The Big Clock: …political Cold War thriller called No Way Out, starred Kevin Costner and Gene Hackman.

No Way Out, American film noir, released in 1950, that was among the first movies to deal directly with racism. It features the memorable film debut of Sidney Poitier. The taut narrative focuses on Ray Biddle (played by Richard Widmark), a bigoted white small-time crook who accuses an African

Sean Combs: Bad Boy Entertainment, Notorious B.I.G., and Puff Daddy: …murdered, and Combs’s first album, No Way Out—released that summer under the moniker Puff Daddy—included the Grammy Award-winning single “I’ll Be Missing You,” a musical eulogy featuring the voice of Wallace’s widow and the melody from the Police’s “Every Breath You Take.”

Rod Steiger: …a flair for disguise in No Way to Treat a Lady (1968). Most of Steiger’s later work—with the possible exception of W.C. Fields and Me (1976); The Player (1992), in which he portrayed himself; the TV miniseries Tales of the City (1993); and The Specialist—was not considered to have been…

Ishihara Shintarō: …Nō to ieru Nihon (The Japan That Can Say No). Intended for publication in Japan only, where it became a best seller—although it subsequently appeared in English without Morita’s comments—the essay argued that Japan should wean itself from its reliance on the United States and that Americans were guilty…

Nile River: Physiography of Nile River: …Sudan, joining the Al-Jabal at Lake No, a large lagoon where the main stream takes an easterly direction. The waters of the Al-Ghazāl undergo extensive loss through evaporation, and only a small proportion of them ever reach the Nile. A short distance above Malakal the main stream is joined by…

Martha Raye: …Hello, Dolly! (1967), and in No, No, Nanette (1972). Raye made few films in her later years, but she continued to work in burlesque shows, nightclubs, radio, and television. On TV she was well known for her "Big Mouth" advertisements for a dental adhesive. For working tirelessly with the United…

food additive: Toxicological testing and health concerns: …toxicological effects is called the no-effect level (NOEL). The NOEL is generally divided by 100 to determine a maximum acceptable daily intake (ADI).

adultery: …many states began to permit “no-fault” divorces, which do not require an injured party to prove specific misdeeds. Most American states allow couples to divorce on either a fault or a no-fault basis, and many use no-fault divorce exclusively. The shift to no-fault divorce significantly reduced the importance of adultery…

Nolan Ryan: …“Ryan Express,” pitched his seventh no-hit game, establishing another record. He also held the major league record for most games with 15 or more strikeouts in a career (26). In 1993 Ryan retired from baseball, and in 1999 he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. At the end…

Nolan Ryan: …“Ryan Express,” pitched his seventh no-hit game, establishing another record. He also held the major league record for most games with 15 or more strikeouts in a career (26). In 1993 Ryan retired from baseball, and in 1999 he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. At the end…

Japanese music: Onstage music: If the Noh flute is used as well, it is restricted to cadence signals; if a simple bamboo flute (takebue or shinobue) is substituted, it plays an ornamented (ashirai) version of the tune. There are many sections, however, in which the drum patterns and Noh flute melodies…

Hilary Putnam: Realism and meaning: …be known as the “no-miracle” argument for realism. Putnam was equally critical of conventionalism, the view that logic, mathematics, and extensive portions of science do not express truths but are based on human stipulations—i.e., convention.

baking: The straight-dough method: …the second mix, and the no-punch method, involving extremely vigorous mixing. The straight-dough method is rarely used for white breads because it is not sufficiently adaptable to allow compensation for fluctuations in ingredient properties.

Nowruz, festival celebrating the start of the new year on the Persian calendar. Nowruz, meaning “new day” in Persian (or Fārsī), occurs on the spring equinox, which is the first day of the month of Farvardīn on the Iranian calendar. The holiday usually falls on March 21 on the Gregorian calendar.

biting midge, (family Ceratopogonidae), any member of a family of small, bloodsucking insects in the fly order, Diptera, that are often serious pests along seashores, rivers, and lakes and may attack in great numbers and cause extreme discomfort. The nickname no-see-ums is descriptive, for,

no-till agriculture, cultivation technique in which the soil is disturbed only along the slit or in the hole into which the seeds are planted; reserved detritus from previous crops covers and protects the seedbed. The practice is one of several so-called “primitive farming” methods that have been

no-till agriculture, cultivation technique in which the soil is disturbed only along the slit or in the hole into which the seeds are planted; reserved detritus from previous crops covers and protects the seedbed. The practice is one of several so-called “primitive farming” methods that have been

baking: No-time methods: One set of procedures intended to eliminate the traditional bulk fermentation step are the “no-time” methods. Popular in the United Kingdom and Australia, these processes generally require an extremely energy-intensive mixing step, sometimes performed in a partially vacuumized chamber. Rather high additions of…

telephone: Electromechanical switching: …system, however, was the AT&T No. 1 crossbar system, first installed in Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1938. A series of improved versions followed the No. 1 crossbar system, the most notable being the No. 5 system. First deployed in 1948, the No. 5 crossbar system became the workhorse of the Bell…

telephone: Electronic switching: …1965, became known as the No. 1 ESS. The No. 1 ESS employed a special type of reed switch known as a ferreed. Normally, a reed switch is constructed of two thin metal strips, or reeds, which are sealed in a glass tube. When an electromagnetic coil surrounding the tube…

Alexander McCall Smith: …the latter that the novel The No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency emerged. First published in Great Britain in 1998, it sold slowly at first, and it did not appear in the United States until 2002, after McCall Smith had already published two more books centred on Mma Ramotswe (Mma being…

telephone: Digital switching: …United States was the AT&T-designed No. 4 ESS, placed into service in 1976. The No. 4 ESS was a toll system capable of serving a maximum of 53,760 two-way trunk circuits. It was soon followed by several other time-division systems for switching local calls. Among these was the AT&T No.…

telephone: Digital switching: Among these was the AT&T No. 5 ESS, improved versions of which could handle 100,000 lines.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. governmental agency established in 1970 within the Department of Commerce to study Earth’s oceans, atmosphere, and coastal areas insofar as they affect the land surface and coastal regions of the United States. The organization is

geochronology: The emergence of modern geologic thought: …primeval ocean, represented by the Noachian flood (his two “Universal,” or Primary, rock series), or (2) sculpturing and deposition during the retreat of this ocean from the land (his two “Partial,” or disintegrated, rock series). Werner’s interpretation, which came to represent the so-called Neptunist conception of the Earth’s beginnings, found…

Noahide Laws, a Jewish Talmudic designation for seven biblical laws given to Adam and to Noah before the revelation to Moses on Mt. Sinai and consequently binding on all mankind. Beginning with Genesis 2:16, the Babylonian Talmud listed the first six commandments as prohibitions against idolatry,

Jennifer Connelly: …Noah (Crowe) in Aronofsky’s epic Noah (2014).

Noah, the hero of the biblical Flood story in the Old Testament book of Genesis, the originator of vineyard cultivation, and, as the father of Shem, Ham, and Japheth, the representative head of a Semitic genealogical line. A synthesis of at least three biblical source traditions, Noah is the image

John Boyne: …book for younger readers was Noah Barleywater Runs Away (2010), a fairy tale combining elements of magic and fantasy with life lessons.

Michael Curtiz: Early life and work: …the part-sound films Tenderloin and Noah’s Ark (both 1928). Reminiscent of D.W. Griffith’s Intolerance (1916), Noah’s Ark featured a pair of parallel stories, one recounting the famous biblical flood, the other a World War I-era romance.

Mount Ararat: …with the mountain on which Noah’s Ark came to rest at the end of the Flood. The name Ararat, as it appears in the Bible, is the Hebrew equivalent of Urardhu, or Urartu, the Assyro-Babylonian name of a kingdom that flourished between the Aras and the Upper Tigris rivers from…

biblical literature: The Book of Enoch: …were Hebrew fragments of the Book of Noah, either one of the sources of Enoch or a parallel elaboration of the same material. Passages of the Book of Noah were included in Enoch by its redactor (editor). Scholars generally agree that the somewhat haphazard redaction of the book was made…

Trevor Noah is a South African comedian, television host, political commentator, and author who is perhaps best known as the host (2015–22) of the American television series The Daily Show. He is also noted for his stand-up comedy shows, in which he often incorporated observations about growing up

Thomas Muster: …30, 1989, having just defeated Yannick Noah of France to advance to the finals of the Lipton International in Key Biscayne, Florida, and poised to solidify a spot in the top 10, Muster was unloading gear from the trunk of his car when it was struck by another car, severing…

Noahide Laws, a Jewish Talmudic designation for seven biblical laws given to Adam and to Noah before the revelation to Moses on Mt. Sinai and consequently binding on all mankind. Beginning with Genesis 2:16, the Babylonian Talmud listed the first six commandments as prohibitions against idolatry,

noaidi, in Sami religion, a shaman who mediates between the people he serves and the supernatural beings and forces that he either confronts or makes use of for the benefit of his clients. The shamanic practices of the Finno-Ugric peoples have been best preserved among the Khanty (Ostyak) and Mansi

Adrien-Maurice, 3e duke de Noailles was the third duc de Noailles, son of Anne-Jules of Noailles. He served in all the most important wars of the reign of Louis XV in Italy and Germany and became a marshal in 1734. His last command was in the War of the Austrian Succession, when he was beaten by

Anna de Noailles was a poet, a leading literary figure in France in the pre-World War I period. The daughter of a Romanian prince and granddaughter of a Turkish pasha, she adopted France and its language for her life and writings even before her marriage to a French count. Her friends included the

Anne, 1er duke de Noailles was a count of Noailles (grandson of the first count, Antoine of Noailles) who was created the first duc de Noailles and a peer of France in 1663. He had played an important part in the Fronde and had become a protégé of Cardinal Mazarin. He was made premier captain of

Anne-Jules, 2e duke de Noailles was a duke of Noailles, marshal of France, son of Anne of Noailles, the first duke. He was made field marshal at the age of 23 and was named lieutenant general and commander in chief of Languedoc in 1682. By then he had become one of the greatest generals of France,

Jean-Paul-François, 5th duke de Noailles was the son of Louis of Noailles, a lieutenant general, and a member of the French Académie des Sciences. Though he served in the army, his tastes were scientific, and for his eminence as a chemist he was elected to the Académie des Sciences in 1777. He

Louis, 4e duke de Noailles was duc d’Ayen until the death of his father (Adrien-Maurice), when he became the duc de Noailles. He served in most of the wars of the 18th century without particular distinction but was nevertheless made a marshal of France, as the marshal of Noailles, in 1775. He

Louis-Antoine de Noailles was a cardinal and archbishop of Paris who, with his brother, the second duc de Noailles, made the name Noailles one of the most honoured in France. Educated in Paris and receiving a doctorate in theology from the Sorbonne, he became successively bishop of Cahors (1679),

Louis-Marie, viscount de Noailles was the second son of the marshal of Mouchy and one of the most distinguished members of the Noailles family in France. The vicomte de Noailles served the Franco-American cause brilliantly under the marquis de Lafayette in the American Revolution against the

Noakhali, port city, southern Bangladesh. It lies on the Noakhali watercourse near the estuary of the Meghna River as it empties into the Bay of Bengal. The port is connected by road and rail with Comilla and by boat with Barisal. The milling of jute, rice, flour, and oilseeds; chemical and soap

Nōami was a Japanese poet, painter, and art critic, the first nonpriest who painted in the suiboku (“water-ink”), or Chinese, style. Nōami was in charge of the art collection of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, the military dictator who ruled Japan from 1368 to 1394, and was perhaps the first great art expert

Noatak National Preserve, protected area encompassing a large, pristine mountain-ringed river basin in northwestern Alaska, U.S. The preserve is situated in the Brooks Range, located north of the Arctic Circle, and contains the basin of the Noatak River, an intact and unaltered ecosystem. It

Noatak National Preserve, protected area encompassing a large, pristine mountain-ringed river basin in northwestern Alaska, U.S. The preserve is situated in the Brooks Range, located north of the Arctic Circle, and contains the basin of the Noatak River, an intact and unaltered ecosystem. It

Henry Hathaway: Early work: With Nob Hill (1945), Hathaway ventured into Technicolor musicals; the film, which starred George Raft and Joan Bennett, was set in San Francisco’s saloon scene at the turn of the 20th century.

Albuquerque: Cultural life: Since the 1990s, however, Nob Hill, the area along Central Avenue (old Route 66) east of the University of New Mexico campus, has grown to become the heart of Albuquerque’s culture and nightlife. Restaurants, art galleries, theatres, and cinemas are plentiful, as are bookstores that sometimes feature readings and…

San Francisco: City site: The best known are Nob Hill, where the wealthy “nobs” (nabobs) built extravagant mansions in the 1870s, and Telegraph Hill, which once looked down on the Barbary Coast, a neighbourhood formerly alive with gaudy wickedness. As a result of the pioneer planners’ prejudice in favour of a squared-off grid,…

Southeast Asian arts: Malaysia: Before Malaysian independence, the nobat, an old royal instrumental ensemble dating back to about the 16th century, played exclusively for important court ceremonies in the palaces of the sultans of Perak, Kedah, Selangor, and Trengganu. Today, in Kedah, the ensemble consists of five instruments: one big goblet drum (negara),…

Sudan: Medieval Christian kingdoms: …by a people called the Nobatae by the ancient geographers and the X-Group by modern archaeologists, who are still at a loss to explain their origins. The X-Group were clearly, however, the heirs of Kush, for their whole cultural life was dominated by Meroitic crafts and customs, and occasionally they…

Sudan: Medieval Christian kingdoms: …was divided into three kingdoms: Nobatia, with its capital at Pachoras (modern Faras); Maqurrah, with its capital at Dunqulah (Old Dongola); and the kingdom of ʿAlwah in the south, with its capital at Sūbah (Soba) near what is now Khartoum. Between 543 and 575 these three kingdoms were converted to…

Norwegian Nobel Committee, group of five individuals responsible for selecting the annual winners of the Nobel Prize for Peace. Members are appointed to a six-year term on the committee by the Storting (the Norwegian parliament). Until 1936, members of the Norwegian government were elected to the

Nobel Foundation, private institution founded in 1900 to coordinate the various provisions of the will of Alfred Nobel, in which he set aside funds to establish the Nobel Prizes. The foundation administers these funds. The foundation’s representative body, the Board, is headquartered in Stockholm,

AkzoNobel: Nobel Industries AB was created in 1984 by the merger of the Swedish chemical firm KemaNobel with the Swedish weapons maker Bofors. This merger reunited the two largest companies that had once been owned by Alfred Nobel, the 19th-century inventor of dynamite and founder of…

Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards given for intellectual

The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel. They are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement in the world and are conferred in six categories: physics,

Nobel’s will, The following is the relevant portion of Alfred Bernhard Nobel’s will establishing the Nobel

Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist who invented dynamite and other more powerful explosives and who also founded the Nobel Prizes. Alfred Nobel was the fourth son of Immanuel and Caroline Nobel. Immanuel was an inventor and engineer who had married Caroline Andrietta

Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist who invented dynamite and other more powerful explosives and who also founded the Nobel Prizes. Alfred Nobel was the fourth son of Immanuel and Caroline Nobel. Immanuel was an inventor and engineer who had married Caroline Andrietta

explosive: Nitroglycerin: …largely a laboratory curiosity until Immanuel Nobel and his son Alfred made extensive studies of its commercial potential in the years 1859–61. In 1862 they built a crude plant at Heleneborg, Sweden; Alfred, a chemist, was basically responsible for the design of this factory that was efficient and relatively safe…

nobelium (No), synthetic chemical element of the actinoid series of the periodic table, atomic number 102. The element was named after Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel. Not occurring in nature, nobelium was first claimed by an international team of scientists working at the Nobel Institute of Physics

Nobeoka, city, Miyazaki ken (prefecture), Kyushu, Japan, on the delta of the Gokase River (Gokase-gawa). It developed as a castle town in the 12th century and has been a fishing port since the mid-18th century. Nobeoka is now the largest industrial city of the prefecture. Several large chemical

radio telescope: Filled-aperture telescopes: …45-metre (148-foot) radio dish near Nobeyama, Japan, is used for observations at wavelengths as short as 3 mm (0.12 inch). The French-Spanish Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) in Grenoble, France, operates a 30-metre (100-foot) antenna at an altitude of 2,850 metres (9,350 feet) on Pico Veleta in the Spanish Sierra…

Ōoka Shōhei: …best-known novel is Nobi (1951; Fires on the Plain; filmed 1952), which tells the story of Tamura, a sick Japanese soldier wandering in the Philippine jungles in the aftermath of the war who eventually goes mad and is saved by his Christian faith. The novel was widely translated and ranks…

Umberto Nobile was an Italian aeronautical engineer and pioneer in Arctic aviation who in 1926, with the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and Lincoln Ellsworth of the United States flew over the North Pole in the dirigible Norge, from Spitsbergen (now Svalbard), north of Norway, to Alaska. As a

India: The Portuguese: …Roberto de Nobili (1577–1656), nicknamed the White Brahman, and the Jesuit missions to the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar. Of the latter, there was the Inquisition at Goa and the forcible subjection of the Syrian church to Rome at the Synod of Diamper in 1599.

Quintus Ennius: His patron was Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, whom he accompanied on his campaign in Aetolia and whose son Quintus obtained Roman citizenship for Ennius (184 bc). Nothing else of significance is known about his life.

Léonide Massine: Nobilissima Visione, St. Francis (1938) had libretto and music by Paul Hindemith and decor by Pavel Tchelichew. Surrealist painter Salvador Dalí designed three major experimental ballets. Because of disagreements with de Basil, Massine resigned and formed his new Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, which he…

aristocracy, government by a relatively small privileged class or by a minority consisting of those presumed to be best qualified to rule. As conceived by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 bce), aristocracy means the rule of the few—the morally and intellectually superior—governing in the

Charter to the Gentry, (1785) edict issued by the Russian empress Catherine II the Great that recognized the corps of nobles in each province as a legal corporate body and stated the rights and privileges bestowed upon its members. The charter accorded to the gentry of each province and county in

Atlanta Falcons: …a defense led by linebacker Tommy Nobis and defensive end Claude Humphrey, narrowly missing out on a play-off spot in the process.

aristocracy, government by a relatively small privileged class or by a minority consisting of those presumed to be best qualified to rule. As conceived by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 bce), aristocracy means the rule of the few—the morally and intellectually superior—governing in the

coin: Gold coinage: …currency in 1351 with a noble of 120 grains of gold and its subdivisions, the half- and quarter-noble. In the same year, the silver penny was reduced to 18 grains and the groat issued (on Flemish models). The noble was valued at six shillings and eightpence (12 mark). Its obverse,…

Andrew Bird: In 2009 Bird released Noble Beast, and its debut at number 12 on the Billboard album chart marked a career high. He returned with Break It Yourself (2012), which found him partially abandoning the oblique wordplay that distinguished his previous work in favour of greater emotional directness.

sugarcane: Breeding: …cane (Saccharum officinarum), a Javan noble cane which was developed from a wild cane species, S. robustom. Noble canes, which represent the highest development of the species, are characterized by thick barrel-shaped internodes, or segments; large soft-rinded juicy stalks; and high sugar content.

Eightfold Path, in Buddhism, an early formulation of the path to enlightenment. The idea of the Eightfold Path appears in what is regarded as the first sermon of the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, which he delivered after his enlightenment. There he sets forth a

Budi Utomo, the first Indonesian nationalist organization. It was founded on May 20, 1908, a day now designated by the Indonesian government as the Day of National Awakening. Budi Utomo originated through the efforts of Mas Wahidin Sudirohusodo (1852–1917), a retired Javanese physician who,

noble gas, any of the seven chemical elements that make up Group 18 (VIIIa) of the periodic table. The elements are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn), and oganesson (Og). The noble gases are colourless, odourless, tasteless, nonflammable gases. They

chemical bonding: Organometallic compounds: …empirical rules, among which the 18-electron rule is the analogue of the octet rule of main-group compounds. According to this rule, the most stable organometallic compounds are those having 18 electrons in the valence shell, a term in this context extended to include the outermost d orbitals. Nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4,…

Pontifical Gendarmerie: …Guard (Guardia Palatina d’Onore) and Noble Guard (Guardia Nobile).

12 Contemporary Black Authors You Must Read: Colson Whitehead: …has also published nonfiction, including The Noble Hustle (2014), about the 2011 World Series of Poker.

Gamla Stan: Stads Island, Helgeands Island, and Riddar Island. Most of the buildings in this area date from the 16th and 17th centuries and are legally protected from renovation. Stads Island contains the Royal Palace; Storkyrkan, also called the Cathedral, or Church, of St. Nicolas; the German Church; the House of Lords;…

noble metal, any of several metallic chemical elements that have outstanding resistance to oxidation, even at high temperatures; the grouping is not strictly defined but usually is considered to include rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold; i.e., the

Knights of Labor (KOL), the first important national labour organization in the United States, founded in 1869. Named the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor by its first leader, Uriah Smith Stephens, it originated as a secret organization meant to protect its members from employer retaliations.

noble savage, in literature, an idealized concept of uncivilized man, who symbolizes the innate goodness of one not exposed to the corrupting influences of civilization. The glorification of the noble savage is a dominant theme in the Romantic writings of the 18th and 19th centuries, especially in

American Broadcasting Company: Origins: …the less-lucrative Blue Network to Edward J. Noble, the millionaire maker of Life Savers candy, who initially renamed it the American Broadcasting System before settling on the name the American Broadcasting Company, Inc. (ABC). ABC was the smallest of the major radio networks and distinguished itself by hiring popular singer…

Nivedita was an Irish-born schoolteacher who was a follower of the Indian spiritual leader Vivekananda (Narendranath Datta) and became an influential spokesperson promoting Indian national consciousness, unity, and freedom. The eldest child of Mary and Samuel Richmond Noble, Margaret became a

Sir Andrew Noble, 1st Baronet was a Scottish physicist and gunnery expert, considered a founder of the science of ballistics. His pioneering research on fired gunpowder, often in conjunction with the British chemist Frederick Abel, contributed greatly to the progress of gunnery. Noble was educated

memento mori: Modern expressions: Sister Theresa Aletheia Noble, a Roman Catholic nun, amassed a large following on Twitter after she began posting daily memento mori quotes, ideas, and inspiration in 2017. Also in the early 21st century, the “death positivity” movement in the United States sought to break Western…

Matvey Fyodorovich Kazakov: …Moscow’s governor general into the Nobles Assembly, Kazakov made the inner courtyard into a gigantic chamber (of 1,000 cubic metres [more than 35,000 cubic feet]) and girded it with 32 Ionic columns. A large extension was added to the building and covered with a rotunda and a cupola. From 1796…

Russia: Economic and social development: The Nobles’ Land Bank, set up in 1885, made loans to landowners at more favourable rates of interest; it may have retarded, but did not prevent, the passage of land from landowners to peasants. In 1894 the rate of interest charged by the two banks was…

WLAC: Nashville’s Late Night R & B Beacon: Three white disc jockeys—John Richbourg, Gene Nobles, and Bill (“Hoss”) Allen—brought fame to themselves and WLAC by playing rhythm and blues, at least partly in response to the requests of returning World War II veterans who had been exposed to the new music in other parts of the country. Nobles,…

Filips van Montmorency, count van Horne: …in the formation of the Compromise, or League of Nobles, a group of 400 lesser nobles who petitioned for an end to the Inquisition, the tribunal established to discover and punish heresy. This league was largely responsible for the anti-Roman Catholic uprisings in 1566–67 and further government repressions after the…

noblesse de robe, (French: “Nobility of the Robe”), in 17th- and 18th-century France, a class of hereditary nobles who acquired their rank through holding a high state office. Their name was derived from the robes worn by officials. The class was already in existence by the end of the 16th century,

Ecuador: Ecuador from the late 20th century: Gustavo Noboa Bejerano ascend to the presidency, which effectively ended the coup. Noboa followed through with Mahuad’s decision to convert Ecuador’s currency to the dollar, despite the plan’s unpopularity. However, this conversion, as well as a rise in oil prices, helped stabilize the economy in…