Alvarado Lagoon, just south of Alvarado. Its chief headstreams include the

Popemobile, motorized vehicle used to transport the pope, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, when he greets the public. The term has been used to describe any number of specially designed vehicles by automobile brands such as Mercedes-Benz, Fiat, Jeep, and Cadillac. The Popemobile also

Popemobile, motorized vehicle used to transport the pope, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, when he greets the public. The term has been used to describe any number of specially designed vehicles by automobile brands such as Mercedes-Benz, Fiat, Jeep, and Cadillac. The Popemobile also

Andreas Papandreou was a politician and educator who was prime minister of Greece from 1981 to 1989 and from 1993 to 1996. The son of Georgios Papandreou, he attended the American College in Athens (Modern Greek: Athína) and studied law at the University of Athens. A Trotskyite, he was imprisoned

Andreas Papandreou was a politician and educator who was prime minister of Greece from 1981 to 1989 and from 1993 to 1996. The son of Georgios Papandreou, he attended the American College in Athens (Modern Greek: Athína) and studied law at the University of Athens. A Trotskyite, he was imprisoned

Damaskinos was the archbishop of Athens and regent of Greece during the civil war of 1944–46, under whose regency came a period of political reconstruction. He was a private in the army during the Balkan Wars (1912) and was ordained priest in 1917. In 1922 Damaskinos became bishop of Corinth, and

George Papandreou is an American-born Greek politician who served as the prime minister of Greece (2009–11). Papandreou was the son of Andreas Papandreou and the grandson of Georgios Papandreou, both of whom served multiple terms as prime minister of Greece. During the dictatorship of Ioannis

Georgios Papandreou was a Greek liberal politician who served three terms as prime minister of his country and who established a political dynasty that spanned three generations. Papandreou studied at the University of Athens (L.L.D., 1911) and in Germany. He began his political career in 1915,

George Papandreou is an American-born Greek politician who served as the prime minister of Greece (2009–11). Papandreou was the son of Andreas Papandreou and the grandson of Georgios Papandreou, both of whom served multiple terms as prime minister of Greece. During the dictatorship of Ioannis

Pap smear, laboratory method of obtaining secretions from the cervix for the examination of cast-off epithelial cells to detect the presence of cancer. The Pap smear, named for Greek-born American physician George Papanicolaou, is notably reliable in detecting the early stages of cancer in the

S.R. Srinivasa Varadhan: …with the Greek-born American mathematician George Papanicolaou and Chinese mathematician Maozheng Guo, Varadhan obtained important new results in hydrodynamics, which he later extended to give new methods for the theory of random walks, the basic approach to diffusion theory, and many other processes that can be modelled probabilistically.

Papantla, city, north-central Veracruz estado (state), east-central Mexico, situated in the hills dividing the Cazones and Tecolutla river basins. Corn (maize), beans, tobacco, and fruits flourish in the hot, humid climate. The city is the centre of Mexico’s most important vanilla-producing region;

Papantla, city, north-central Veracruz estado (state), east-central Mexico, situated in the hills dividing the Cazones and Tecolutla river basins. Corn (maize), beans, tobacco, and fruits flourish in the hot, humid climate. The city is the centre of Mexico’s most important vanilla-producing region;

Papantla, city, north-central Veracruz estado (state), east-central Mexico, situated in the hills dividing the Cazones and Tecolutla river basins. Corn (maize), beans, tobacco, and fruits flourish in the hot, humid climate. The city is the centre of Mexico’s most important vanilla-producing region;

paparazzi, freelance photographers who specialize in capturing candid photos of celebrities for media outlets. The word paparazzi is derived from the name of a character in the 1960 Federico Fellini film La Dolce Vita (“The Sweet Life”). In the film, actor Marcello Mastroianni plays a disenchanted

paparazzi, freelance photographers who specialize in capturing candid photos of celebrities for media outlets. The word paparazzi is derived from the name of a character in the 1960 Federico Fellini film La Dolce Vita (“The Sweet Life”). In the film, actor Marcello Mastroianni plays a disenchanted

Innocent II was the pope from 1130 to 1143. A cardinal by 1116, Innocent was appointed in 1122 by Pope Calixtus II as one of the ambassadors who drafted the Concordat of Worms, an agreement ending disputes between the pope and the Holy Roman emperor Henry V over the right of investiture; i.e.,

list of birth month flowers: August: …of the classic poppy (Papaver species) lends an air of class to any bougie birthday bash.

poppy: Major Papaver species: The long-headed poppy (P. dubium) is an annual similar to the corn poppy but with narrower, tapering capsules and smaller, paler flowers. The Iceland poppy (P. nudicaule), from Arctic North America, is a short-lived perennial 30 cm (12 inches) tall with fragrant white, orange, reddish, or…

poppy: Major Papaver species: The Iceland poppy (P. nudicaule), from Arctic North America, is a short-lived perennial 30 cm (12 inches) tall with fragrant white, orange, reddish, or bicoloured 8-cm (3-inch) flowers. The peacock poppy (P. pavoninum)—with scarlet petals bearing a dark spot at the base in 2.5-cm (1-inch) blooms…

poppy: Major Papaver species: The Oriental poppy (P. orientale), native to the Middle East, has 15-cm (6-inch) scarlet, salmon, pink, white, or red blooms on 1.2-metre- (4-foot-) tall long-lived perennial plants. The white-and-red or white-and-pink Shirley poppy is an annual variety developed from the corn poppy (P. rhoeas). The long-headed…

poppy: Major Papaver species: The peacock poppy (P. pavoninum)—with scarlet petals bearing a dark spot at the base in 2.5-cm (1-inch) blooms on 30-cm- (12-inch-) tall plants—is an annual from Central Asia.

corn poppy, (Papaver rhoeas), annual (rarely biennial) plant of the poppy family (Papaveraceae), native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia. The plant has been introduced into Australia, New Zealand, and North America and is one of the most commonly cultivated garden poppies. The corn poppy is also

opium poppy, (Papaver somniferum), flowering plant of the family Papaveraceae, native to Turkey. Opium, morphine, codeine, and heroin are all derived from the milky latex found in its unripe seed capsule. It is also grown for its tiny nonnarcotic ripe seeds, which are kidney-shaped and grayish blue

Papaveraceae, the poppy family of flowering plants (order Ranunculales), with 44 genera and 825 species. Most of these are herbaceous plants, but the family also includes some woody shrubs and a genus of small tropical trees. The family is outstanding for its many garden ornamentals and

drug use: Opium, morphine, heroin, and related synthetics: …opium are morphine (10 percent), papaverine (1 percent), codeine (0.5 percent), and thebaine (0.2 percent). (Papaverine is pharmacologically distinct from the narcotic agents and is essentially devoid of effects on the central nervous system.) About 1804 a young German apothecary’s assistant named F.W.A. Sertürner isolated crystalline morphine as the active…

pawpaw, (Asimina triloba), deciduous tree or shrub of the custard apple family (Annonaceae) and its edible fruit. The pawpaw—native to the United States from the Atlantic coast north to New York state and west to Michigan and Kansas—boasts the largest tree-borne fruit native to North America. The

papaya, (Carica papaya), succulent fruit of a large plant of the family Caricaceae. Though its origin is rather obscure, the papaya may represent the fusion of two or more species of Carica native to Mexico and Central America. Today it is cultivated throughout the tropical world and into the

papaya, (Carica papaya), succulent fruit of a large plant of the family Caricaceae. Though its origin is rather obscure, the papaya may represent the fusion of two or more species of Carica native to Mexico and Central America. Today it is cultivated throughout the tropical world and into the

Brassicales: Caricaceae and Moringaceae: Caricaceae and Moringaceae form a very distinctive group with many anatomical features in common. Their stems are stout; the venation of the leaves is palmate; and there are tiny glands at the base of the petiole or on the blade; the stipules…

papaya: Cultivation: The papaya ringspot virus nearly wiped out papaya crops around the world, first hitting Hawaiian plantations in the 1940s and soon spreading. A genetically modified (GMO) variety named the Rainbow papaya was developed in the early 2000s with resistance to the virus. It was one of…

chaat: Papri chaat (or papdi chaat) is crispy fried-dough wafers served with typical chaat ingredients such as chickpeas, boiled potatoes, yogurt sauce, and tamarind and coriander chutneys; it may also contain pomegranate seeds

Umberto Eco: Pape Satàn aleppe, a collection of Eco’s columns for an Italian magazine, was published posthumously in 2016; its title is taken from a cryptic line in Dante’s The Divine Comedy.

keyboard instrument: Modifications in the action: …1826 by the Parisian builder Jean-Henri Pape, who also contributed a number of other ingenious and important improvements, but the use of felt instead of leather did not become universal until after 1855.

compellence: …targets, but American political scientist Robert Pape contended that compellence depends on making enemies feel that their military forces are vulnerable. Other scholars argue that carefully targeted economic sanctions can influence the behaviour of other states. In these cases, nonmilitary tools of statecraft assist national security objectives.

Papeete, commune, capital of the French overseas country of French Polynesia in the South Pacific Ocean. A gracious tropical city with tall palms and abundant flowers, Papeete lies on the northwest coast of Tahiti and is one of the largest urban centres in the South Pacific. Its excellent harbour

Boston Red Sox: …pitching performances by Josh Beckett, Jonathan Papelbon, and rookie Daisuke Matsuzaka—captured another World Series title in 2007, sweeping the Colorado Rockies in four games.

Franz von Papen was a German statesman and diplomat who played a leading role in dissolving the Weimar Republic and in helping Adolf Hitler to become German chancellor in 1933. The scion of a wealthy Catholic landowning family, Papen began his career as a professional soldier. At the beginning of

Bollandist: From 1659 Daniel van Papenbroeck, perhaps the outstanding Bollandist, collaborated. This is considered the golden age of the group.

paper, matted or felted sheet, usually made of cellulose fibres, formed on a wire screen from water suspension. A brief treatment of paper follows. For full treatment, see papermaking. Paper has been traced to China in about ad 105. It reached Central Asia by 751 and Baghdad by 793, and by the 14th

Alison Krauss: …Grammy Award in 2012, when Paper Airplane (2011), a work that teamed her with Union Station for the first time since 2004, won best bluegrass album. In 2017 she released Windy City, her first solo album since 1999. It showcased country music songs from the 1950s and ’60s. Krauss was…

paper birch, (Betula papyrifera), ornamental, shade, and timber tree of the family Betulaceae, native to northern and central North America. See also birch. The paper birch is usually about 18 metres (60 feet) tall but occasionally reaches 40 metres (131 feet); it can also be small and sometimes

blockade: International law regarding blockades: …and were known as “paper blockades.” A belligerent may not blockade neutral territory unless it is in the actual control or occupation of the enemy, nor may it blockade enemy territory in such a way as to prevent access to neutral territory.

Avrom Sutzkever: …a member of the “Paper Brigade,” a group of Jewish intellectuals chosen to select Jewish cultural artifacts to be sent to the Institute for the Investigation of the Jewish Question, founded by Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg; the remainder was sold for pulp. Both during and immediately after the war,…

small arm: The bolt action: …introduced in 1838, used a paper cartridge with a priming pellet located at the base of a solid egg-shaped bullet. A long, needle-shaped firing pin, shot forward by a spring, pierced the cartridge and powder charge to detonate the primer. This needle was housed in a steel cylinder called the…

James Bridges: More widely seen was The Paper Chase (1973), a drama about a Harvard Law School freshman (Timothy Bottoms) who struggles to survive the rigours of his course work with the demanding Professor Kingsfield (John Houseman, who won an Academy Award for his role) while courting the professor’s free-spirited daughter…

cross-country: …early 19th century was called paper chasing, or hare and hounds—the “hares” started a few minutes before the others and left a trail of paper scraps to be followed by the “hounds.” Cross-country runners came to be known as harriers, after a small hound used to chase genuine hares. A…

paper chromatography, in analytical chemistry, technique for separating dissolved chemical substances by taking advantage of their different rates of migration across sheets of paper. It is an inexpensive but powerful analytical tool that requires very small quantities of material. The method

printmaking: Cardboard (paper) cut: …introduced to printmaking by making cardboard cuts, and sophisticated artists use the same material to print complex abstract images. Cardboard and paper are not only inexpensive, readily available, and workable with simple tools but, when properly prepared, have also proved to be remarkably durable. Cardboard cuts can be made either…

the Mills Brothers: …hit in 1943 with “Paper Doll,” which sold more than six million records and was also a best seller as sheet music. In the mid-1940s they dropped the instrumental imitations and became a more-conventional vocal group, backed by a regular rhythm section or an orchestra. Their later hits included…

origami, art of folding objects out of paper to create both two-dimensional and three-dimensional subjects. The word origami (from Japanese oru [“to fold”] and kami [“paper”]) has become the generic description of this art form, although some European historians feel it places undue weight on the

Michael Cera: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World and This Is the End: …appeared in the indie movie Paper Heart, which told the story of a filmmaker (Charlyne Yi) working on a documentary about love; Cera and Yi also composed the movie’s score. He then starred with Jack Black in Harold Ramis’s Year One, a comedy about Paleolithic buddies.

plastic: Sandwich laminates: …half-dozen layers of fibrous kraft paper (similar to paper used for grocery bags) together with a surface layer of paper with a printed design—the entire assembly being impregnated with a melamine-formaldehyde resin. For both plywood and the paper laminate, the cross-linking reaction is carried out with sheets of the material…

Detroit Lions: From Alex Karras to Barry Sanders: …experience recounted in his book Paper Lion (1966) and later in a movie of the same name. Detroit qualified for only one playoff appearance in the 24 years between 1958 and 1981, though the team was often far from terrible, usually finishing their seasons with winning percentages around .500 during…

Alan Alda: …in such motion pictures as Paper Lion (1968) and The Mephisto Waltz (1971), he became a star on television in the role of Capt. “Hawkeye” Pierce, a wisecracking but soulful U.S. Army surgeon during the Korean War, in the popular television comedy M*A*S*H. Alda cowrote and directed many of the…

Patrick Joseph Frawley, Jr.: …in the development of the Paper Mate pen. He sold his company to Gillette for $15.5 million in 1955.

Specie Circular: …quash the enormous growth of paper money in circulation, Jackson directed the Treasury Department, “pet” banks, and other receivers of public money to accept only specie as payment for government-owned land after Aug. 15, 1836. But actual settlers and bona fide residents of the state in which they purchased land…

Peter Bogdanovich: Films: Bogdanovich’s success continued with Paper Moon (1973), a comedy filmed in the black-and-white appropriate to the 1936 setting. O’Neal portrayed a con man temporarily saddled with a nine-year-old (played by his real-life daughter Tatum O’Neal) who may or may not be his actual daughter but who refuses to leave…

paper mulberry, (Broussonetia papyrifera), fast-growing tree of the family Moraceae, native to Asia. The inner bark of the paper mulberry yields a fibre used for papermaking and in Polynesia for the manufacture of a coarse fabric called tapa cloth. The plant tolerates city conditions and is

Bobby McFerrin: ” In 1995 McFerrin released Paper Music, an album he collaborated on with the St. Paul (Minnesota) Chamber Orchestra that features orchestral works by Mozart, Bach, Rossini, and other masters, with the melodies sung instead of played.

nautilus: The paper nautilus is usually found near the surface of tropical and subtropical seas feeding on plankton; the females differ from other members of the order Octopoda in that they can secrete a thin, unchambered, coiled shell, formed by large flaps, or membranes, on the dorsal…

M.I.A.: …Kala spawned the hit “Paper Planes,” which catapulted to success when it was used in the theatrical trailer for the 2008 Judd Apatow film Pineapple Express.

papyrus: …ancient times and also the plant from which it was derived, Cyperus papyrus (family Cyperaceae), also called paper plant. The papyrus plant was long cultivated in the Nile delta region in Egypt and was collected for its stalk or stem, whose central pith was cut into thin strips, pressed together,…

paper pulp, raw material for paper manufacture that contains vegetable, mineral, or man-made fibres. It forms a matted or felted sheet on a screen when moisture is removed. Rags and other fibres, such as straw, grasses, and bark of the mitsumata and paper mulberry (kozo), have been used as paper

papermaking: Wastepaper and paperboard: …are two distinct types of paper recovery systems: (1) recovery based upon de-inking and intended for printing-grade or other white papers, accounting for about 5 to 6 percent of the total, and (2) recovery without de-inking, intended for boxboards and coarse papers, accounting for the remainder.

Angel Island Immigration Station: …vocations or as the “paper sons” and “paper daughters” of Chinese Americans. The immigration authorities’ rigorous efforts to expose fraud resulted in protracted, exhaustive interrogations and related interviews of corroborating parties that sometimes kept the immigrants captive on the island for weeks or months. Boards of Special Inquiry grilled…

Carolyn M. Rodgers: …her first volume of poetry, Paper Soul. The free-verse collection was noted for its frequent use of black vernacular and even obscenities as part of a vivid illustration of African American female identity during a time of revolutionary social upheaval. Rodgers went on to publish Songs of a Black Bird…

John Green: Paper Towns (2008) explores the relationship between high-school seniors Quentin and Margo. Quentin has secretly loved Margo for years. After joining Quentin in some pranks, Margo disappears. However, she leaves clues for Quentin to help him find her. Although the two are eventually reunited, they…

Richard Howard: …works included the essay collection Paper Trail: Selected Prose, 1965–2003 (2004).

paper wasp, (genus Polistes), any of a group of wasps in the family Vespidae (order Hymenoptera) that are striking in appearance, about 16 mm (0.63 inch) long, with orange antennae, wings, and tarsi. The body may be jet black or brown with narrow yellow bands and paired segmental spots. The sting

Glenn Close: …Allende; and the journalism comedy The Paper (1994). In 1996 she took such varied roles as the first lady in Tim Burton’s Mars Attacks! and Cruella De Vil in a live-action remake of the Disney film 101 Dalmatians. The following year Close starred as the vice president, alongside Harrison Ford,…

advanced ceramics: Tape casting: …the waterfall technique and the paper-casting process. In the waterfall technique a conveyor belt carries a flat surface through a continuous, recirculated waterfall of slurry. This method—which is commonly employed to coat candy with chocolate—has also been used to form thin-film dielectrics for capacitors as well as thick-film porous electrodes…

history of publishing: The Great Depression: …his pioneer Penguin series of paperbacks. It was a risky operation, involving speculatively high initial printings to keep down the unit cost. But, despite the strongly held belief that paperbacks would not appeal outside the Continent, where they had sold freely, and the resistance of booksellers, who feared a sharp…

maple: triflorum) and the paperbark maple (A. griseum) have tripartite leaves and attractive peeling bark, in the former tannish and in the latter copper brown.

paperbark tree, any of several small trees belonging to the genus Melaleuca, in the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), characterized by their whitish papery bark. They are native to Australia and nearby islands. Melaleuca quinquenervia, also called punk tree and tea tree, grows to a height of 8 metres (25

paper: and newsprint, kraft, paperboard, and sanitary.

Nicole Kidman: Roles from the early 2010s: …Florida in the pulp drama The Paperboy. In the psychological horror film Stoker (2013), Kidman appeared as the emotionally distant mother of a troubled teenage girl.

bougainvillea: glabra, from Brazil, is called paperflower; the bracts are purple or magenta to lighter tints in certain varieties. The stem of B. glabra may be 20 to 30 metres (about 60 to 100 feet) long in warm climates, and the plant is in flower throughout most of the year. The…

aluminum: Compounds: Another major compound is aluminum sulfate, a colourless salt obtained by the action of sulfuric acid on hydrated aluminum oxide. The commercial form is a hydrated crystalline solid with the chemical formula Al2(SO4)3. It is used extensively in paper manufacture as a binder for dyes and as a surface…

papermaking, formation of a matted or felted sheet, usually of cellulose fibres, from water suspension on a wire screen. Paper is the basic material used for written communication and the dissemination of information. In addition, paper and paperboard provide materials for hundreds of other uses,

Seymour Papert was a South African-born mathematician and computer scientist who was best known for his contributions to the understanding of children’s learning processes and to the ways in which technology can support learning. He invented Logo, a computer-programming language that was an

Seymour Papert was a South African-born mathematician and computer scientist who was best known for his contributions to the understanding of children’s learning processes and to the ways in which technology can support learning. He invented Logo, a computer-programming language that was an

Baccarat glass: Baccarat began production of paperweights in 1846. Although they exhibited virtually all techniques of ornamental glassmaking, including millefiori, cameo, sculpture, engraving, and casings, the Baccarat paperweights were relatively inexpensive and became great favourites with collectors. Today Baccarat manufactures many lines of tableware in historical patterns.

Avignon: …and the interior of the Palais des Papes (Popes’ Palace) was wrecked. The palace, a formidable eight-towered fortress on a rock 190 feet (58 metres) above Avignon, was used as a barracks from 1822 to 1906.