norovirus, (genus Norovirus), genus consisting of one species of virus, known as Norwalk virus(family Caliciviridae), that frequently gives rise to outbreaks of foodborne and waterborne gastroenteritis in humans. Norovirus is highly contagious, being spread easily through contact with an infected

Norway, country of northern Europe that occupies the western half of the Scandinavian peninsula. Nearly half of the inhabitants of the country live in the far south, in the region around Oslo, the capital. About two-thirds of Norway is mountainous, and off its much-indented coastline lie, carved by

Norway Current, branch of the North Atlantic Current, sometimes considered a continuation of the Gulf Stream (issuing from the Gulf of Mexico). The Norway Current enters the Norwegian Sea north of Scotland and flows northeastward along the coast of Norway before flowing into the Barents Sea. With

Norway Deep, undersea trough in the northeastern North Sea. It extends southward from Ålesund in western Norway, running parallel to the Norwegian coast and curving around the southern tip of Norway into the Skagerrak (the strait between southern Norway and the Jutland peninsula of Denmark) as far

redfish: …also referred to as the Norway haddock). Both are red and grow to about 25 cm (10 inches) long.

redfish, (Sebastes norvegicus), commercially important food fish of the scorpionfish family, Scorpaenidae (order Scorpaeniformes), found in the North Atlantic Ocean along European and North American coasts. Also known as ocean perch or rosefish in North America and as Norway haddock in Europe, the

lemming: Natural history: …only short distances, but the Norway lemmings (Lemmus lemmus) in Scandinavia are a dramatic exception. From a central point, they move in growing numbers outward in all directions, at first erratically and under cover of darkness but later in bold groups that may travel in daylight. Huge hordes overrun broad…

scampi, (Nephrops norvegicus), edible lobster of the order Decapoda (class Crustacea). It is widespread in the Mediterranean and northeastern Atlantic, from North Africa to Norway and Iceland, and as a gastronomic delicacy it is commercially exploited over much of its range, particularly by Great

maple: The Norway maple (A. platanoides), a handsome, dense, round-headed tree, has spectacular greenish-yellow flower clusters in early spring; many cultivated varieties are available with unusual leaf colour (red, maroon, bronze, or purple) and growth form (columnar, globular, or pyramidal).

brown rat, (Rattus norvegicus), species of rat (family Muridae) found on every continent except Antarctica. The alternate name “Norway rat” came from a false hypothesis widely believed in 18th-century England that the rats were native to Norway. Research has confirmed, however, that the brown rat

spruce: Major species: The Norway spruce (P. abies), an important timber and ornamental tree native to northern Europe, is used in reforestation both there and in North America.

Church of Norway, established, state-supported Lutheran church in Norway, which changed from the Roman Catholic faith during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. Unsuccessful attempts were made to win converts to Christianity in Norway during the 10th century, but in the 11th century Kings Olaf

national flag consisting of a red field bearing a large blue cross outlined in white. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 8 to 11.On February 27, 1814, the crown prince Christian Frederick created the first distinctive Norwegian national flag. An expression of local opposition to the Swedish

Norway: History: The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along the coast, where the huge ice shelf of the last ice age first melted between 11,000 and 8000 bce. The oldest finds are stone tools dating from 9500 to 6000 bce, discovered in…

Norway, country of northern Europe that occupies the western half of the Scandinavian peninsula. Nearly half of the inhabitants of the country live in the far south, in the region around Oslo, the capital. About two-thirds of Norway is mountainous, and off its much-indented coastline lie, carved by

Nevil Shute was an English-born novelist who showed a special talent for weaving his technical knowledge of engineering into the texture of his fictional narrative. His most famous work, On the Beach (1957), which he wrote while living in Australia, reflected his pessimism for humanity in the

Norway: Ethnic groups: …most parts of Norway the nucleus of the population is Nordic in heritage and appearance. Between 60 and 70 percent have blue eyes. An influx of people from southern Europe has been strong in southwestern Norway. Nord-Norge has about nine-tenths of the estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Sami—the country’s first inhabitants—living…

Antarctica: Discovery of the Antarctic poles: …explorer Roald Amundsen of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition of 1910–12 reached it. One month later, on January 17, 1912, Scott of the British Antarctic Terra Nova Expedition of 1910–13 also reached the South Pole. Whereas Amundsen’s party of skiers and dog teams, using the Axel Heiberg Glacier route, arrived back…

North Polar Basin: …Central Polar Basin and the Norwegian Basin, by a sill, or narrow underwater ridge, lying between north Greenland and the Svalbard archipelago of Norway. The larger of the two parts, the Central Polar Basin, has a maximum depth of 16,995 feet (5,180 m) and occupies a triangular area stretching across…

Norway: Labour and taxation: …influential labour union is the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Landsorganisasjonen i Norge; LO), which was established in 1899 and has more than 800,000 members. Other important labour unions are the Confederation of Vocational Unions (Yrkesorganisasjonenes Sentralforbund; YS) and the Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations (Akademikerne).

ocean current: The subpolar gyres: …its equatorward side and the Norwegian Current that carries relatively warm water northward along the coast of Norway. The heat released from the Norwegian Current into the atmosphere maintains a moderate climate in northern Europe. Along the east coast of Greenland is the southward-flowing cold East Greenland Current. It loops…

weather forecasting: Progress during the early 20th century: …been referred to as the Norwegian cyclone model. This theory pulled together many earlier ideas and related the patterns of wind and weather to a low-pressure system that exhibited fronts—which are rather sharp sloping boundaries between cold and warm air masses. Bjerknes pointed out the rainfall/snowfall patterns that are characteristically…

Norwegian elkhound, breed of dog that originated thousands of years ago in western Norway, where it was used as an all-purpose hunter, shepherd, guard, and companion. It generally excels in tracking European elk and has also been used for hunting bears and lynx. A medium-sized dog with erect,

Norske folkeeventyr, (1841–44; Eng. trans. Norwegian Folktales), collections of folktales and legends, by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Engebretsen Moe, that had survived and developed from Old Norse pagan mythology in the mountain and fjord dialects of Norway. The authors, stimulated by a

Norwegian Forest Cat, a breed of long-haired domestic cat known for its large size, strong, muscular body, and double coat of fur. The Norwegian Forest Cat originated in Norway, where it is known as a skogkatt (“forest cat”). Its thick water-resistant overcoat and woolly, insulating undercoat make

Sverre Fehn: Fehn’s Norwegian Glacier Museum (completed 1991) in Fjærland, Nor.—a long, low-lying, white-and-gray concrete structure with sloping ends—echoed the steep glaciers that surrounded it. His Hedmark Cathedral Museum (1979) in Hamar, Nor., was built astride the historic ruins of a 14th-century cathedral and manor house. Some of…

Norwegian Gyral, cyclonic ocean current flow centred at 68° N, 13° W in the Norwegian Sea. The Norwegian Gyral separates the Norway Current from a southeastward-flowing branch of the East Greenland

Norwegian Gyral, cyclonic ocean current flow centred at 68° N, 13° W in the Norwegian Sea. The Norwegian Gyral separates the Norway Current from a southeastward-flowing branch of the East Greenland

Norway: Education: …and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (SINTEF) was created in 1950 as an independent organization at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology to stimulate research and develop cooperation with other public and private research institutions and with private industry. SINTEF is financed by the state and…

Norway: Political process: The Norwegian Labour Party (Det Norske Arbeiderparti; DNA), the ruling party from before World War II until the mid-1960s, advocates a moderate form of socialism. In its many years of governing Norway, however, it nationalized only a few large industrial companies. The Conservative Party (Høyre), which…

Norwegian language, North Germanic language of the West Scandinavian branch, existing in two distinct and rival norms—Bokmål (also called Dano-Norwegian, or Riksmål) and New Norwegian (Nynorsk). Old Norwegian writing traditions gradually died out in the 15th century after the union of Norway with

Scandinavian law: Historical development of Scandinavian law: …V’s Danish Law (1683) and Norwegian Law (1687). The new codes were mainly based on the existing national laws of the two countries, and the influences of German, Roman, and canon laws were comparatively slight. Like the early codes, the newer codes consisted of public as well as private law…

Norwegian literature, the body of writings by the Norwegian people. The roots of Norwegian literature reach back more than 1,000 years, when what is today Norway was ruled by the Vikings. In its evolution Norwegian literature was closely intertwined with Icelandic literature and with Danish

Norwegian Nobel Committee, group of five individuals responsible for selecting the annual winners of the Nobel Prize for Peace. Members are appointed to a six-year term on the committee by the Storting (the Norwegian parliament). Until 1936, members of the Norwegian government were elected to the

Sverre Fehn: …Exhibition in Brussels, where his Norwegian Pavilion captured first prize in the design competition. Built in the International style, the low wooden building embodied horizontality with its wide, overhanging, segmented eaves. Fehn again received widespread notice with his Nordic Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 1962; it won the Biennale’s…

Jan Egeland: … before becoming secretary-general of the Norwegian Refugee Council in 2013.

Bergen: …as well as of the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (1936). Its West Norway Museum of Decorative Art (1887) has a fine collection. The well-known Bergen International Music Festival takes place each year. Bergen was the birthplace of composer Edvard Grieg, violinist Ole Bull, landscape painter Johan Christian…

Norwegian Sea, section of the North Atlantic Ocean, bordered by the Greenland and Barents seas (northwest through northeast); Norway (east); the North Sea, the Shetland and Faroe islands, and the Atlantic Ocean (south); and Iceland and Jan Mayen Island (west). The sea reaches a maximum depth of

Norway: World War II: The government, through the Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission (Nortraship), directed the merchant fleet, which made an important contribution to the Allied cause. Half of the fleet, however, was lost during the war.

Norske Selskab, organization founded in 1772 by Norwegian students at the University of Copenhagen to free Norwegian literature from excessive German influence and from the dominance of Danish Romanticism. The Norske Selskab, which lasted until 1812, not only was a forum for literary discussion and

Norway: Transportation and telecommunications: …electrified, is operated by the Norwegian State Railways (Norges Statsbaner), which sustains large annual operating deficits. Vestlandet has never had north-south railway connections, only routes running east from Stavanger and Bergen to Oslo and from Åndalsnes to Dombås on the line linking Oslo and Trondheim. The connection from Bodø to…

Norway Deep, undersea trough in the northeastern North Sea. It extends southward from Ålesund in western Norway, running parallel to the Norwegian coast and curving around the southern tip of Norway into the Skagerrak (the strait between southern Norway and the Jutland peninsula of Denmark) as far

whist: Miscellaneous variants: Norwegian whist is a no-trump partnership game. Each deal is played either grand, the aim being to win most tricks, or nullo, the aim being to lose most. Each player in turn, starting with eldest, may pass or bid grand or nullo. The first bid…

the Beatles: …the enigmatic folk tune “Norwegian Wood” (both in 1965) to the hallucinatory hard rock song “Tomorrow Never Knows” (1966), with a lyric inspired by Timothy Leary’s handbook The Psychedelic Experience (1964). It also included the carnivalesque soundscape of “Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!” (1967), which featured stream-of-consciousness…

Antarctica: National rivalries and claims: The international Norwegian-British-Swedish Expedition of 1949–52 carried out extensive explorations from Maudheim Base on the Queen Maud Land coast in the territory claimed in 1939 by Norway. The United States had shown little interest in Antarctica since the Ronne expedition and the U.S. naval “Operation Windmill,” both…

Norwest Corporation, former American holding company that owned subsidiary commercial banks in a number of western and midwestern U.S. states. Norwest and Wells Fargo & Company merged in 1998, and the newly formed business took the latter’s name. The company was incorporated as Northwest

Norwich, city (district), administrative and historic county of Norfolk, England. It is located along the River Wensum above its confluence with the River Yare, about 100 miles (160 km) northeast of London. The site does not seem to have been occupied until Saxon times, when the village of Northwic

Norwich: (district), administrative and historic county of Norfolk, England. It is located along the River Wensum above its confluence with the River Yare, about 100 miles (160 km) northeast of London.

Norwich, city, coextensive with the town (township) of Norwich, New London county, east-central Connecticut, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Yantic and Shetucket rivers, which at that point form the Thames. The settlement, which was begun in 1659 and named for Norwich, England, by a company

Norwich school, significant group of English regional landscape painters that was established in 1803 as the Norwich Society of Artists and flourished in Norwich, Norfolk, in the first half of the 19th century. The work of the leaders of the group, John Crome and John Sell Cotman, was inspired by

Norwich school, significant group of English regional landscape painters that was established in 1803 as the Norwich Society of Artists and flourished in Norwich, Norfolk, in the first half of the 19th century. The work of the leaders of the group, John Crome and John Sell Cotman, was inspired by

Norwich terrier, short-legged terrier breed developed about 1880 in England, where it soon became a fad with Cambridge students. It was later used by various American hunt clubs and has also drawn notice as a rabbit hunter. It is stockily built, with a broad head and erect ears, and it has a dense,

Norwich University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Northfield, Vt., U.S. The university is composed of the largely military college in Northfield and the nonmilitary Vermont College in Montpelier; there is also a branch campus in Brattleboro. All Northfield campus

Norwich ware, delft (tin-glazed) earthenware produced in Norwich, Norfolk, Eng., of which little is known. About 1567 two Flemish potters, Jasper Andries and Jacob Janson, who had moved to Norwich from Antwerp, may have made paving tiles and vessels for apothecaries and others. So far nothing made

Cyprian Norwid was a Polish poet, playwright, painter, and sculptor who was one of the most original representatives of late Romanticism. An orphan early in life, Norwid was brought up by relatives and was largely self-taught. He found life in Poland difficult after the suppression of the Polish

Cyprian Norwid was a Polish poet, playwright, painter, and sculptor who was one of the most original representatives of late Romanticism. An orphan early in life, Norwid was brought up by relatives and was largely self-taught. He found life in Poland difficult after the suppression of the Polish

Cincinnati: Other suburban communities include Norwood and Forest Park in Ohio and Florence in Kentucky.

Charles Portis: …debuted as a novelist with Norwood (1966; film 1970), the tale of a cheerfully naive ex-marine who wanders from state to state in an attempt to collect a $70 debt. Though some critics found the novel to be thinly plotted, Portis was praised for his memorable characters, especially the numerous…

Norwood, town, Norfolk county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., on the Neponset River, 14 miles (23 km) southwest of Boston. Settled in 1678, it was incorporated (from parts of Dedham and Walpole) in 1872. The town has a diversified economy, and many corporate offices are located there; products

Charles Portis: …a novelist with Norwood (1966; film 1970), the tale of a cheerfully naive ex-marine who wanders from state to state in an attempt to collect a $70 debt. Though some critics found the novel to be thinly plotted, Portis was praised for his memorable characters, especially the numerous eccentrics and…

navigation: Distance and speed measurements: …Practice (1637) the English navigator Richard Norwood recommended the use of a line knotted at intervals of 50 feet (15 metres) and a 30-second sandglass; knotted intervals of 47 to 48 feet (14.3 to 14.6 metres) and a 28-second sandglass were later adopted to accord with nautical miles of slightly…

baseball: Baseball and the arts: …delight and wonder expressed in Jack Norworth and Albert Von Tilzer’s “Take Me Out to the Ball Game,” a 1908 ditty that became baseball’s national anthem. For artists, the ballpark has often been an escape from the real world, an idyllic place where fans don’t care if they “never get…

major industrial polymers: Polyphenylene oxide (PPO): under the trademarked name of Noryl. It is used in telecommunications and computer equipment, automotive parts, appliances, pipes, and valves.

Russian literature: Nikolay Gogol: ” “Nos” (1836; “The Nose”), a parable on the failure of all explanatory systems, relates an utterly inexplicable incident and the attempts to come to terms with it. Both “Shinel” (1842; “The Overcoat”), which is probably the most influential Russian short story, and “Zapiski sumasshedshego” (1835; “The Diary…

Netherlands: Media and publishing: …access to the airwaves by Netherlands Broadcasting Corporation, which is responsible for news and the programming of unreserved airtime. The government itself exerts no influence on the programming, and advertising is restricted and is controlled by a separate foundation. All public broadcasting is financed by a licensing fee and by…

Omar Abdel Rahman: In 1990 El Sayyid Nosair, an Egyptian man linked to Abdel Rahman, was arrested and tried for the murder of Jewish political extremist Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York. Nosair was acquitted of the murder but convicted of lesser related charges. When federal agents raided Nosair’s New…

Nosaka Sanzō was a politician who was the leading figure in the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) throughout the late 1950s and ’60s. He was responsible for the party’s pursuit of its revolutionary goals through peaceful participation in parliamentary politics. Nosaka first became interested in

nose, the prominent structure between the eyes that serves as the entrance to the respiratory tract and contains the olfactory organ. It provides air for respiration, serves the sense of smell, conditions the air by filtering, warming, and moistening it, and cleans itself of foreign debris

horseshoe bat: Of the three “leaf” sections, one resembles a horseshoe—hence their common name. The exact function of these facial appurtenances has yet to be determined, but scientists believe they may help to direct outgoing echolocation calls.

nose ring, ornament inserted through different parts of the nose for personal adornment and used sometimes to signify social rank. Nose ornaments have been found especially among people in India, New Guinea, Polynesia, the pre-Columbian Americas, Australia, and parts of Africa. Sometimes, the ala,

Russian literature: Nikolay Gogol: ” “Nos” (1836; “The Nose”), a parable on the failure of all explanatory systems, relates an utterly inexplicable incident and the attempts to come to terms with it. Both “Shinel” (1842; “The Overcoat”), which is probably the most influential Russian short story, and “Zapiski sumasshedshego” (1835; “The Diary…

Dmitri Shostakovich: Early life and works: His satiric opera The Nose (composed 1927–28), based on Nikolay Gogol’s story Nos, displayed a comprehensive awareness of what was new in Western music, although already it seems as if the satire is extended to the styles themselves, for the avant-garde sounds are contorted with wry humour. Not…

nosean, variety of the feldspathoid mineral sodalite

horsemanship: Aids: The noseband, a strap of the bridle that encircles the horse’s nose, may be either a cavesson, with a headpiece and rings for attaching a long training rein, or a noseband with a headstrap, only necessary if a standing martingale is used. A variety of other…

nosebleed, an attack of bleeding from the nose. It is a common and usually unimportant disorder but may also result from local conditions of inflammation, small ulcers or polypoid growths, or severe injuries to the skull. Vascular disease, such as high blood pressure, may provoke it, and such

National Symphony Orchestra: Gianandrea Noseda assumed the music directorship in 2017.

nosegay, small, hand-held bouquet popular in mid- 19th-century Victorian England as an accessory carried by fashionable ladies. Composed of mixed flowers and herbs and edged with a paper frill or greens, the arrangement was sometimes inserted into a silver filigree holder. When supplied by an

nosean, variety of the feldspathoid mineral sodalite

Nosema, genus of spore-forming parasitic single-celled organisms, of the phylum Microsporidia, found in host cells where it undergoes repeated asexual divisions followed by spore formation. The species N. bombycis, which causes the epidemic disease pébrine in silkworms, attacks all tissues and all

Nosema: Another species, N. apis, attacks the gut epithelium of honeybees (especially workers) and causes nosema disease, a serious form of dysentery in animals.

Nosema: The species N. bombycis, which causes the epidemic disease pébrine in silkworms, attacks all tissues and all developmental stages from embryo to adult. In advanced infections, small brown spots cover the body of the silkworm. Diseased larvae, which either are unable to spin cocoons or else spin…

colony collapse disorder: Suspected causes: …the single-celled microsporidians (parasitic fungus) Nosema ceranae and N. apis and the invasive varroa mite (Varroa destructor).

Nosema: …honeybees (especially workers) and causes nosema disease, a serious form of dysentery in animals.

Kate Elder was a plainswoman and frontier prostitute of the old American West, companion and possible wife of Doc Holliday (q.v.). Nothing is known of her background before she turned up in a Fort Griffin, Texas, saloon in the fall of 1877, working as a barroom prostitute. There she met Holliday,

Nosferatu, German silent horror film released in 1922, notable for being the earliest surviving film adaptation of Bram Stoker’s Dracula and for its technically novel and effective cinematography. Nosferatu was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stoker’s classic vampire tale. Despite a few

Nosferatu, German silent horror film released in 1922, notable for being the earliest surviving film adaptation of Bram Stoker’s Dracula and for its technically novel and effective cinematography. Nosferatu was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stoker’s classic vampire tale. Despite a few

Werner Herzog: …Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht (1979; Nosferatu the Vampyre, a version of Bram Stoker’s Dracula that is an homage to F.W. Murnau’s film of the same name), Woyzeck (1979), Fitzcarraldo (1982), and Schrei aus Stein (1991; Scream of Stone).

Nosferatu, German silent horror film released in 1922, notable for being the earliest surviving film adaptation of Bram Stoker’s Dracula and for its technically novel and effective cinematography. Nosferatu was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stoker’s classic vampire tale. Despite a few

Werner Herzog: …Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht (1979; Nosferatu the Vampyre, a version of Bram Stoker’s Dracula that is an homage to F.W. Murnau’s film of the same name), Woyzeck (1979), Fitzcarraldo (1982), and Schrei aus Stein (1991; Scream of Stone).

Hindu Kush: Physiography: …Hindu Kush, which are Mounts Noshaq (Nowshāk; 24,557 feet [7,485 metres]), Istoro Nal (24,242 feet [7,389 metres]), and Tirich Mir. Most major glaciers of the Hindu Kush—among them Kotgaz, Niroghi, Atrak, and Tirich—are in the valleys of this section.

dress: Japan: …the 12th century were the noshi (courtiers’ everyday costumes) and the kariginu, worn for hunting. Both of these garments were voluminous hip-length jackets worn with baggy trousers tied at the ankles. As political control shifted from the emperor to the newly formed shogunate, it became necessary to devise special costumes…

Noshiro, city, Akita ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It is located at the mouth of the Yoneshiro River, where it meets the Japan Sea. During the Tokugawa period (1603–1867), the city was a trading centre and shipping port for products (mostly rice) from the Yoneshiro Plain. Toward the end of the

Gustav Noske was a right-wing Social Democratic German politician, notorious for his ruthless suppression of a communist uprising in Berlin, who was defense minister of the Weimar Republic from 1919 to 1920. A member of the Reichstag (parliament), Noske became controversial within his own party for

Nossob River, intermittently flowing river, west-central Namibia, formed by two intermittent streams, the White Nossob and the Black Nossob, both of which rise northeast of Windhoek (the national capital). Their confluence is north of Leonardville, which is located near the tropic of Capricorn. The

antimicrobial agent: Side effects and drug resistance: …are common in hospitals (nosocomial infections), where patients whose immunity is decreased can be infected.

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Nosodendridae (wounded-tree beetles) Widely distributed; found under bark. Family Ptinidae (spider beetles) Long legs; spiderlike appearance; sometimes infest stored products; about 500 widely distributed species. Superfamily

William Cullen: …influential classification of disease (nosology) consisting of four major divisions: pyrexiae, or febrile diseases; neuroses, or nervous diseases; cachexiae, diseases arising from bad bodily habits; and locales, or local diseases. This system, which Cullen described in his work Synopsis Nosologiae Methodicae (1769), was based on the observable symptoms that…

Campinas, city, eastern São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil, located in the highlands near the Atibaia River at 2,274 feet (693 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Campinas de Mato Grosso and as São Carlos, it was given town status and was made the

Guarulhos, city, southeastern São Paulo estado (state), Brazil, on the Tietê River at 2,493 feet (760 metres) above sea level; it forms part of the greater São Paulo metropolitan area. Founded in 1560 and formerly called Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos, it was made the seat of a

Limeira, city, east-central São Paulo estado (state), Brazil, on the headwaters of Tatu Stream, a tributary of the Piracicaba River. Known at various times as Tatuibi, Rancho de Limeira, and Nossa Senhora das Dores de Tatuibi, it was elevated to city status in 1863. Limeira processes local crops