Tamara Press was a Soviet athlete who won three track-and-field Olympic gold medals and set 12 world records. Press won her first gold medal at the 1960 Olympics in Rome, setting an Olympic record with a shot put of 17.32 metres (56 feet 10 inches). She won the silver medal in the discus (52.59

seismograph: Development of the first seismographs: The Press-Ewing seismograph, developed in the United States for recording long-period waves, was widely used throughout the world. That device employed a Milne-type pendulum, but the pivot supporting the pendulum was replaced by an elastic wire to avoid friction.

Bratislava, city, capital of Slovakia. It lies in the extreme southwestern part of the country, along the Danube where that river has cut a gorge in the Little Carpathian Mountains near the meeting point of the frontiers of Slovakia, Austria, and Hungary. Vienna is 35 miles (56 km) west.

Treaty of Pressburg, (Dec. 26, 1805), agreement signed by Austria and France at Pressburg (now Bratislava, Slovakia) after Napoleon’s victories at Ulm and Austerlitz; it imposed severe terms on Austria. Austria gave up the following: all that it had received of Venetian territory at the Treaty of

Maximilian I: Territorial expansion: By the Treaty of Pressburg in 1491, he arranged that the succession to Bohemia and Hungary would pass to the Habsburgs if Vladislas left no male heir.

Emeric Pressburger was a Hungarian-born screenwriter who wrote and produced innovative and visually striking motion pictures in collaboration with British director Michael Powell, most notably The Red Shoes (1948). Pressburger studied engineering in Prague and Stuttgart, but in 1925 he went to

Emeric Pressburger was a Hungarian-born screenwriter who wrote and produced innovative and visually striking motion pictures in collaboration with British director Michael Powell, most notably The Red Shoes (1948). Pressburger studied engineering in Prague and Stuttgart, but in 1925 he went to

Die Presse, newspaper published in Vienna, Austria’s leading daily (though far from its largest) and one of Europe’s outstanding journals. It was founded in 1848 during one of the Austro-Hungarian Empire’s intermittent periods of freedom of the press. It emphasized quality, balanced reporting, and

La Presse, French-language daily newspaper published in Montreal. It has long been one of the most widely circulated French-language daily newspapers in Canada, and it remains the biggest standard-size (broadsheet) paper; only the French-language tabloid Le Journal de Montréal has a larger

history of publishing: Continental Europe and other countries: …the founding in Paris of La Presse (1836) by Émile de Girardin, who might be called one of the first press barons. He introduced new features and serials to raise circulation as high as 20,000 and thus to enable him to lower the price of his newspapers. A prominent contemporary…

pressed glass, glassware produced by mechanically pressing molten glass into a plain or engraved mold by means of a plunger. Pressed glass can generally be distinguished from hand-cut glass because of its blunt-edged facets, mold seams (which are often removed by polishing, however), and precise,

William B. Woods: …activities of individuals, and in Presser v. Illinois, which declared that the Bill of Rights limited the power of the federal, but not a state, government. Both positions were later reversed.

Jackie Presser was an American union leader and president (1983–88) of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, one of the nation’s largest unions. Presser quit school after the eighth grade, joined the navy at age 17, and served in World War II. He then took a job with a local restaurant

clothing and footwear industry: Pressing and molding processes: Pressing, pleating, blocking, mangling, steaming, creasing, curing, and casting are trade terms for various molding processes in producing clothing and footwear.

traditional ceramics: Plastic forming: Foremost among these techniques are pressing and extrusion.

fat and oil processing: Pressing machines: Many different mechanical devices have been used for pressing. The Romans developed a screw press, described by Pliny, for the production of olive oil. Centuries ago, the Chinese employed the same series of operations followed in modern pressing mills—namely, bruising or grinding the…

Paul Bert: …recherches de physiologie expérimentale (1878; Barometric Pressure: Researches in Experimental Physiology, 1943) was of fundamental importance to aviation medicine during World War II and to aerospace research in general.

Bainbridge reflex: Special pressure sensors called baroreceptors (or venoatrial stretch receptors) located in the right atrium of the heart detect increases in the volume and pressure of blood returned to the heart. These receptors transmit information along the vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) to the central nervous system. This response results…

pressure, in the physical sciences, the perpendicular force per unit area, or the stress at a point within a confined fluid. The pressure exerted on a floor by a 42-pound box the bottom of which has an area of 84 square inches is equal to the force divided by the area over which it is exerted;

altimeter: …two main types are the pressure altimeter, or aneroid barometer, which approximates altitude above sea level by measuring atmospheric pressure, and the radio altimeter, which measures absolute altitude (distance above land or water) based on the time required for a radio wave signal to travel from an airplane, a weather…

sound: Measuring techniques: …of a tube, while a pressure antinode (corresponding to a displacement or velocity node) occurs at the closed end. Because most microphones respond to changes in pressure, this type of representation may be more useful when discussing experimental observations involving the use of microphones.

angiosperm: Process of xylem transport: …ingeniously simple device called the pressure bomb. A small twig is inserted in a container (the pressure bomb), its cut stump emerging from a tightly sealed hole. As pressure is applied to the container and gradually increased, water from the xylem emerges from the cut end as soon as the…

bridge: In the pressure bridge, the string is fastened at one end to a tuning peg or a wrest pin and at the other to a pin or a tailpiece; it passes over the bridge (or bridges), which may be glued to the soundboard (as in the piano)…

pressure cooker, hermetically sealed pot which produces steam heat to cook food quickly. The pressure cooker first appeared in 1679 as Papin’s Digester, named for its inventor, French-born physicist Denis Papin. The cooker heats water to produce very hot steam which forces the temperature inside

dùndún pressure drum, double-membrane, hourglass-shaped drum of the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria. It is capable of imitating the tones and glides of the spoken language and is employed by a skilled musician to render ritual praise poetry to a deity or king. It has counterparts in East

filtration: Filter types: Pressure or vacuum filters usually are used in industry in preference to gravity filters. The driving force that can be supplied by pressure or vacuum is much greater than gravity, thus permitting higher filtration rates. Sand-bed filters are operated under pressure in closed vessels to…

flake tool: Pressure flaking, as the name implies, consists of applying pressure by means of a pointed stick or bone near the edge of a flake or blade, to detach small flakes from both sides. This method was used mostly to put the finishing touches on tools…

angiosperm: Process of phloem transport: Mass-flow hypotheses include the pressure-flow hypothesis, which states that flow into sieve tubes at source regions (places of photosynthesis or mobilization and exportation of storage products) raises the osmotic pressure in the sieve tube; removal of sugars from sieve tubes in sink regions—i.e., those in…

pressure gauge, instrument for measuring the condition of a fluid (liquid or gas) that is specified by the force that the fluid would exert, when at rest, on a unit area, such as pounds per square inch or newtons per square centimetre. The reading on a gauge, which is the difference between two

interest group, any association of individuals or organizations, usually formally organized, that, on the basis of one or more shared concerns, attempts to influence public policy in its favour. All interest groups share a desire to affect government policy to benefit themselves or their causes.

metallurgy: Leaching: Pressure leaching shortens the treatment time by improving the solubility of solids that dissolve only very slowly at atmospheric pressure. For this process autoclaves are used, in both vertical and horizontal styles. After leaching, the pregnant solution is separated from the insoluble residue and sent…

mine: Submarine mine: The pressure mine employs the principle that beneath every ship in motion in shallow water there is an area of reduced pressure. The pressure mine contains a chamber divided by a diaphragm, with one side of the chamber open to the sea. Any sudden decrease in…

sound: Measuring techniques: …in Figure 6—that is, a pressure node (corresponding to a displacement or velocity antinode) occurs at the open end of a tube, while a pressure antinode (corresponding to a displacement or velocity node) occurs at the closed end. Because most microphones respond to changes in pressure, this type of representation…

Peter Falk: …in the early 1960s included Pressure Point (1962), It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964), and The Great Race (1965). At the same time Falk’s television work gained increasing notice, and he won his first Emmy Award for a 1962 performance in the…

Bainbridge reflex: Special pressure sensors called baroreceptors (or venoatrial stretch receptors) located in the right atrium of the heart detect increases in the volume and pressure of blood returned to the heart. These receptors transmit information along the vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) to the central nervous system. This response results…

rock: Types of remanent magnetization: PRM (pressure remanent, or piezoremanent, magnetization) arises when a material undergoes mechanical deformation while in a magnetic field. The process of deformation may result from hydrostatic pressure, shock impact (as produced by a meteorite striking the Earth’s surface), or directed tectonic stress. There are magnetization changes with stress in…

sea ice: Sea ice formation and features: A pressure ridge is composed of a sail above the waterline and a keel below. In the Arctic most keels are 10–25 metres (about 33–80 feet) deep and typically four times the sail height. Keel widths are typically 2–3 times the sail width. Antarctic pressure ridges…

bedsore, an ulceration of skin and underlying tissue caused by pressure that limits the blood supply to the affected area. As the name indicates, bedsores are a particular affliction for persons who have been bedridden for a long time. The interference with normal blood flow is caused by the

turbine: Turbine staging: Pressure staging uses a number of sequential impulse stages similar to those illustrated in Figure 1, except that the stationary passages also become highly curved nozzles. Pressure-staged turbines can range in power capacity from a few to more than 1.3 million kilowatts. Some manufacturers prefer…

nuclear reactor: Structural components: …gas-controlled reactor (HTGR), a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is utilized so that the coolant is contained and operated under conditions appropriate for power generation—namely, elevated temperature and pressure. Within the reactor vessel are a number of structural elements: grids for holding the reactor core and solid reflectors, control-rod guide tubes,…

longitudinal wave, wave consisting of a periodic disturbance or vibration that takes place in the same direction as the advance of the wave. A coiled spring that is compressed at one end and then released experiences a wave of compression that travels its length, followed by a stretching; a point

advanced ceramics: Pressure-assisted sintering: The sintering processes described above can be assisted by the application of pressure. Pressure increases the driving force for densification, and it also decreases the temperature needed for sintering to as low as half the melting point of the ceramic. Furthermore, shape forming…

angiosperm: Process of phloem transport: Mass-flow hypotheses include the pressure-flow hypothesis, which states that flow into sieve tubes at source regions (places of photosynthesis or mobilization and exportation of storage products) raises the osmotic pressure in the sieve tube; removal of sugars from sieve tubes in sink regions—i.e., those in which sugars are removed…

Buys Ballot’s law: …between the wind and the pressure gradient is a right angle. This is almost exactly true in the free atmosphere, but not near the surface. Near the ground, the angle is usually less than 90° because of friction between the air and the surface and the turning of the wind…

tunnels and underground excavations: Soft-ground moles: A third type is the pressure-on-face mole. Here, only the face is pressurized, and the tunnel proper operates in free air—thus avoiding the high costs of labour under pressure. In 1969 a first major attempt used air pressure on the face of a mole operating in sands and silts for…

cave: Other types of lava caves: So-called pressure-ridge caves can be formed beneath the ridges by the mechanical lifting of the roof rock. Such cavities typically measure one to two metres in height, have a roughly triangular cross section, and extend several hundred metres in length. Unlike lava tube caves that are…

adhesive: Pressure-sensitive adhesives: Pressure-sensitive adhesives, or PSAs, represent a large industrial and commercial market in the form of adhesive tapes and films directed toward packaging, mounting and fastening, masking, and electrical and surgical applications. PSAs are capable of holding adherends together when the surfaces are mated…

metamorphic rock: Pressure-temperature-time paths: Interaction between metamorphic petrologists and geophysicists in the 1980s led to the realization that each metamorphic rock follows its own unique path through pressure- (depth-) temperature space during metamorphism and that these paths bear little or no resemblance to steady-state geotherms. The specific…

nuclear reactor: PWRs and BWRs: …are two basic types: the pressurized-water reactor (PWR) and the boiling-water reactor (BWR). In the PWR, water at high pressure and temperature removes heat from the core and is transported to a steam generator. There the heat from the primary loop is transferred to a lower-pressure secondary loop also containing…

automation: Automated production lines: Pressworking operations involve the cutting and forming of parts from sheet metal. Examples of such parts include automobile body panels, outer shells of major appliances (e.g., laundry machines and ranges), and metal furniture (e.g., desks and file cabinets). More than one processing step is often…

tool and die making: The fabrication of pressworking dies constitutes the major part of the work done in tool and die shops. Most pressworking dies are utilized in the fabrication of sheet-metal parts that range in size from the finger stop on a dial telephone to the panels of an automobile body.…

Rhyl: Prestatyn, which adjoins Rhyl to the east, is a similar holiday resort. Prestatyn has remains of prehistoric settlement, Offa’s Dyke (8th century), and a demolished castle (12th century). Pop. (2001) 25,390; (2011) 25,149.

Prestea, town, southwestern Ghana, West Africa. It is located on the west bank of the Ankobra River, about 60 miles (100 km) northwest of Cape Coast. It is linked by railroad with Tarkwa and with Sekondi-Takoradi, both to the southeast. Prestea is a centre of trade for the surrounding agricultural

John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir: …style of Robert Louis Stevenson, Prester John (1910); it is a vivid, prophetic account of an African rising. During World War I Buchan held a staff appointment, and in 1917 he became director of information for the British government. His Thirty-Nine Steps (1915) was the most popular of his series…

Prester John, legendary Christian ruler of the East, popularized in medieval chronicles and traditions as a hoped-for ally against the Muslims. Believed to be a Nestorian (i.e., a member of an independent Eastern Christian church that did not accept the authority of the patriarch of Constantinople)

Washington Luís: His candidate, Júlio Prestes, won in a controlled election in 1930; but the supporters of the opposition candidate, Getúlio Vargas, organized a successful coup d’état and deposed Luís on Oct. 24, 1930, just before he was to complete his term. The last president of the “old” republic, he…

Luís Carlos Prestes was a Brazilian revolutionary. Beginning in 1924, he led a rebel force on a three-year trek through Brazil’s interior in an effort to spark a rebellion in the countryside. Although the effort failed, he became a romantic hero. He went on to lead the Brazilian Communist Party,

magic, theatrical representation of the defiance of natural law. Legerdemain, meaning “light, or nimble, of hand,” and juggling, meaning “the performance of tricks,” were the terms initially used to designate exhibitions of deception. The words magic and conjuring had no theatrical significance

Oceanic art and architecture: New Zealand: The continual quest for prestige in Maori society encouraged men of high status to commission and own important works. The choice of such works changed throughout Maori history. It appears that war canoes were the most prestigious works in the 18th century. Communal war canoes, which were up to…

Michael Caine: …Children of Men (2006) and The Prestige (2006), the latter also directed by Nolan. In 2007 he starred in Kenneth Branagh’s remake of Sleuth, portraying the character originally played by Olivier.

echolocation: …form of a protein called prestin increases their sensitivity to high-frequency sounds and thereby facilitates the detection of return echoes. The nearly identical molecular structure of the Prestin gene in these animals, which differs from the structure of the Prestin gene found in all other mammals, is an example of…

palm: Distribution: The vegetation dominated by Prestoea montana is distinctive in the montane forests of the Caribbean. Many of these palms are economically useful, and their natural or seminatural stands may be immensely important in local economies.

Preston: nonmetropolitan district, administrative and historic county of Lancashire, northwestern England. It is located at the lowest bridging point of the River Ribble estuary before it flows into the Irish Sea.

Preston, city and nonmetropolitan district, administrative and historic county of Lancashire, northwestern England. It is located at the lowest bridging point of the River Ribble estuary before it flows into the Irish Sea. The town of Preston grew near the site of a Roman fort at Walton-le-Dale, on

Cambridge: …the towns of Hespeler and Preston, and parts of the townships of Waterloo and North Dumfries. Galt was founded about 1816 and, along with Dumfries Township, became the home of large numbers of Scottish immigrants. Hespeler and Preston were settled in the early 1800s, largely by Mennonites from Pennsylvania, U.S.…

Virginia Tech: The Preston and Olin Institute, a Methodist school founded in 1854, became the nucleus of Virginia Tech, which was established in 1872. It was then known as Virginia Agriculture and Mechanical College and was Virginia’s land-grant college under the provisions of the Morrill Act of 1862;…

Ann Preston was an American physician and educator who struggled for the rights of women to learn, practice, and teach medicine in the mid-1800s. Preston was educated in Quaker schools and later became active in the abolition and temperance movements. Her temperance work had aroused in her an

Battle of Preston, (17–19 August 1648). In war, victors often fall out among themselves. Two years after the end of the English civil war, the victorious Parliamentary army took on its former allies, the Scots, at Preston. The battle was to become yet another famous victory for Parliamentary

Battle of Preston, (9–14 November 1715). The last important siege of a city in England, Preston pitted the British army of the Hanoverian King George I against a Jacobite army attempting to restore Stuart rule in the person of the Old Pretender: Prince James, son of the deposed King James II. After

Billy Preston was an American musician who was the consummate sideman as a keyboard player, recording and touring with a Who’s Who of popular music. He was also a star in his own right as well as an accomplished songwriter. Preston was raised in Los Angeles and began playing piano at age three. By

Frances Cleveland was an American first lady (1886–89; 1893–97), the wife of Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th president of the United States, and the youngest first lady in American history. Frances Folsom was the only daughter of Emma Harmon Folsom and Oscar Folsom, a lawyer. She lived comfortably

John Travolta: In 1991 he married actress Kelly Preston, his costar in The Experts (1989); she died from breast cancer in 2020.

May Wilson Preston was an American illustrator associated with the Ashcan School. She was known for the authenticity she brought to her work for the major magazines of the early 20th century. May Wilson displayed marked artistic ability from an early age. In 1889, when she was barely out of high

May Wilson Preston was an American illustrator associated with the Ashcan School. She was known for the authenticity she brought to her work for the major magazines of the early 20th century. May Wilson displayed marked artistic ability from an early age. In 1889, when she was barely out of high

Robert Preston was a versatile American actor best known for his role as Professor Harold Hill in The Music Man on the Broadway stage in 1957 and in the 1962 film. The son of a minor-league baseball player, Preston attended school in Hollywood, Calif., but quit at the age of 16 to become an actor.

Boston Massacre: From mob to massacre: Thomas Preston marched seven soldiers with fixed bayonets through the crowd in an attempt to rescue the sentry. Emboldened by the knowledge that the Riot Act had not been read—and that the soldiers could not fire their weapons until it had been read and then…

Billy Preston was an American musician who was the consummate sideman as a keyboard player, recording and touring with a Who’s Who of popular music. He was also a star in his own right as well as an accomplished songwriter. Preston was raised in Los Angeles and began playing piano at age three. By

GitHub: Creation and founding: …of those new users was Tom Preston-Werner, who was introduced to Git through a work acquaintance. Preston-Werner identified that Git would benefit from a decentralized hosting system for projects, source code, and user interaction. This idea was the motivator to create GitHub.

United Kingdom: The Jacobite rebellion: …the same size at the Battle of Prestonpans. In December, with an army of 5,000 men, he marched into England and got as far south as the town of Derby, some 150 miles from London.

prestressed concrete, Concrete reinforced by either pretensioning or posttensioning, allowing it to carry a greater load or span a greater distance than ordinary reinforced concrete. In pretensioning, lengths of steel wire or cables are laid in the empty mold and stretched. The concrete is placed

Crime and Punishment, novel by Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky, first published in 1866. His first masterpiece, the novel is a psychological analysis of the poor former student Raskolnikov, whose theory that he is an extraordinary person able to take on the spiritual responsibility of using evil

Prestwick, burgh (town), South Ayrshire council area, historic county of Ayrshire, western Scotland, on the Firth of Clyde and contiguous with the city of Ayr to the south. Prestwick’s international airport has grown because of its proximity to Glasgow and its favourable climatic conditions and has

British Open: Courses: …Open was played exclusively at Prestwick Golf Club. Since 1872 it has been played at a number of courses in rotation. Initially the three courses were Prestwick, St. Andrews, and Musselburgh, all located in Scotland. The nine courses in the current rotation are the Old Course at St. Andrews; Carnoustie…

Scott Turow: His first novel, Presumed Innocent (1987; film 1990), was written while he was working as an assistant U.S. attorney in Chicago (1978–86). The story of Rusty Sabich, a deputy prosecutor assigned to investigate the murder of a female colleague with whom he had had an affair, is a…

Alan J. Pakula: Films of the 1990s: Presumed Innocent (1990), an adaptation of Scott Turow’s best-selling thriller, was a return to form for Pakula. Harrison Ford starred as an attorney who has been charged with the murder of his former assistant, with whom he had an affair. Pakula (who cowrote the screenplay)…

fallacy: Material fallacies: The material fallacies are also known as fallacies of presumption, because the premises “presume” too much—they either covertly assume the conclusion or avoid the issue in view.

applied logic: Logic of questions and answers: …is equivalent to forming the presupposition of the question. For example, suppose that this is done in the desideratum of the question “Who murdered Dick?”—viz., in “I know who murdered Dick,” or symbolically KI(∃x/KI) M(x,d). Then the result is KI(∃x) M(x,d), which says, “I know that someone murdered Dick,” which…

human genetic disease: Genetic testing: …disease, options often exist for presymptomatic diagnosis—that is, diagnosis of individuals at risk for developing a given disorder, even though at the time of diagnosis they may be clinically healthy. Options may even exist for carrier testing, studies that determine whether an individual is at increased risk of having a…

nervous system: Axon: The thickened areas are called presynaptic dense projections, or active zones.

nervous system: Simple mollusks: …mechanism underlying this response is presynaptic facilitation, which is thought to be caused by an increase in the second messenger cAMP in the terminals of the sensory neurons.

nervous system: Axon: Presynaptic terminals, when seen by light microscope, look like small knobs and contain many organelles. The most numerous of these are synaptic vesicles, which, filled with neurotransmitters, are often clumped in areas of the terminal membrane that appear to be thickened. The thickened areas are…

Robert Altman: 1980s and ’90s of Robert Altman: …than these two efforts was Prêt-à-Porter (1994), an impressionistic look at the world of Paris couture that reteamed iconic actors Sophia Loren and Marcello Mastroianni.

Buddhism: All Souls festival: …those who are suffering as pretas, or hell beings, so that they may ascend to heaven. Under the guidance of Buddhist temples, societies (hui, Youlanhui) are formed to carry out the necessary ceremonies—lanterns are lit, monks are invited to recite sacred verses, and offerings of fruit are made. An 8th-century…

Italian literature: Social commitment and the new realism: The Priest Among the Pigeons). In contrast to the more topical appeal of these writings, the great virtue of Pavese’s narrative was the universality of its characters and themes. Among his finest works may be numbered La casa in collina (1949; The House on the…

human nervous system: The eye: …transmit luminosity information to the pretectum, where particular types of neurons relay the information to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the midbrain. The axons of these neurons exit the ventral surface of the midbrain and synapse in the ciliary ganglion. From there, parasympathetic postganglionic neurons innervate…

human nervous system: The eye: …transmit luminosity information to the pretectum, where particular types of neurons relay the information to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the midbrain. The axons of these neurons exit the ventral surface of the midbrain and synapse in the ciliary ganglion. From there, parasympathetic postganglionic neurons innervate…

Martin Scorsese: Films of the 2020s: Killers of the Flower Moon: …and appeared in the docuseries Pretend It’s a City, about humorist Fran Lebowitz, a longtime friend. In the seven-part series, which was filmed during the COVID-19 pandemic, Lebowitz discusses her life and New York City. Pretend It’s a City was Scorsese’s second project involving Lebowitz; Public Speaking, a documentary movie,…

Jackson Browne: …Lindley—Browne had million-selling hits with The Pretender (1976) and the live album Running on Empty (1978); the title tracks from both recordings are among his best-known songs. His musical style ranged from romantic folk rock ballads to up-tempo rock and reggae.

the Pretenders: Formation and early years: …the next year—were included in Pretenders, the group’s debut record album. Pretenders became the top-selling album on the U.K. charts in 1980, and “Brass in Pocket” topped the singles charts in the U.K., Sweden, Ireland, Spain, and South Africa and reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the…

the Pretenders: Formation and early years: The album Pretenders II (which featured the singles “Message of Love,” “I Go to Sleep,” and “Talk of the Town”) and the EP Extended Play were released in 1981. The excesses of touring and drug addiction, however, resulted in Farndon being expelled from the band on June…