Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR), a series of Cold War-era talks between the United States and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) during the 1970s and ’80s aimed at achieving parity in the level of conventional (nonnuclear) forces stationed in Europe. The agreements made during the MBFR

mbira, plucked idiophone (instrument whose sounding parts are resonant solids belonging to the body of the instrument itself)—or more specifically, a lamellaphone—that is unique to Africa and widely distributed throughout the continent. The mbira consists of a series of tuned metal or bamboo

Equatorial Guinea: Continental Equatorial Guinea: …Niefang-Mikomeseng range north of the Mbini River is somewhat lower. All these ranges form segments of the Cristal Mountains in Gabon.

mbira, plucked idiophone (instrument whose sounding parts are resonant solids belonging to the body of the instrument itself)—or more specifically, a lamellaphone—that is unique to Africa and widely distributed throughout the continent. The mbira consists of a series of tuned metal or bamboo

bisj pole, carved wooden pole used in religious rites of the South Pacific Islands. Bisj poles are occasionally found in North America, but they are more common in New Zealand, Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides), and especially the Asmat area in southwestern (Indonesian) New Guinea and along the

Delaware: Economy: …most prominent credit-card lender was MBNA, which had become the state’s largest commercial employer by the beginning of the 21st century; shortly thereafter, MBNA merged with Bank of America.

governance: The new public management: For example, management by objectives (MBO) emphasizes clearly defined objectives for individual managers, whereas management by results (MBR) emphasizes the use of past results as indicators of future ones, and total quality management (TQM) emphasizes awareness of quality in all organizational processes. Performance measures are concrete attempts…

Bomu River, river in Central Africa, headstream of the Ubangi River. The Bomu River rises 30 miles (50 km) northwest of Doruma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and flows 450 miles (725 km) west, forming, together with the Ubangi, the frontier between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the

Tom Mboya was a major political leader in Kenya until his assassination six years after his country had achieved independence. A member of the Luo people and a graduate of mission schools, Mboya first worked as a sanitary inspector in Nairobi and almost immediately became involved in the nascent

Tom Mboya was a major political leader in Kenya until his assassination six years after his country had achieved independence. A member of the Luo people and a graduate of mission schools, Mboya first worked as a sanitary inspector in Nairobi and almost immediately became involved in the nascent

governance: The new public management: …objectives for individual managers, whereas management by results (MBR) emphasizes the use of past results as indicators of future ones, and total quality management (TQM) emphasizes awareness of quality in all organizational processes. Performance measures are concrete attempts to assure effective management by auditing inputs and outputs and relating them…

Movement of the Fifth Republic (MVR), nationalist Venezuelan political party established to support the presidential candidacy of Hugo Chávez in 1998. MBR-200 was secretly established within the Venezuelan military in the 1980s by Chávez and his fellow military officers. The movement rejected

mortgage-backed security (MBS), a financial instrument created by securitizing a pool of mortgage loans. Typically, a lender that holds several mortgage loans combines them into a bundle that may represent several million dollars of debt; the lender then divides the bundle into saleable shares in a

Mohammed bin Salman is the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, known for his aggressive foreign policy, ambitious economic vision, and controversial social reforms. He formally serves as crown prince (2017– ) and prime minister (2022– ) and has previously served as minister of defense (2015–22). He is

Mutual Broadcasting System, American commercial radio network, operating from 1934 until 1999. The Mutual Broadcasting System began as a cooperative venture and provided some competition for the more-established national networks. On September 29, 1934, four AM radio stations—WXYZ in Detroit, WGN

accelerator: …until it was displaced by mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) about 1925. Compounds related to MBT have proved especially useful in vulcanizing synthetic rubbers.

tank: Ammunition: -West German MBT-70 were armed with 152-mm gun/launchers firing standard ammunition as well as launching Shillelagh guided antitank missiles, and the AMX-30 was armed experimentally with the 142-mm ACRA gun/launcher. But the high cost, unreliability, and slow rate of fire of the missiles, together with the appearance…

Tanzania: Ethnic groups: The Iraqw, the Mbugu, the Gorowa, and the Burungi have Cushitic origins. About 500 ce, iron-using Bantu agriculturalists arriving from the west and south started displacing or absorbing the San hunters and gatherers; at roughly the same time, Nilotic pastoralists entered the area from the southern Sudan.

Mbuji-Mayi, city, south-central Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is situated on the Mbuji-Mayi River. It was developed by Europeans as a mining town after diamonds were found in the area in 1909. The region in which Mbuji-Mayi is situated annually produces one-tenth in weight of the world’s

mbulu-ngulu, tomb figure of carved wood covered with a sheet of copper or brass, created by the Kota tribe of Gabon, Africa, to protect the dead. Its traditional function, as a guardian figure standing against a wall, had a direct influence upon its form. Carved in a highly stylized fashion, the

Chad: Ethnic groups: The Laka and Mbum peoples live to the west of the Sara groups and, like the Gula and Tumak of the Goundi area, are culturally distinct from their Sara neighbours. Along the banks of the Chari and Logone rivers, and in the region between the two rivers, are…

Namibia: Independence: Nangolo Mbumba, who was sworn in as president later that day.

Mbundu, second largest ethnolinguistic group of Angola, comprising a diversity of peoples who speak Kimbundu, a Bantu language. Numbering about 2,420,000 in the late 20th century, they occupy much of north-central Angola and live in the area from the coastal national capital of Luanda eastward,

Ituri Forest: The Pygmies: The Mbuti live with the Bila (Babila) in the centre of the forest.

Bambuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. In addition to their stature, they also differ in blood type from their Bantu- and

Kongo: …of Mbwila, culminating in the Battle of Mbwila (or Ulanga) on Oct. 29, 1665. The Portuguese were victorious and killed the reigning manikongo, António I Nvita a Nkanga, during the battle. Although Kongo continued to exist, from this point on it ceased to function as a unified kingdom.

moscovium (Mc), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 115. In 2010 scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, and at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, U.S., announced the production of four atoms of moscovium when

Mac, Scottish and Irish Gaelic surname prefix meaning “son.” It is equivalent to the Anglo-Norman and Hiberno-Norman Fitz and the Welsh Ap (formerly Map). Just as the latter has become initial P, as in the modern names Price or Pritchard, Mac has in some names become initial C and even K—e.g.,

melanoma: Causes and symptoms: …mutations in a gene called MC1R occur in association with mutations in BRAF. Certain variations in MC1R also are associated with red hair, freckles, and fair skin, traits that are linked to a marked increase in melanoma risk. Tumours from melanoma patients who carry even only a single allele of…

the MC5, American rock group that was one of the most controversial and ultimately influential bands of the late 1960s, paving the way for such genres as punk and grunge. The principal members were vocalist Rob Tyner (original name Robert Derminer; b. December 12, 1944, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.—d.

habeas corpus: …Supreme Court struck down the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which had barred foreign enemy combatants held by the United States from challenging their detentions in federal courts.

Museum of Contemporary Art (MCA), art museum in Chicago devoted to the display of new and experimental art across all media. One of the largest multidisciplinary contemporary art museums in the world, the Museum of Contemporary Art (MCA) houses a permanent collection of more than 2,750 works. The

Malaysia: Political transformation: …those of UMNO and the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), formed in 1949 by wealthy Chinese businessmen. A coalition consisting of UMNO (led by the aristocratic moderate Tunku Abdul Rahman), MCA, and the Malayan Indian Congress contested the national legislative elections held in 1955 and won all but one seat. This…

metabolic disease: Fatty acid oxidation defects: Children with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD) appear completely normal, unless they fast for a prolonged period or are faced by other metabolically stressful conditions, such as a severe viral illness. During periods of metabolic stress, affected individuals may develop hypoglycemia, lethargy, vomiting, seizures, and liver dysfunction.…

John Loudon McAdam was a Scottish inventor of the macadam road surface. In 1770 he went to New York City, entering the countinghouse of a merchant uncle; he returned to Scotland with a considerable fortune in 1783. There he purchased an estate at Sauhrie, Ayrshire. McAdam, who had become a road

Rachel McAdams is a Canadian actress known for her versatility. McAdams grew up in Ontario, where she acted in the Original Kids Theatre Company and in high school plays. Although she was planning to pursue a cultural studies degree, McAdams was persuaded to study theatre instead. She entered the

Rachel McAdams is a Canadian actress known for her versatility. McAdams grew up in Ontario, where she acted in the Original Kids Theatre Company and in high school plays. Although she was planning to pursue a cultural studies degree, McAdams was persuaded to study theatre instead. She entered the

Los Angeles Clippers: …future Hall of Fame center-forward Bob McAdoo. The Braves were part of an unusual franchise swap in 1978, when the owner of the Boston Celtics, Irv Levin, a Californian, wanted to move the Celtics to his home state but was prevented by the NBA from moving the historic franchise. As…

William G. McAdoo was the U.S. secretary of the treasury (1913–18), a founder and chairman (1914) of the Federal Reserve Board, and director general of the U.S. railroads during and shortly after World War I (1917–19). He directed four fund-raising drives that raised $18,000,000,000 to help finance

William G. McAdoo was the U.S. secretary of the treasury (1913–18), a founder and chairman (1914) of the Federal Reserve Board, and director general of the U.S. railroads during and shortly after World War I (1917–19). He directed four fund-raising drives that raised $18,000,000,000 to help finance

WAVES: …commander of the WAVES was Mildred McAfee, who as a civilian was the president of Wellesley College. Other notable members of the WAVES were Grace Hopper, a pioneering mathematician who eventually attained the rank of rear admiral, and Susan Ahn Cuddy, the first Asian American woman to become an officer…

Mary McAleese is an Irish politician who was president of Ireland from 1997 to 2011. She was Ireland’s second female president and its first president from Northern Ireland. McAleese was raised on the edge of the nationalist Ardoyne area of Belfast, from which her family was forced to flee in the

McAlester, city, seat (1907) of Pittsburg county, southeastern Oklahoma, U.S., south of Eufaula Reservoir and Dam and the South Canadian River. It originated as a trading post, built in 1870 by James McAlester (later lieutenant governor of the state) in Choctaw territory at the intersection of the

Pentecostalism: The origins of Pentecostalism: R.E. McAlister, following the formula for baptism found in Acts of the Apostles rather than that in the Gospel According to Matthew, taught that water baptism in the early church was not done according to the familiar Trinitarian formula (i.e., in the name of the…

McAllen, city, Hidalgo county, southern Texas, U.S., in the irrigated lower Rio Grande valley, 7 miles (11 km) from the International Bridge to Reynosa, Mexico, and some 50 miles (80 km) west-northwest of Brownsville. With Edinburg and Pharr, McAllen forms a metropolitan complex. Founded in 1905,

Hanover, borough (town), York county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies in the Conewago Creek valley, 20 miles (32 km) southwest of York. Laid out in 1763 by Colonel Richard McAllister, it was incorporated as a borough in 1815 and named for Hanover, Germany. Earlier it had been known as

Ward McAllister was a U.S. lawyer and social leader who originated the phrase “the Four Hundred” to designate New York City’s society leaders. McAllister was shortening an invitation list for Mrs. William Astor when he boasted, in 1892, that there were “only about 400 people in New York society.”

Ward McAllister was a U.S. lawyer and social leader who originated the phrase “the Four Hundred” to designate New York City’s society leaders. McAllister was shortening an invitation list for Mrs. William Astor when he boasted, in 1892, that there were “only about 400 people in New York society.”

Robert McAlmon was an American author and publisher and an exemplar of the literary expatriate in Paris during the 1920s. Many of his short stories, however, are based on his own youthful experiences living in small South Dakota towns. McAlmon attended the University of Minnesota for one semester

Robert McAlmon was an American author and publisher and an exemplar of the literary expatriate in Paris during the 1920s. Many of his short stories, however, are based on his own youthful experiences living in small South Dakota towns. McAlmon attended the University of Minnesota for one semester

McArdle disease, rare hereditary deficiency of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase in muscle cells. In the absence of this enzyme, muscles cannot break down animal starch (glycogen) into simple sugars needed to meet the energy requirements of exercise. Muscle activity is thus solely dependent on the

McArdle disease, rare hereditary deficiency of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase in muscle cells. In the absence of this enzyme, muscles cannot break down animal starch (glycogen) into simple sugars needed to meet the energy requirements of exercise. Muscle activity is thus solely dependent on the

muscle disease: Glycogenoses: In 1951 British physician Brian McArdle discovered a disorder of muscle that caused cramplike pains yet was not associated with the normal production of lactic acid from exercise. The defect was later identified as an absence of phosphorylase, the enzyme involved in the first step in the splitting off…

McArthur River, river in northeastern Northern Territory, Australia, rising about 45 miles (70 km) south of Anthony Lagoon, along the scarp that marks the northern edge of the Barkly Tableland, and flowing northwest for 150 miles (240 km) across rugged country to Port McArthur on the Gulf of

Malta: Education: …Malta at Msida and the Malta College of Arts, Science, and Technology (MCAST) are the country’s principal institutions of higher education. The former was founded as a Jesuit college in 1592, established as a state institution in 1769, and refounded in 1988. It offers courses in most disciplines and has…

Catherine Elizabeth McAuley was the founder of the Sisters of Mercy (R.S.M.), a congregation of Roman Catholic nuns engaged in education and social service. In 1990 she was declared “Venerable,” the first stage in being made a saint, by Pope John Paul II. McAuley was one of three children born to

James Phillip McAuley was an Australian poet noted for his classical approach, great technical skill, and academic point of view. Educated at the University of Sydney, he taught for a while, served with Australian forces in World War II, and then became a senior lecturer at the Australian School of

Anthony C. McAuliffe was a U.S. Army general who commanded the force defending Bastogne, Belgium, in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944) during World War II. Graduating from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y. (1919), McAuliffe was commissioned in the field artillery and held routine

Anthony C. McAuliffe was a U.S. Army general who commanded the force defending Bastogne, Belgium, in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944) during World War II. Graduating from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y. (1919), McAuliffe was commissioned in the field artillery and held routine

Christa Corrigan McAuliffe was an American teacher who was chosen to be the first private citizen in space. The death of McAuliffe and her fellow crew members in the 1986 space shuttle Challenger disaster was deeply felt by the nation and had a strong effect on the U.S. space program. Christa

Evan Hunter was a prolific American writer of best-selling fiction, of which more than 50 books are crime stories published under the pseudonym Ed McBain. Hunter graduated from Hunter College (1950) and held various short-term jobs, including playing piano in a jazz band and teaching in vocational

James McBride is an American author and musician known for his acclaimed works of historical fiction and autobiography, including the best-selling memoir The Color of Water (1996) and the National Book Award-winning novel The Good Lord Bird (2013). McBride was the eighth child of an interracial and

Mary Margaret McBride was an American journalist and broadcaster, perhaps best remembered for the warm down-home personality she projected on her highly popular long-running radio program. McBride moved frequently from farm to farm with her family. Her schooling was similarly episodic until 1906,

Patricia McBride is an American ballerina best known for her performances with New York City Ballet. McBride began her dance training when she was seven years old. At age 13 she began classes in New York City with Sonia Doubrovinskaya and at the School of American Ballet, making her debut in 1957

Sir Richard McBride was a statesman who was the premier of British Columbia from 1903 to 1915. A lawyer, McBride entered the British Columbian legislature in 1898 and was appointed minister of mines in 1900. After one year as leader of his party in opposition, he became Conservative premier for the

Metropolitan Community Churches (MCC), worldwide Protestant denomination founded in 1968 and focusing its outreach endeavors on persons who identify themselves as homosexual, bisexual, transgender, and queer Christians. Although most MCC members are LGBTQ, membership is open to all individuals

fair trade: History: …sewing group run by the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) in Puerto Rico. Byler began selling the group’s crafts to friends and neighbours in the United States. In 1962 her project was adopted by the MCC as the Overseas Needlework and Crafts Project. It was renamed Ten Thousand Villages in 1996.

Nepal: Federal republic: …a 2017 compact with the Millennial Challenge Corporation (MCC), a foreign assistance program established by the United States Congress in 2004. With the compact due to expire in February 2022 without ratification, parliament was under pressure to approve the agreement despite significant opposition domestically. After years in the fray between…

Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), former governing body of cricket, founded in London in 1787. The Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) laid down the first set of laws for the game of cricket in 1788 and continued to act as the global governing body for the game until the late 20th century, a role now

Melbourne Cricket Ground: The Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) was founded in 1838 and was granted the land on which the club now stands in 1853 when it was forced to move from its most recent site to make way for Australia’s first steam railway line. An 1876 stand—now long…

Central American Common Market (CACM), association of five Central American nations that was formed to facilitate regional economic development through free trade and economic integration. Established by the General Treaty on Central American Economic Integration signed by Guatemala, Honduras, El

Robert Altman: M*A*S*H and the 1970s: …response to Altman’s next film, McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971), but, as time passed, praise grew for this revisionist “anti-western,” Cowritten by Altman, it was a film of rare beauty, set at the turn of the 20th century in a boomtown in the Pacific Northwest, and it offered a symbolic…

Irish literature: The 1960s and beyond: Among these, the work of Patrick McCabe, in particular The Butcher Boy (1992) and The Dead School (1995), stands out. So too does that of John Banville, among Ireland’s preeminent novelists at the end of the 20th century. His extraordinary novel Birchwood (1973) is a postmodern, post-Joycean revisitation of the…

On November 4, 2008, after a campaign that lasted nearly two years, Americans elected Illinois senator Barack Obama their 44th president. The result was historic, as Obama, a first-term U.S. senator, became, when he was inaugurated on January 20, 2009, the country’s first African American

Cindy McCain is an American businesswoman and humanitarian and the wife of U.S. senator and two-time Republican presidential candidate John McCain. After serving as the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (UN) Agencies for Food and Agriculture (2021–23), she was appointed by UN Secretary-General

John McCain was a U.S. senator who was the Republican Party’s nominee for president in 2008 but was defeated by Barack Obama. McCain represented Arizona in the U.S. House of Representatives (1983–87) before being elected to the U.S. Senate (1987–2018). Although a self-described conservative “foot

John McCain was a U.S. senator who was the Republican Party’s nominee for president in 2008 but was defeated by Barack Obama. McCain represented Arizona in the U.S. House of Representatives (1983–87) before being elected to the U.S. Senate (1987–2018). Although a self-described conservative “foot

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), U.S. legislation that was the first major amendment of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA) since the extensive 1974 amendments that followed the Watergate scandal. The primary purpose of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) was to

On November 4, 2008, after a campaign that lasted nearly two years, Americans elected Illinois senator Barack Obama their 44th president. The result was historic, as Obama, a first-term U.S. senator, became, when he was inaugurated on January 20, 2009, the country’s first African American

glacier: Mass balance of mountain glaciers: McCall Glacier, in the northwestern part of the Brooks Range in Alaska, has the lowest activity index (two millimetres per metre) measured in western North America. Glaciers in intermediate climates have intermediate equilibrium-line altitudes, accumulation or ablation totals, and activity indices.

Alexander McCall Smith is a British writer, creator of a series of novels about Precious Ramotswe, a fictional character who is Botswana’s only female detective. McCall Smith was raised in Southern Rhodesia and moved to Scotland at age 18 to study at the University of Edinburgh. He received a law

Alexander McCall Smith is a British writer, creator of a series of novels about Precious Ramotswe, a fictional character who is Botswana’s only female detective. McCall Smith was raised in Southern Rhodesia and moved to Scotland at age 18 to study at the University of Edinburgh. He received a law

graphic design: Postwar graphic design in the United States: …Bazaar) and Otto Storch (at McCall’s) extended Brodovitch’s imaginative approach to page layout in large-format magazines. Storch believed concept, text, type, and image should be inseparable in editorial design, and he applied this belief to the editorial pages of McCall’s.

bridge: Timber truss bridges: Burr’s McCall’s Ferry Bridge (1815; on the Susquehanna River near Lancaster, Pennsylvania) had a record-breaking span of 108 metres (360 feet). Another successful design was the “lattice truss,” patented by Ithiel Town in 1820, in which top and bottom chords were made of horizontal timbers connected…

Wild Bill Hickok: Final years: …back of his head by Jack McCall, who may have been hired to kill him. McCall was tried and acquitted of murder as a result of his dubious claim that the killing was in revenge for Hickok’s murder of his brother in Abilene. Later, after bragging of his murder of…

Larry Holmes: …April 8, 1995, Holmes challenged Oliver McCall for the WBC heavyweight crown but lost in 12 rounds. After winning his next four bouts, Holmes fought Brian Nielsen for the International Boxing Organization heavyweight title on January 24, 1997, but was defeated. Holmes retired from the sport in 2002, with a…

Val McCalla was a Jamaican-born British publisher who founded The Voice, an influential British newspaper focusing on black issues and interests. Before moving to England at age 15, McCalla studied accounting at Kingston College, a Jamaican high school. He served in the Royal Air Force, failing to

Val McCalla was a Jamaican-born British publisher who founded The Voice, an influential British newspaper focusing on black issues and interests. Before moving to England at age 15, McCalla studied accounting at Kingston College, a Jamaican high school. He served in the Royal Air Force, failing to

Billy Budd: …who befriends Budd, and by David McCallum, as an officer racked by conscience versus duty.

Elsie Widdowson: …with her longtime research partner, Robert A. McCance, guided the British government’s World War II food-rationing program.

Bruce McCandless was an American naval aviator and astronaut, the first person to conduct an untethered free flight in space. McCandless was the son of an admiral and the grandson of a commodore. He received a B.S. from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1958. After two

Bruce McCandless was an American naval aviator and astronaut, the first person to conduct an untethered free flight in space. McCandless was the son of an admiral and the grandson of a commodore. He received a B.S. from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1958. After two

Christopher McCandless was an American adventurer who died from starvation and possibly poisoning, at age 24, while camping alone on a remote trail in Alaska. His death made him a figure of controversy, admired by some as an idealist in the tradition of David Thoreau and Leo Tolstoy but disparaged

Christopher McCandless was an American adventurer who died from starvation and possibly poisoning, at age 24, while camping alone on a remote trail in Alaska. His death made him a figure of controversy, admired by some as an idealist in the tradition of David Thoreau and Leo Tolstoy but disparaged

Wild Bill Hickok: The McCanles Massacre: There are many versions of the shootout that occurred at Rock Creek on July 12, 1861, shortly after the start of the Civil War, and all, in one way or another, contributed to Hickok’s legend. At the time of the so-called McCanles Massacre,…

Wild Bill Hickok: The McCanles Massacre: …been given to him by David McCanles, who had sold the buildings that became the Pony Express’s Rock Creek station, on credit, to Russell, Majors and Waddell. McCanles also acted as the station’s manager before the company replaced him with Horace Wellman, and McCanles had reputedly ridiculed Hickok during his…

Roberta Flack: Career: …gained notice from jazz musician Les McCann, who later wrote in the liner notes of her debut album First Take (1969), “Her voice touched, tapped, trapped, and kicked every emotion I’ve ever known. I laughed, cried, and screamed for more.” McCann arranged for Flack to audition for Atlantic Records producer…

Mary Wells Lawrence: …joined the advertising agency of McCann-Erickson, Inc., where she worked from 1953 to 1956. She then moved to Doyle Dane Bernbach, where she became copy chief and vice president in 1963. In 1964 she became a senior partner at Jack Tinker & Partners, an agency noted for its creativity. There…

Eliza Johnson was an American first lady (1865–69), the wife of Andrew Johnson, 17th president of the United States. Eliza McCardle was the only child of John McCardle, a shoemaker and innkeeper, and Sarah Phillips McCardle. While the McCardle family Bible recorded that Eliza was born in

Ex Parte McCardle, (1869), refusal of the U.S. Supreme Court to hear a case involving the Reconstruction Acts. The court’s refusal marked the apogee of Radical Republican power to determine national policy. William H. McCardle was a Mississippi editor who was arrested and jailed for sedition after