Henrik Ibsen: First plays and directing: …own, and in Kongsemnerne (1863; The Pretenders) he dramatized the mysterious inner authority that makes a man a man, a king, or a great playwright. This one play was in fact the national drama after which Ibsen had been groping so long, and before long it would be recognized as…

the Pretenders, English-American post-punk rock group known for its songwriting, its raw, often stripped-down instrumentation rooted in 1970s and ’80s new wave, and its perseverance through early tragedy. The Pretenders was formed in 1978 by vocalist and guitarist Chrissie Hynde (b. September 7,

James Franco: Other work: His later directorial efforts included The Pretenders (2018) and Zeroville (2019).

concrete: It is achieved by either pretensioning or posttensioning processes. In pretensioning, lengths of steel wire, cables, or ropes are laid in the empty mold and then stretched and anchored. After the concrete has been poured and allowed to set, the anchors are released and, as the steel seeks to return…

Western painting: Early and High Baroque in Italy: …in the frescoes (1661) of Mattia Preti at the Palazzo Pamphili, Valmontone (southeast of Rome); but the transition between the High Baroque and the Late Baroque was a continuous process and occurred at different dates with different artists. At Valmontone the sense of dynamic structure characteristic of the High Baroque…

Pleistocene Epoch: Glacial records: …cold period, known as the Pretiglian and based on pollen data from the Netherlands, began about 2.3 million years ago, soon after extensive ice-rafted material first appears in North Atlantic deep-sea cores. The Pretiglian was followed by a succession of warm and cold intervals, which also are based on pollen…

Brazil: Ethnic groups: …pardos (of mixed ethnicities) or pretos (entirely African); the latter term is usually used to refer to those with the darkest skin colour. Although skin colour is the main basis of the distinction between pardo and preto, this distinction is often subjective and self-attributed. Many Brazilians of colour consider it…

Pretoria, city in Gauteng province and administrative capital of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria stretches along both sides of the Apies River and extends into the western foothills of the Magaliesberg on the east. Founded in 1855 by Marthinus, son of Andries Pretorius, the Boer statesman

National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, zoo near Pretoria, South Africa, that is noted for its wildlife conservation programs. It was opened in 1899 by the State Museum of the South African Republic on a small stretch of land along the Apies River, which flows through Pretoria. In 1913 the zoo

University of Pretoria, state-supported coeducational institution of higher learning at Pretoria, South Africa. It was founded in 1908, when the arts and science courses of Transvaal University College in Johannesburg were transferred to Pretoria. In 1910 the two institutions were separated, the

University of Pretoria, state-supported coeducational institution of higher learning at Pretoria, South Africa. It was founded in 1908, when the arts and science courses of Transvaal University College in Johannesburg were transferred to Pretoria. In 1910 the two institutions were separated, the

South Africa: Urban settlement: …far the largest is the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging complex; centered on Johannesburg, it radiates about 45 miles (70 km) in each direction and is now mostly in Gauteng province. Other urban concentrations are centered on Durban, Cape Town, and the Port Elizabeth–Uitenhage area. The main centers in these metropolitan areas offer the…

Cortona: The 13th-century Pretorio (or Casali) Palace houses the Etruscan museum. Notable medieval churches include the originally Romanesque cathedral, much altered; the former church of the Gesù, now housing the diocesan museum; and the Gothic churches of San Domenico, San Francesco, Santa Margherita, and Santa Maria del Calcinaio.…

Andries Pretorius was a Boer leader in the Great Trek from British-dominated Cape Colony, the dominant military and political figure in Natal and later in the Transvaal, and one of the major agents of white conquest in Southern Africa. After taking part in several frontier wars in the Cape Colony,

Andries Pretorius was a Boer leader in the Great Trek from British-dominated Cape Colony, the dominant military and political figure in Natal and later in the Transvaal, and one of the major agents of white conquest in Southern Africa. After taking part in several frontier wars in the Cape Colony,

Marthinus Wessel Pretorius was a Boer statesman, soldier, and founder of the town of Pretoria (1855). He was the first president of the South African Republic and also served as president of the Orange Free State, the only man to hold both offices. His plans to unite the sister republics, however,

Jules-Amédée Barbey d’Aurevilly: …against the French Republic, and Un Prêtre marié (1865; “A Married Priest”), dealing with the sufferings of a priest under the new regime. Les Diaboliques (1874; Weird Women), a collection of six short stories, is often considered his masterpiece.

procedural law: Pretrial conference: The discovery process may make the parties aware of significant issues not previously considered or may make it clear that an issue considered important before discovery is no longer so. In order to provide a means for reflecting these changes and also to…

procedural law: Pretrial detention: Incarceration of the suspect before trial most seriously impairs the preparation of an effective defense. Nevertheless, all legal systems permit pretrial detention, though under differing conditions.

procedural law: Stages leading to trial or main hearing: At the pretrial stage, the parties notify each other of their claims and defenses and probe their factual foundations; at the trial stage, they or their counsel attempt to prove their factual contentions before a judge or jury, primarily through the oral examination of witnesses. The verdict…

Alice Cooper: …released its first two albums—Pretties for You (1969) and Easy Action (1970)—on his own label. Both albums tended more toward psychedelia than hard rock, and neither was successful.

Louis Malle: In 1978 he directed Pretty Baby, the story of a 12-year-old resident of a brothel in New Orleans. His later films included the critically acclaimed Atlantic City (1980), a comedy-drama about the emotional renewal of a small-time criminal; My Dinner with André (1981), an unusual film consisting almost entirely…

Floyd Mayweather, Jr. is an American boxer whose combination of speed, power, and technical prowess made him one of the best pound-for-pound fighters of all time. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Mayweather earned the nickname “Pretty Boy” during his amateur career because of

Nine Inch Nails: …popularity with its debut release, Pretty Hate Machine (1989), which eventually sold more than three million copies in the United States and signaled a breakthrough into the American mainstream for industrial music. After a drawn-out legal battle with his recording company, TVT, Reznor set up his own label, Nothing Records,…

South American nomad: Rites of passage: …special hut known as the pretty house was erected for initiation ceremonies (as well as for some other rites, such as first menses). Medicine men bled themselves and smeared the novices with blood. There was dancing by the men and singing by the women. Horses were killed and roasted, and…

12 Essential Brat Pack Flicks: Pretty in Pink (1986): This timeless tale of a girl from the wrong side of the tracks (Ringwald) who dates a rich boy (McCarthy) almost didn’t end happily ever after. Preview audiences hated the movie’s original ending, which had McCarthy’s Blane standing up Ringwald’s Andie…

Danica Patrick: She later hosted the podcast Pretty Intense. In addition, Patrick occasionally acted, and her credits included the film Charlie’s Angels (2019).

Courtney Love: …acclaim for its debut album, Pretty on the Inside (1991), produced by Sonic Youth’s Kim Gordon.

Anthony Perkins: …in such American films as Pretty Poison (1968), Catch-22 (1970), and WUSA (1970). Some of his other screen credits include The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972), Murder on the Orient Express (1974), and Edge of Sanity (1989). Perkins also appeared in such plays as Look Homeward,

Pretty Polly, (foaled 1901), English racehorse (Thoroughbred) who won 22 of 24 races in her four-year career and earned more than $130,000. Pretty Polly was foaled by Admiration and sired by Gallinule. Exceptional from the start of her career, the two-year-old filly won her first race, the British

shooting star: Major species: …or pretty, shooting star (Primula pauciflorum) and broad-leaved shooting star (P. hendersonii), both native to dry regions of the western United States, are common cultivated species. Several varieties of eastern shooting star (P. meadia), native to eastern North America, are also grown as ornamentals. Western Arctic shooting star (P.…

rhythm and blues: …rubric for the Animals, Them, the Pretty Things, and others. Today a band that advertises itself as rhythm and blues is almost certainly following in this tradition rather than that of the early pioneers.

the Sex Pistols: …second top ten record, “Pretty Vacant,” the Sex Pistols stalled. Barely able to play in the United Kingdom because of local government bans, they became mired in preparations for a film and the worsening drug use of Rotten’s friend Vicious, who had replaced Matlock in February 1977. Their bunker…

Garry Marshall: Films: Pretty Woman and The Princess Diaries: …1990 Marshall directed the blockbuster Pretty Woman, a comedy about an unlikely romance between a ruthless businessman (Richard Gere) and a prostitute (Julia Roberts). The film made Roberts a major star, and some credit Marshall with giving new life to the rom-com genre. He reunited with Gere and Roberts on…

Bryan Adams: …Vallance wrote the score for Pretty Woman: The Musical, a stage version of the 1990 film, which premiered in Chicago in March 2018 and moved to Broadway later that year; it opened in London’s West End in 2020.

wallaby: The pretty-faced wallaby, or whiptail (M. elegans, or M. parryi), with distinctive cheek marks, is found in open woods of coastal eastern Australia.

pretzel, a brittle, glazed-and-salted cracker of German or Alsatian origin. Made from a rope of dough typically fashioned into the shape of a loose knot, the pretzel is briefly boiled and then glazed with egg, salted, and baked. Pretzels are customarily eaten as a snack with beer. In many large

Steely Dan: …Dan reached its peak with Pretzel Logic (1974)—with the hit song “Rikki Don’t Lose That Number”—and Katy Lied (1975). Dragging pop music into its high modernist phase, Becker and Fagen took musical ideas from the entire American spectrum, especially jazz, and compressed them into immediately accessible three-minute vignettes. Their songs…

Hafner ware: …the mid-16th century Paul and Kunz Preuning, potters of Nürnberg, introduced a polychrome style. The large stoves made of these tiles, which are decorated with religious or allegorical subjects, are handsome works of art, as well as functional objects. Although the centre of Hafner ware manufacture was Nürnberg, the industry…

Hafner ware: …and in the mid-16th century Paul and Kunz Preuning, potters of Nürnberg, introduced a polychrome style. The large stoves made of these tiles, which are decorated with religious or allegorical subjects, are handsome works of art, as well as functional objects. Although the centre of Hafner ware manufacture was Nürnberg,…

Hugo Preuss was a German political theorist and legal expert who became the principal author of the constitution of the Weimar Republic. Schooled in the organic-state philosophy of the German political theorist Otto von Gierke, Preuss sustained throughout his own writings the theoretical

Prussia, in European history, any of certain areas of eastern and central Europe, respectively (1) the land of the Prussians on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, which came under Polish and German rule in the Middle Ages, (2) the kingdom ruled from 1701 by the German Hohenzollern dynasty,

Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim: Of higher merit is his Preussische Kriegslieder von einem Grenadier (1758), inspired by the campaigns of Frederick II.

Hausmalerei: …porcelain, and Ignaz Bottengruber and Daniel Preussler, who worked on both Meissen and Vienna porcelain.

Jean Jaurès: His book Les Preuves, asking for Dreyfus’s retrial and rehabilitation, caused his defeat in the elections of 1898.

climate: Circulation, currents, and ocean-atmosphere interaction: …way across the Atlantic, and prevailing westerlies extend the warming effect deep into northern Europe. As a result, January temperatures of Tromsø, Nor. (69°40′ N), for example, average 24 °C (43 °F) above the mean for that latitude. The Gulf Stream maintains a warming influence in July, but it is…

René Préval was a Haitian politician who served as president of Haiti from 1996 to 2001 and again from 2006 to 2011. The son of agronomist Claude Préval, René showed an interest in his father’s career, and in 1963 he left Haiti for Belgium to study agronomy. He earned a degree in that subject from

René Préval was a Haitian politician who served as president of Haiti from 1996 to 2001 and again from 2006 to 2011. The son of agronomist Claude Préval, René showed an interest in his father’s career, and in 1963 he left Haiti for Belgium to study agronomy. He earned a degree in that subject from

prevalence, in epidemiology, the proportion of a population with a disease or a particular condition at a specific point in time (point prevalence) or over a specified period of time (period prevalence). Prevalence is often confused with incidence, which is concerned only with the measure of new

Greek literature: Literature after 1922: Pandelís Prevelákis published a number of philosophical novels set in his native Crete, the most successful being O ílios tou thanátou (1959; The Sun of Death), which shows a boy learning to come to terms with death.

genocide: Defining genocide: the Nürnberg Charter and the genocide convention: …approved the text of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, the first UN human rights treaty. The convention, which entered into force in 1951, has been ratified by more than 130 countries. Although the United States played a major role in drafting the convention…

environmental law: The prevention principle: Although much environmental legislation is drafted in response to catastrophes, preventing environmental harm is cheaper, easier, and less environmentally dangerous than reacting to environmental harm that already has taken place. The prevention principle is the fundamental notion behind laws regulating the generation, transportation,…

preventive detention, the practice of incarcerating accused individuals before trial on the assumption that their release would not be in the best interest of society—specifically, that they would be likely to commit additional crimes if they were released. Preventive detention is also used when

war: Limiting conflict: First, “preventive diplomacy,” largely comprising the diplomatic initiatives of the secretary-general and the stationing of peacekeeping forces, has served to contain local conflicts and to prevent escalation, especially the involvement of the superpowers. Second, although the General Assembly’s recommendations have no legal binding force, they have…

preventive medicine, efforts directed toward the prevention of disease, either in the individual or in the community as a whole—an important part of what is more broadly known as public health. Preventive medicine, in addition to reducing the risk of disease, has important roles in preventing

Dean Ornish: …Ornish also founded the nonprofit Preventive Medicine Research Institute (PMRI) in nearby Sausalito. He began the Lifestyle Heart Trial, a controlled study of the effects of a low-fat diet and stress-management regime on a small group of heart disease patients, implementing a unique approach to treating heart disease that he…

Caucasian languages: Grammatical characteristics: …is a developed system of preverbs, elements preceding the verb stem and attached to it, with local meaning indicating location of the action in space, as well as its direction (especially in Mingrelian and Laz). Simple preverbs are combined into complex ones. The preverbs are also used to mark the…

Jacques Prévert was a French poet who composed ballads of social hope and sentimental love; he also ranked among the foremost of screenwriters, especially during the 1930s and ’40s. From 1925 to 1929 Prévert was associated with the Surrealists Robert Desnos, Yves Tanguy, Louis Aragon, and André

human nervous system: The peripheral nervous system: Prevertebral motor ganglia are located near internal organs innervated by their projecting fibers, while terminal ganglia are found on the surfaces or within the walls of the target organs themselves. Motor ganglia have multipolar cell bodies, which have irregular shapes and eccentrically located nuclei and…

Barbarossa: …Charles V’s fleet at the Battle of Preveza (1538), thereby securing the eastern Mediterranean for the Turks (until their defeat at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571). Barbarossa remained one of the great figures of the court at Constantinople until his death.

André Previn was a German-born American pianist, composer, arranger, and conductor, especially sympathetic to French, Russian, and English music of the 19th and 20th centuries. Previn’s family fled Nazi persecution and moved to Los Angeles in 1939. While still a teenager he was recognized as a

The Wolf Man: Production notes and credits:

Woody Allen: The 1990s and sexual-abuse allegations: …the wake of these events, Soon-Yi became Allen’s third wife. (His first marriage had come at age 18, and his second marriage was to actress Louise Lasser. Both of those marriages had ended in divorce.)

censorship: The 17th and 18th centuries: The effort to eliminate “previous restraints” (also known as prior restraints) in Great Britain and in America had its roots in English constitutional experience. Previous restraint (or licensing) came to be regarded as an inheritance of Roman Catholic practices. And so, when the Anglican successor to the Roman Catholic…

Antoine-François, Abbé Prévost d’Exiles was a prolific French novelist whose fame rests entirely on one work—Manon Lescaut (1731; in full Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut; “Story of the Chevalier of Grieux and of Manon Lescaut”). Originally published as the final installment of

Antoine-François, Abbé Prévost d’Exiles was a prolific French novelist whose fame rests entirely on one work—Manon Lescaut (1731; in full Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut; “Story of the Chevalier of Grieux and of Manon Lescaut”). Originally published as the final installment of

Marcel Prévost was a French novelist who made a sensation in France in the 1890s with stories purporting to show the corrupting effect of Parisian education and Parisian society on young women. Prévost resigned his post as a civil engineer after the success of his first two novels, Le Scorpion

Françoise Prévost was a French ballerina, the leading dancer of her generation. Her precision, lightness, and grace helped establish the technique of classical ballet; she was also noted for her mime and dramatic ability. Prévost made her debut at the Paris Académie (now Opéra) in Atys and later

nonfictional prose: Entertainment: A Frenchman, Jean Prévost (1901–44), who was to die as a hero of the Resistance to the German occupation of France during World War II, opened his career as an essayist with precise and arresting analyses of the Plaisirs des sports (1925). But there are surprisingly few…

Marcel Prévost was a French novelist who made a sensation in France in the 1890s with stories purporting to show the corrupting effect of Parisian education and Parisian society on young women. Prévost resigned his post as a civil engineer after the success of his first two novels, Le Scorpion

Sir George Prevost, 1st Baronet was a soldier in the service of Great Britain, who was governor in chief (1811–15) of Upper and Lower Canada (now Ontario and Quebec). He was known for his conciliatory policies toward French Canadians. Prevost attained the rank of major in the British army by 1790.

provost, in French law, an inferior royal judge under the ancien régime, who, during the later Middle Ages, often served as an administrator of the domain. The position appears to date from the 11th century, when the Capetian dynasty of kings sought a means to render justice within their realm and

caries: …of a bacterial species named Prevotella histicola, which is present in both healthy and cancerous oral tissues and which generates acidic metabolites, such as acetic acid and lactic acid, that can damage tooth enamel, underlined the need to better understand oral microorganisms and their role in tooth decay.

predation, in animal behaviour, the pursuit, capture, and killing of animals for food. Predatory animals may be solitary hunters, like the leopard, or they may be group hunters, like wolves. The senses of predators are adapted in a variety of ways to facilitate hunting behaviour. Visual acuity is

Prêy Veng, town, southern Cambodia. Prêy Veng is linked to Phnom Penh, the national capital, by a national highway. The former (prior to 1975) rubber plantations of Phumi Péam Cheăng near the town have the ruins of a Khmer temple. At nearby ’Neăk Loeăng is a ferry across the Mekong River. The

bird of prey, any bird that pursues other animals for food; it is a famous apex predator (meaning without a natural predator or enemy). Birds of prey are classified in two orders: Falconiformes and Strigiformes. All birds of prey have hook-tipped beaks and sharp curved claws called talons (in

child psychology: …study published by German psychophysiologist William Preyer put forth the methods for a series of others. In 1891 American educational psychologist G. Stanley Hall established the Pedagogical Seminary, a periodical devoted to child psychology and pedagogy. During the early 20th century, the development of intelligence tests and the establishment of…

Przewalski’s horse, (subspecies Equus caballus przewalskii or E. ferus przewalskii), last wild horse subspecies surviving in the 21st century. It was discovered in western Mongolia in the late 1870s by the Russian explorer N.M. Przhevalsky. Przewalski’s horse is yellowish or light red (sometimes

Lester Young was an American tenor saxophonist who emerged in the mid-1930s Kansas City, Mo., jazz world with the Count Basie band and introduced an approach to improvisation that provided much of the basis for modern jazz solo conception. Young’s tone was a striking departure from the accepted

Josquin des Prez was one of the greatest composers of Renaissance Europe. Josquin’s early life has been the subject of much scholarly debate, and the first solid evidence of his work comes from a roll of musicians associated with the cathedral in Cambrai in the early 1470s. During the late 1470s

snake: Vertebrae: …then at two projections (prezygapophyses and postzygapophyses) from the centra, with articulating surfaces that lie above and below; and finally the zygosphenes and zygantra, found almost exclusively in snakes, the zygosphene being a projecting shelf on the upper part of the vertebra and the zygantrum being a pocket into…

evolution: Reproductive isolation: …categories of reproductive isolating mechanisms: prezygotic, or those that take effect before fertilization, and postzygotic, those that take effect afterward. Prezygotic RIMs prevent the formation of hybrids between members of different populations through ecological, temporal, ethological (behavioral), mechanical, and gametic isolation. Postzygotic RIMs reduce the viability or fertility of hybrids…

evolution: Reproductive isolation: …categories of reproductive isolating mechanisms: prezygotic, or those that take effect before fertilization, and postzygotic, those that take effect afterward. Prezygotic RIMs prevent the formation of hybrids between members of different populations through ecological, temporal, ethological (behavioral), mechanical, and gametic isolation. Postzygotic RIMs reduce the viability or fertility of hybrids…

Grenada: Independence of Grenada: …a People’s Revolutionary Government (PRG), and named their leader, Maurice Bishop, as prime minister. The new government faced opposition from Western nations because of its socialist principles and the substantial aid it had begun receiving from Cuba, but it embarked on a program to rebuild the economy, which had…

Viet Cong: …Viet Cong to form the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG). The movement’s principal objectives were the overthrow of the South Vietnamese government and the reunification of Vietnam.

Italian Republican Party, anticlerical social-reform party. Although it had only a small following in the years after World War II, its position in the centre of the Italian political spectrum enabled it to take part in many coalition governments. The party dates back to the 19th century, when

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Mexican political party that dominated the country’s political institutions from its founding in 1929 until the end of the 20th century. Virtually all important figures in Mexican national and local politics belonged to the party, because the nomination of

Priabonian Stage, uppermost division of Eocene rocks, representing all rocks deposited worldwide during the Priabonian Age (38 million to 33.9 million years ago) of the Paleogene Period (66 million to 23 million years ago). The Priabonian Stage is named for Priabona in the Vicenza province of

bigeye, any of about 18 species of marine fishes comprising the family Priacanthidae (order Perciformes). Some members of the family are also known as catalufas. Most bigeyes are bright red in colour, but many species can change from a pale hue to a deep, mottled shade. Most have large round eyes.

bigeye: The glasseye snapper (P. cruentatus), also called the catalufa, about 30 cm long, is found in both the Atlantic and Pacific. The popeye catalufa (Pristigenys serrula) is a Pacific ocean species.

Priam, in Greek mythology, the last king of Troy. He succeeded his father, Laomedon, as king and extended Trojan control over the Hellespont. He married first Arisbe (a daughter of Merops the seer) and then Hecuba, and he had other wives and concubines. He had 50 sons, according to Homer’s Iliad,

metalwork: Pre-Mycenaean: The largest of them, called Priam’s Treasure, is a representative collection of jewels and plate. Packed in a large silver cup were gold ornaments consisting of elaborate diadems or pectorals, six bracelets, 60 earrings or hair rings, and nearly 9,000 beads. Trojan vases have bold and simple forms, mostly without…

Indonesia: Growth and impact of the Dutch East India Company: …received the cession of the Preanger regions of western Java.

West Java: …of upland that includes the Priangan plateau, which has an elevation of about 1,000 feet (300 metres) and consists of almost horizontal gently folded limestone. The plateau extends for more than 100 miles (160 km) along the southern coast and fronts a relatively narrow strip of coastal lowlands. Along the…

ancient Iran: Phraates I: …available concerning the reign of Priapatius (c. 191–176 bc), who succeeded Artabanus and whose name appears in documents found in excavations at Nisā. Under his son Phraates I (reigned c. 176–171 bc), the young Parthian kingdom seems to have recuperated sufficiently to have taken up once again its expansionist activities.…

Priapea, poems in honour of the the god of fertility Priapus. Although there are ancient Greek poems addressed to him, the name Priapea is mainly applied to a collection of 85 or 86 short Latin poems composed in various metres and dealing with the fertility god who, with his sickle, protected

Priapea, poems in honour of the the god of fertility Priapus. Although there are ancient Greek poems addressed to him, the name Priapea is mainly applied to a collection of 85 or 86 short Latin poems composed in various metres and dealing with the fertility god who, with his sickle, protected

priapism, a persistent, painful erection of the penis unaccompanied by sexual excitation or desire. When normal erection occurs, the sides and the bottom of the penis, the corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum, respectively, become engorged with blood so that the penis enlarges, hardens, and

priapulid, (phylum Priapulida), any of some 15 species of predatory, marine, mud-inhabiting, unsegmented worms. Once considered a class of the former phylum Aschelminthes or placed with echiuran and sipunculan worms in the former phylum Gephyrea, priapulids have no obvious relationship to any other

priapulid, (phylum Priapulida), any of some 15 species of predatory, marine, mud-inhabiting, unsegmented worms. Once considered a class of the former phylum Aschelminthes or placed with echiuran and sipunculan worms in the former phylum Gephyrea, priapulids have no obvious relationship to any other