Khārijite: In the Battle of Nahrawān (July 658) Ibn Wahb and most of his followers were killed by ʿAlī, but the Khārijite movement persisted in a series of uprisings that plagued both ʿAlī (whom they assassinated) and Muʿāwiyah (who succeeded ʿAlī as caliph). In the period of civil…

Nahua, Middle American Indian population of central Mexico, of which the Aztecs (see Aztec) of pre-Conquest Mexico are probably the best known members. The language of the Aztecs, Nahua, is spoken by all the Nahua peoples in a variety of dialects. The modern Nahua are an agricultural people; their

Nahuan languages, subgroup of the Uto-Aztecan languages, now considered a division of the Corachol-Aztecan subgroup of Southern Uto-Aztecan (also called Sonoran). The Nahuan languages include Pochutec and Nahua (made up of Pipil and Nahuatl). The Nahuatl language has many dialects and is spoken

nagual, personal guardian spirit believed by some Mesoamerican Indians to reside in an animal, such as a deer, jaguar, or bird. In some areas the nagual is the animal into which certain powerful men can transform themselves to do evil; thus, the word derives from the Nahuatl word nahualli

Nahuan languages, subgroup of the Uto-Aztecan languages, now considered a division of the Corachol-Aztecan subgroup of Southern Uto-Aztecan (also called Sonoran). The Nahuan languages include Pochutec and Nahua (made up of Pipil and Nahuatl). The Nahuatl language has many dialects and is spoken

Nahuatl language, American Indian language of the Uto-Aztecan family, spoken in central and western Mexico. Nahuatl, the most important of the Uto-Aztecan languages, was the language of the Aztec and Toltec civilizations of Mexico. A large body of literature in Nahuatl, produced by the Aztecs,

Nahuan languages, subgroup of the Uto-Aztecan languages, now considered a division of the Corachol-Aztecan subgroup of Southern Uto-Aztecan (also called Sonoran). The Nahuan languages include Pochutec and Nahua (made up of Pipil and Nahuatl). The Nahuatl language has many dialects and is spoken

Nahuel Huapí National Park, national park in Río Negro and Neuquén provinces, southwestern Argentina. It encompasses Lake Nahuel Huapí in the Andes adjacent to the Chilean border. It originated as a reserve in 1903 with a private donation of 18,500 acres (7,500 hectares). It became Argentina’s

Lake Nahuel Huapí, largest lake (210 sq mi [544 sq km]) and most popular resort area in Argentina’s lake district, lying in the wooded eastern foothills of the Andes at an altitude of 2,516 ft (767 m). Nahuel Huapí (Araucanian Indian for “island of the jaguars”) was discovered in 1670 by the Jesuit

Book of Nahum: …it to the “vision of Nahum of Elkosh.”

Boris I: …he gave asylum to Clement, Nahum, and Angelarius, the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, missionaries to the Slavs, who had been driven out of Moravia. With Boris’s active assistance and material support, these disciples founded centres of Slavic learning at Pliska, Preslav, and Ohrid. As a result of the intensive…

Book of Nahum, the seventh of 12 Old Testament books that bear the names of the Minor Prophets (grouped together as The Twelve in the Jewish canon). The title identifies the book as an “oracle concerning Nineveh” and attributes it to the “vision of Nahum of Elkosh.” The fall of Nineveh, the capital

Nahyan dynasty, ruling family of the emirate of Abu Dhabi, a constituent part of the United Arab Emirates. The family was originally Bedouin of the Banū Yās confederation of Arabia from around the oases of Līwā in the Rubʿ al-Khali desert; in the 1790s it transferred its centre from Līwā to Abu

Nahyan dynasty, ruling family of the emirate of Abu Dhabi, a constituent part of the United Arab Emirates. The family was originally Bedouin of the Banū Yās confederation of Arabia from around the oases of Līwā in the Rubʿ al-Khali desert; in the 1790s it transferred its centre from Līwā to Abu

Sheikh Khalifa ibn Zayed Al Nahyan was the president of the United Arab Emirates (2004–22) and emir of Abu Dhabi constituent emirate (2004–22). Khalifa was the first son of Sheikh Zayed ibn Sultan Al Nahyan, who served as ruler of Abu Dhabi and head of the Nahyan dynasty from 1966 to 2004 and as

Sheikh Mansour ibn Zayed Al Nahyan is a senior member of the Nahyan dynasty of Abu Dhabi emirate, a constituent emirate of the United Arab Emirates, and one of his country’s foremost businessmen. He also served as one of the chief advisers to the president of the United Arab Emirates (as chairman

Sheikh Shakhbout ibn Sultan Al Nahyan was the ruler of the emirate of Abu Dhabi from 1928 until he was deposed in 1966. As ruler of the largest emirate within the British-controlled Trucial Coast (now United Arab Emirates), Shakhbout maintained friendly relations with the United Kingdom and

Sheikh Zayed ibn Sultan Al Nahyan was the president of the United Arab Emirates from 1971 to 2004 and emir of Abu Dhabi from 1966 to 2004. He was credited with federalizing and modernizing the United Arab Emirates and making it one of the most prosperous countries in the region. Zayed was born into

Sumner Redstone: …Redstone joined his father’s company, National Amusements, Inc., in 1954, and in 1967 he became its president and CEO. His leadership transformed NAI into one of the largest movie theatre chains in the United States. Redstone built new movie theatres near suburban shopping malls and, frustrated by the preferences shown…

panpipe: …lăutari (fiddlers); their panpipe, the nai, typically has about 20 pipes tuned diatonically (i.e., to a seven-note scale), semitones being made by tilting the pipes toward the lips. The panpipe also has a long tradition in East Asia and Southeast Asia.

Nai, the barber caste, which is widespread in northern India. Because of the ambulatory nature of the profession, which requires going to patrons’ houses, the barber plays an important part in village life, spreading news and matchmaking. Certain castes assign a role to the barber in their domestic

Sevagram: …also the site of the Nai Talimi Sangh, the educational centre established by Gandhi. He gave it the tasks of building a self-sufficient community by providing its own food, clothing, shelter, and tools and of establishing a society able to fulfill its aesthetic, spiritual, and intellectual needs by creating its…

American football: The era of television: …in that sport, became the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) in 1952 and first sponsored a national championship in football in 1956.

mussel: The largest family of freshwater mussels is the Unionidae, with about 750 species, the greatest number of which occur in the United States. Many unionid species also live in Southeast Asian waters. Several North American unionids are threatened by habitat degradation, damming, and the invasion of zebra mussels.

Naiad, (from Greek naiein, “to flow”), in Greek mythology, one of the nymphs of flowing water—springs, rivers, fountains, lakes. The Naiads, appropriately in their relation to freshwater, were represented as beautiful, lighthearted, and beneficent. Like the other classes of nymphs, they were

Neptune: Moons: The present orbits of Naiad through Proteus (see table) are probably very different from their original orbits, and these moons may be only fragments of the original bodies that formed with Neptune. Subsequent bombardment by Neptune-orbiting debris and by meteoroids from interplanetary space may have further altered their sizes,…

nymph, in entomology, sexually immature insect that is usually similar to the adult form. Nymphs are found in such insects as grasshoppers and cockroaches, which have incomplete, or hemimetabolic, metamorphosis. Wings, if present, develop from external wing buds after the first few molts. The body

Śrīharsha: …author and epic poet whose Naiadhīyacarita, or Naiadha, is among the most popular mahākāvyas in Sanskrit literature.

Śrīharsha: …author and epic poet whose Naiadhīyacarita, or Naiadha, is among the most popular mahākāvyas in Sanskrit literature.

N. Chandrababu Naidu is an Indian politician and the current chief minister (head of government) of Andhra Pradesh state in southeastern India. He is the head of the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and in 2024 began serving his fourth term as chief minister (previous terms were served in 1995–99,

N. Chandrababu Naidu is an Indian politician and the current chief minister (head of government) of Andhra Pradesh state in southeastern India. He is the head of the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and in 2024 began serving his fourth term as chief minister (previous terms were served in 1995–99,

N. Chandrababu Naidu is an Indian politician and the current chief minister (head of government) of Andhra Pradesh state in southeastern India. He is the head of the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and in 2024 began serving his fourth term as chief minister (previous terms were served in 1995–99,

N. Chandrababu Naidu is an Indian politician and the current chief minister (head of government) of Andhra Pradesh state in southeastern India. He is the head of the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and in 2024 began serving his fourth term as chief minister (previous terms were served in 1995–99,

Sarojini Naidu was a political activist, feminist, poet, and the first Indian woman to be president of the Indian National Congress and to be appointed an Indian state governor. She was sometimes called “the Nightingale of India.” Sarojini was the eldest daughter of Aghorenath Chattopadhyay, a

naïve art, work of artists in sophisticated societies who lack or reject conventional expertise in the representation or depiction of real objects. Naïve artists are not to be confused with hobbyists, or “Sunday painters,” who paint for fun. The naïve creates with the same passion as the trained

Venezuela: Relief: Naiguatá Peak, at 9,072 feet (2,765 metres), is the highest point in the coastal system.

Lotuxo: …believe in a supreme being, Naijok, who is a power associated with the dead.

jinja: …Shintō shrines, such as the Inner Shrine (Naikū) at the Ise Shrine, are rebuilt at regular intervals, retaining through each reconstruction original elements of great antiquity, such as frames, floors, or roof beams. A distinctive feature of Shintō architecture is the chigi, a scissors-shaped finial formed by the projecting ends…

nail, in the anatomy of humans and other primates, horny plate that grows on the back of each finger and toe at its outer end. It corresponds to the claw, hoof, or talon of other vertebrates. The nail is a platelike, keratinous, translucent structure that consists of highly specialized epithelial

nail, in construction and carpentry, a slender metal shaft that is pointed at one end and flattened at the other end and is used for fastening one or more objects to each other. Nails are most commonly used to fasten pieces of wood together, but they are also used with plastic, drywall, masonry,

finger: …the digitus came the English nail, which equaled 34inch, or 116foot. The nail also came to mean the 16th part of a yard—2 14inches—as well as the 16th part of other measures. The one-nail length was also defined as the half finger, the length from the tip of the middle…

percussion instrument: Idiophones: … were introduced, among them the nail violin of Johann Wilde (c. 1740), with its tuned nails bowed by a violin bow. More characteristic of the period were the friction-bar instruments arising as a result of the German acoustician Ernst Chladni’s late 18th-century experiments, particularly those concerned with the transmission of…

nail-patella syndrome, rare hereditary (autosomal dominant) disorder characterized by small fingernails and toenails that show a tendency to split; small or absent kneecaps (patellae); underdevelopment of parts of the knee, elbow joint, and shoulder blade; spurs of bone on the inside of the pelvis;

wallaby: …species of nail-tailed wallabies (Onychogalea) are named for a horny growth on the tail tip. They are handsomely striped at the shoulder. Because they rotate their forelimbs while hopping, they are often called organ-grinders. Two species are endangered.

Fiji: History of Fiji: …that November former vice president Epeli Nailatikau, who had been serving as acting president, was formally installed in the office.

nailhead, projecting ornamental molding resembling the head of a nail, used in early Gothic architecture. Nailheads were used to fasten nailwork to a door, which was often studded with them decoratively, as well. They show great variety in design and are sometimes very elaborate. On the few

Standing just 4 feet 11 inches (1.5 metres) tall and weighing less than 141 pounds (64 kg), Naim Suleymanoglu was hardly imposing enough to stir thoughts of Hercules. Yet that was the Turkish weightlifter’s nickname—“Pocket Hercules,” to be exact—and he backed up the moniker no better than at the

Mustafa Naima was a Turkish historian who wrote a history, Tarih, of the period 1591–1659. Naima went at an early age to Constantinople, where he entered palace service and held various offices. Protected and encouraged by Hüseyin Paşa, the grand vizier, he was appointed official chronicler (1709).

history of Central Asia: Creation of the Mongol empire: …of the Merkits and the Naimans, his most dangerous rivals, Genghis gained sufficient strength to assume, in 1206, the title of khan. Acting in the tradition of previous nomad empires of the region, Genghis directed his aggressive policies primarily against China, then ruled in the north by the Jin dynasty.…

Genghis Khan: Rise to power of Genghis Khan: …inconstant as ever, deserted the Naiman khan at the last moment. These campaigns took place in the few years before 1206 and left Temüjin master of the steppes. In that year a great assembly was held by the River Onon, and Temüjin was proclaimed Genghis Khan: the title probably meant…

Mikhāʾīl Naʿīmah was a Lebanese literary critic, playwright, essayist, and short-story writer who helped introduce modern realism into Arabic prose fiction. Naʿīmah was educated at schools in Lebanon, Palestine, Russia, and the United States. After graduating in law from Washington State University

North America: The Canadian Shield: … lies to the northwest, the Nain craton to the northeast, and the Superior craton to the south of the intervening nonrigid Churchill province, which may be composite in origin. The structural grain of the cratons is truncated at their margins, suggesting that they originated by the fragmentation of larger continents…

North America: The Canadian Shield: … lies to the northwest, the Nain craton to the northeast, and the Superior craton to the south of the intervening nonrigid Churchill province, which may be composite in origin. The structural grain of the cratons is truncated at their margins, suggesting that they originated by the fragmentation of larger continents…

Le Nain brothers: The work of Antoine Le Nain (b. c. 1588, Laon, France—d. May 25, 1648, Paris), Louis Le Nain (b. c. 1600, Laon, France—d. May 23, 1648, Paris), and Mathieu Le Nain (b. 1607, Laon, France—d. April 20, 1677, Paris) exhibits a realism unique in 17th-century French art.

Le Nain brothers: May 25, 1648, Paris), Louis Le Nain (b. c. 1600, Laon, France—d. May 23, 1648, Paris), and Mathieu Le Nain (b. 1607, Laon, France—d. April 20, 1677, Paris) exhibits a realism unique in 17th-century French art.

Le Nain brothers: May 23, 1648, Paris), and Mathieu Le Nain (b. 1607, Laon, France—d. April 20, 1677, Paris) exhibits a realism unique in 17th-century French art.

Nainital, town, southeastern Uttarakhand state, northern India. It lies in the Siwalik (Shiwalik) Range at an elevation of at 6,346 feet (1,934 metres) above sea level, about 70 miles (110 km) north of Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. Nainital, founded in 1841, is a popular resort. It is built around the

Nainital, town, southeastern Uttarakhand state, northern India. It lies in the Siwalik (Shiwalik) Range at an elevation of at 6,346 feet (1,934 metres) above sea level, about 70 miles (110 km) north of Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. Nainital, founded in 1841, is a popular resort. It is built around the

Nepali language, member of the Pahari subgroup of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-Iranian division of the Indo-European languages. Nepali is spoken by more than 17 million people, mostly in Nepal and neighbouring parts of India. Smaller speech communities exist in Bhutan, Brunei, and Myanmar.

V.S. Naipaul was a Trinidadian writer of Indian descent known for his pessimistic novels set in developing countries. For these revelations of what the Swedish Academy called “suppressed histories,” Naipaul won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001. Descended from Hindu Indians who had immigrated

V.S. Naipaul was a Trinidadian writer of Indian descent known for his pessimistic novels set in developing countries. For these revelations of what the Swedish Academy called “suppressed histories,” Naipaul won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001. Descended from Hindu Indians who had immigrated

Nāyar, Hindu caste of the Indian state of Kerala. Before the British conquest in 1792, the region contained small, feudal kingdoms, in each of which the royal and noble lineages, the militia, and most land managers were drawn from the Nāyars and related castes. During British rule, Nāyars became

Ravi Varma: …in 1873 for the painting Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair. He became a much-sought-after artist among both the Indian nobility and the Europeans in India, who commissioned him to paint their portraits.

Mira Nair is an Indian director known for her documentaries and feature films dealing with controversial subject matter. Nair entered the University of Delhi in 1975. She left the following year to study at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where she developed an interest in

naira, monetary unit of Nigeria. The naira is divided into 100 kobo. The naira was introduced in 1973, when the country decimalized its monetary system and substituted the naira for the Nigerian pound (the country used the British pound sterling when it was a British colony), which was divided into

Nairi, ancient district of Southwest Asia located around the upper headwaters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and around Lake Van (called by the Assyrians the Sea of Nairi; now in Turkey) and Lake Urmia (now in Iran). It is known chiefly from Assyrian inscriptions, including those of

Nairnshire, historic county, northeastern Scotland, on the southern shore of the Moray Firth. The town of Nairn is the historic county town (seat) and the principal town. Part of the sandy shore of the Moray Firth has been forested, and the county’s coastal area is for the most part fertile and

Carolina Nairne, Baroness Nairne was a Scottish songwriter and laureate of Jacobitism, who wrote “Charlie Is My Darling,” “The Hundred Pipers,” “The Land o’ the Leal,” and “Will Ye No’ Come Back Again?” The daughter of a Jacobite laird, Laurence Oliphant, who was exiled (1745–63), she followed

Nairnshire, historic county, northeastern Scotland, on the southern shore of the Moray Firth. The town of Nairn is the historic county town (seat) and the principal town. Part of the sandy shore of the Moray Firth has been forested, and the county’s coastal area is for the most part fertile and

Nairobi, city, capital of Kenya. It is situated in the south-central part of the country, in the highlands at an elevation of about 5,500 feet (1,680 metres). The city lies 300 miles (480 km) northwest of Mombasa, Kenya’s major port on the Indian Ocean. The city originated in the late 1890s as a

Nairobi National Park, national park, in south-central Kenya, 5 miles (8 km) south of Nairobi. It was the first national park established in Kenya (1946), has an area of 45 square miles (117 square km), and lies about 5,000–6,000 feet (1,500–1,800 metres) above sea level. It consists partly of

Kenya: Finance and trade: The Nairobi Stock Exchange, founded in 1954, is one of the largest in sub-Saharan Africa.

Nairobi: …several educational institutions, including the University of Nairobi (founded in 1956 as the Royal Technical College of East Africa), Kenyatta University College (founded in 1972 as a constituent part of the University of Nairobi), Kenya Polytechnic University College (1961), and Kenya Institute of Administration (1961). Other institutions include the Kenya…

Kieta: Two settlements, Toniva and Nairovi, located just outside of Kieta, are considered part of that town. They grew after an increase of mining activity in the area. Nearby are the towns of Panguna and Arawa.

bunyavirus: Phlebovirus, Nairovirus, Tospovirus, and Hantavirus. Most of these viruses are transmitted by arthropods (e.g., ticks, mosquitoes, and sand flies) and cause serious human disease, including certain types of viral hemorrhagic fever.

annelid: Annotated classification: …1–3 cm; examples of genera: Nais, Tubifex (sludge worm). Class Hirudinea (leeches) Primarily freshwater, but also terrestrial and marine forms; small sucker at anterior end, large sucker at posterior end; fixed number of body segments at 34; body cavity filled with connective tissue; hermaphroditic, with fertilized eggs

South Asian arts: The mahākāvya: Less artificial is the Naiṣadhacarita (“The Life of Nala, King of Niṣadha”), written by the 12th-century poet Śrīharṣa and based on the story of Nala and Damayantī in the Mahābhārata. An example of another kind of excess indulged in by mahākāvya writers is the Rāmacarita (“Deeds of Rāma”), by…

Olduvai Gorge: …400,000 years old), and the Naisiusiu Beds (15,000 to 22,000 years old).

Springfield: The city’s Basketball Hall of Fame commemorates James Naismith, who invented the game of basketball in Springfield in 1891. Eastern States Exposition Park in West Springfield is the site of one of the largest annual (September) industrial-agricultural fairs in the eastern United States; Storrowtown (a reconstructed old…

James Naismith was a Canadian-American physical-education director who, in 1891, invented the game of basketball as a way to make physical education more enjoyable and less dangerous. , (Read James Naismith’s 1929 Britannica essay on inventing basketball.) As a young man, Naismith studied theology

Jean-Richard Bloch: ” His essay Naissance d’une culture (1936; “Birth of a Culture”) called for an art that would associate the democratic tradition with a proletarian culture. The stories in Lévy (1912) include penetrating studies of Jewish psychology, and his Balzacian novel . . . et Cie (1918; . .…

Niš, city in southeastern Serbia, on the Nišava River. The city is important for its command of the Morava–Vardar and Nišava river corridors, the two principal routes from central Europe to the Aegean. The main rail line from Belgrade and the north divides at Niš for Thessaloníki, Greece, and

Lake Naivasha, lake, in the eastern arm of the East African Rift System, 35 mi (56 km) southeast of Nakuru, Kenya. It is flanked by the Ilkinopop (Kinangop) Plateau (east) and the Mau Escarpment (west). The lake lies on an alluvium-covered flat in the valley floor and is flanked on the north by an

naïve art, work of artists in sophisticated societies who lack or reject conventional expertise in the representation or depiction of real objects. Naïve artists are not to be confused with hobbyists, or “Sunday painters,” who paint for fun. The naïve creates with the same passion as the trained

set theory: Introduction to naive set theory: ” In naive set theory, a set is a collection of objects (called members or elements) that is regarded as being a single object. To indicate that an object x is a member of a set A one writes x…

North American Indian Women’s Association (NAIWA), organization created in 1970 by Marie Cox and others to foster fellowship between American Indian women. NAIWA was the first organization established expressly to address the unique role of its members as both women and American Indians. The

forest cobra: peroescobari), the black forest cobra (N. guineensis), and the West African banded cobra (N. savannula).

Egyptian cobra, (Naja haje), large, extremely venomous snake of the cobra family (Elapidae), widespread in semiarid northern and eastern Africa, the western coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and northern South Africa. The Egyptian cobra is depicted on the crowns of the pharaohs of ancient Egypt and

forest cobra, (Naja melanoleuca), large, agile, venomous snake of the cobra family (Elapidae), native to humid forests throughout western and central Africa. The forest cobra has a calm temperament, and few bites to humans are reported, though such bites can be lethal if left untreated. In 2018

Indian cobra, (Naja naja), species of highly venomous snake in the cobra family (Elapidae). It is one of the so-called “big four” species of snakes that inflict the majority of snakebites in India, the other three being the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus),

cobra: …of southern Africa and the black-necked cobra (Naja nigricollis), a small form widely distributed in Africa, are spitters. Venom is accurately directed at the victim’s eyes at distances of more than two metres and may cause temporary, or even permanent, blindness unless promptly washed away. The Egyptian cobra (N. haje)—probably…

forest cobra: subfulva), the São Tomé forest cobra (N. peroescobari), the black forest cobra (N. guineensis), and the West African banded cobra (N. savannula).

forest cobra: guineensis), and the West African banded cobra (N. savannula).

forest cobra: …forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca), the brown forest cobra (N. subfulva), the São Tomé forest cobra (N. peroescobari), the black forest cobra (N. guineensis), and the West African banded cobra (N. savannula).

Najaf, city, capital of Najaf muḥāfaẓah (governorate), central Iraq. Located about 100 miles (160 km) south of Baghdad, Najaf lies on a ridge just west of the Euphrates River. It is one of Shiʿi Islam’s two foremost holy cities (the other is Karbalāʾ, also in Iraq) and is widely held to be the

Najaf, city, capital of Najaf muḥāfaẓah (governorate), central Iraq. Located about 100 miles (160 km) south of Baghdad, Najaf lies on a ridge just west of the Euphrates River. It is one of Shiʿi Islam’s two foremost holy cities (the other is Karbalāʾ, also in Iraq) and is widely held to be the

Najaf: Najaf governorate is a flat region extending from the Euphrates River in the northeast to the Saudi Arabian border in the southwest. Except for the area near the river, the region is sparsely populated. The governorate was created in 1976 from the western part of…

Najaf, city, capital of Najaf muḥāfaẓah (governorate), central Iraq. Located about 100 miles (160 km) south of Baghdad, Najaf lies on a ridge just west of the Euphrates River. It is one of Shiʿi Islam’s two foremost holy cities (the other is Karbalāʾ, also in Iraq) and is widely held to be the

Najāḥid Dynasty: …between two slaves, Nafīs and Najāḥ. Nafīs murdered the last Ziyādid ruler in 1018, and, after several years of bitter fighting and the death of Nafīs, Najāḥ emerged victorious and took control of Zabīd early in 1022. Najāḥ obtained the recognition of the ʿAbbāsid caliph and established his rule over…

Najāḥid Dynasty, Muslim dynasty of Ethiopian Mamlūks (slaves) that ruled Yemen in the period 1022–1158 from its capital at Zabīd. The Ziyādid kingdom at Zabīd (819–1018) had in its final years been controlled by Mamlūk viziers, the last of whom divided Yemen between two slaves, Nafīs and Najāḥ.