Montebello Islands, Australian coral islands in the Indian Ocean off the northwest coast of Western Australia, 60 mi (100 km) west of the Dampier Archipelago. The largest of the uninhabited group are North West, Trimouille, South East, and Hermite. Comparatively flat and sandy, they are indented by

Jean Lannes, duc de Montebello was a French general who, despite his humble origins, rose to the rank of marshal of the First Empire. Napoleon said of him, “I found him a pygmy and left him a giant.” Lannes, the son of a stable boy, learned to read and write from a village priest and was

France: The Hollande administration: In August 2014 economic minister Arnaud Montebourg, who had long advocated a program of growth over austerity, was sacked after publicly criticizing Hollande’s economic policy. Valls announced the resignation of his cabinet, and Hollande promptly asked him to form a new government. While Hollande’s popularity languished, scandals within the UMP…

montebrasite, phosphate mineral (LiAl(PO4)(OH,F)) similar to amblygonite

Monte Cassino Abbey, the first monastery of the Benedictine order, located to the south of Rome, at the top of Mount Cassino, a rocky hill just west of the town of Cassino. The abbey was founded by Benedict of Nursia in 529 on a site that, according to a biography by St. Gregory the Great, was

Montecatini Terme, town and mineral spa, Toscana (Tuscany) region, north central Italy, in the Valdinievole, at an altitude of 89 ft (27 m), just southwest of Pistoia. Known since the 14th century for its warm saline springs, it acquired importance when Leopold II (1747–92), grand duke of Tuscany,

Michel de Montéclair was a French composer of operatic and instrumental works in the period between Jean-Baptiste Lully and Jean-Philippe Rameau. Montéclair was a chorister at Langres and later entered noble service. Settling in Paris in 1687, he played double bass at the Paris Opéra from 1699 to

Giovanni da Montecorvino was an Italian Franciscan missionary who founded the earliest Roman Catholic missions in India and China and became the first archbishop of Peking. In 1272 Montecorvino was commissioned by the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus as an emissary to Pope Gregory X to

Montecristo Island, member of the Arcipelago Toscano, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, between the Italian mainland and Corsica, south of the island of Elba. Part of Livorno province, the islet is mountainous, rising to 2,116 ft (645 m), with an area of 6 sq mi (16 sq km). It is a hunting preserve owned by

Raimondo Montecuccoli was a field marshal and military reformer, a master of the warfare based on fortifications and manoeuvre, who led Austrian armies to victory against enemies of the House of Habsburg for half a century. Montecuccoli entered the Austrian Army in 1625, during the early part of

Montefeltro Family, noble family of Urbino, a city in the Italian Marches, southeast of Florence, that rose to become a ruling dynasty and produced several outstanding political and military leaders from the 13th to the 16th century. Descendants of an older noble family, they took their name from

Piero della Francesca: Mature period: …association with Count (later Duke) Federico da Montefeltro, whose highly cultured court was considered “the light of Italy.” In the late 1450s Piero painted The Flagellation of Christ, the intended location of which is still debated by scholars. Its lucid perspectival construction contrasts with treatment of the subject wherein Christ…

humanism: Later Italian humanism: …the court of Federico’s son Guidobaldo, would be saddened by its decline and shocked when another of his patrons, the “model” Renaissance prince Charles V, ordered the sack of Rome. To a large extent, the cause of these and other vicissitudes lay in the nature of the movement itself, for…

Claude Joseph Goldsmid Montefiore was a Jewish theologian and Reform leader; he was the first modern Jew to write an important commentary on the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Luke, and Mark). Montefiore enrolled in a Reform seminary in Berlin with the intention of becoming a rabbi but abandoned this

Sir Moses Montefiore, Baronet was an Italian-born businessman who was noted for his philanthropy and support of Jewish rights. Scion of an old Italian Jewish merchant family, Montefiore was taken to England as an infant. As a young man, he accumulated such a fortune on the London stock exchange

Sir Moses Montefiore, Baronet was an Italian-born businessman who was noted for his philanthropy and support of Jewish rights. Scion of an old Italian Jewish merchant family, Montefiore was taken to England as an infant. As a young man, he accumulated such a fortune on the London stock exchange

Montego Bay, city, northwestern Jamaica, about 85 miles (140 km) northwest of Kingston. It lies on the site of a Taino village visited by Christopher Columbus in 1494. Its original Spanish name, Bahía de Manteca (“Butter Bay”), probably recalls its early function as a lard (“hog’s butter”) centre.

José Bento Monteiro Lobato was a writer and publisher, forerunner of the Modernist movement in Brazilian literature. Originally a lawyer and coffee planter in the interior of São Paulo state, Monteiro Lobato wrote an unpretentious letter to a São Paulo newspaper, describing the droughts and

Cabo Verde: Independence: …election held the following month, Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro, backed by the MpD, won a decisive victory; he was reelected in February 1996 in an election marked by a low turnout and in which he was the only candidate.

punctuation: Punctuation in English since 1600: …syntactic punctuation were published by Robert Monteith in 1704 and Joseph Robertson in 1795. Excessive punctuation was common in the 18th century: at its worst it used commas with every subordinate clause and separable phrase. Vestiges of this attitude are found in a handbook published in London as late as…

Mexico: Expansion of Spanish rule: Francisco de Montejo undertook the conquest of this region in 1526, but, because of determined Maya resistance and unforgiving terrain, it was nearly 20 years before the Spaniards won control of the northern end of the peninsula. Some indigenous peoples in the interior remained independent…

Vibo Valentia, town, Calabria regione, southern Italy. It lies near the Gulf of Sant’Eufemia. It originated as the ancient Greek town of Hipponion and was praised in the 1st century bc by the Roman statesman and author Cicero. There is a museum of Greek antiquities, and ruined Greek walls can be

Montélimar, town, Drôme département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, southeastern France, lying near the confluence of the Roubion and Rhône rivers, southwest of Valence. It was called Acunum by the Romans and was called Mons Adhemaris or Monteil d’Adhémar (after the local Adhémar [Aimar] family) in

Oscar Montelius was a Swedish archaeologist who sought to establish foundations for prehistoric chronology, especially that of the Bronze Age in the British Isles and Europe northward to Scandinavia. Montelius was attached to the Museum of National Antiquities, Stockholm, from 1863. He was

Oscar Montelius was a Swedish archaeologist who sought to establish foundations for prehistoric chronology, especially that of the Bronze Age in the British Isles and Europe northward to Scandinavia. Montelius was attached to the Museum of National Antiquities, Stockholm, from 1863. He was

Jorge de Montemayor was a Portuguese-born author of romances and poetry who wrote the first Spanish pastoral novel. Montemayor probably came to Spain in 1543 with Philip II’s first wife, Mary, as a musician. He later entered the household of Joan, daughter-in-law of John III of Portugal, and he

Italo Montemezzi was an Italian opera and symphonic composer whose masterpiece was the opera L’amore dei tre re (1913; The Love of Three Kings). After study at the Milan Conservatory, Montemezzi established himself as an operatic composer with Giovanni Gallurese (1905). L’amore dei tre re, based on

Egyptian art and architecture: Innovation, decline, and revival from the New Kingdom to the Late period: …of the mayor of Thebes, Montemhat, display great variety, excellent workmanship, and, in one case, a realism that transcends the dictates of convention.

Carlos Luis de Borbón, count de Montemolín was the second Carlist, or Bourbon traditionalist, Spanish pretender (as Charles VI) who twice attempted unsuccessfully to seize the throne and who by perpetuating the breach within the Bourbon royal family helped weaken support for the monarchy.

Montenegro: Languages and religion: …that their language be called Montenegrin. Montenegrin, Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian, and Croatian are all recognized by the constitution as official languages.

headhunting: …complete head was taken by Montenegrins as late as 1912, being carried by a lock of hair worn allegedly for that purpose. In the British Isles the practice continued approximately to the end of the Middle Ages in Ireland and the Scottish marches.

Montenegro: Under the prince-bishops: …converted to Islam (the “Montenegrin Vespers” of Christmas Eve, 1702), there is contested evidence that Montenegrin lineages shifted in a very fluid manner not only between the Roman Catholic and Muslim faiths but also between Montenegrin and Albanian identity. It seems that, given the uncertainty over who held power…

Montenegro, country located in the west-central Balkans at the southern end of the Dinaric Alps. It is bounded by the Adriatic Sea and Croatia (southwest), Bosnia and Herzegovina (northwest), Serbia (northeast), Kosovo (east), and Albania (southeast). Montenegro’s administrative capital is

Fernanda Montenegro is a Brazilian stage and screen actress, best known outside of South America for her role in Central do Brasil (1998; Central Station), for which she was nominated for the 1999 Academy Award for best actress. She was the first Brazilian actress to receive that honour. Montenegro

Yellow-fimbriated (bordered) red national flag with, at its centre, a yellow double-headed eagle bearing the national coat of arms. The width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.Montenegrin independence was recognized in 1878, and that year Montenegro adopted the horizontal red-blue-white tricolour of Serbia

Montenegro: History of Montenegro: Before the arrival of the Slav peoples in the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries ce, the area now known as Montenegro was inhabited principally by people known as Illyrians. Little is known of

Montenegro: Education: The University of Montenegro, located in Podgorica, was founded in 1974.

Spanish literature: New critical approaches: Pedro de Montengón y Paret introduced narrative genres then popular in France—philosophical and pedagogical novels in the style of Jean-Jacques Rousseau—with such works as Eusebio (1786–88), a four-volume novel set in America that exalted the religion of nature. Montengón also published El Antenor (1778) and…

Western architecture: High Renaissance in Italy (1495–1520): …church of San Biagio at Montepulciano (1518–29) on a Greek cross plan. On the facade in the two recesses of the arms of the cross were to rise two towers, the right one never completed. Otherwise the massing is similar to that of Todi, with dome and drum above. All…

bullfighting: Act three: …or friend, to whom the montera is tossed. A bullfighter may also dedicate the kill to the general public, signified by doffing the hat to the crowd, turning full circle, and then tossing the montera over the shoulder to the ground. Superstitious bullfighters take special note whether the hat lands…

Monteregian Hills, series of eight butte-type mountains in the St. Lawrence River valley, in Montréal, Montérégie, and Estrie regions, southeastern Quebec province, Canada. The hills extend eastward for about 50 miles (80 km) from Île de Montréal to the Appalachian Highlands. Formed of igneous

Monterey, city, Monterey county, California, U.S. It lies on a peninsula at the southern end of Monterey Bay, about 85 miles (135 km) south of San Francisco. The area was originally inhabited by Costanoan people, and in 1542 it was first seen by the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. In 1602

Monterey: …at the southern end of Monterey Bay, about 85 miles (135 km) south of San Francisco. The area was originally inhabited by Costanoan people, and in 1542 it was first seen by the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. In 1602 Sebastián Vizcaíno named the area in honour of the count…

Monterey: The offshore Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (established 1992) protects an abyss deeper than the Grand Canyon and its myriad denizens, which include more than 30 species of mammals, more than 300 species of fish, and nearly 100 species of birds; many tourists visit the sanctuary to…

Monterey Canyon, largest and deepest submarine canyon off the Pacific coast of North America. The canyon has three tributaries at its upper reaches in Monterey Bay, California: minor Soquel Canyon to the north, the main Monterey Canyon head aligned east-west off Moss Landing, and Carmel Canyon to

cypress: …from the Bhutan, Italian, and Monterey cypresses (C. torulosa, C. sempervirens, and C. macrocarpa, respectively). Their wood is light, moderately hard, and very durable in contact with the soil but is usually knotty and has an odour sometimes considered offensive. These three trees, together with the Arizona (C. arizonica and…

Monterey Jack, mild, smooth cow’s-milk cheese produced mainly in California; it originated in Monterey county but is now made elsewhere in California, notably in Sonoma county (where it is known as Sonoma Jack), and in Wisconsin. Generally aged about six weeks, occasionally three months, Jack

Monterey Jazz Festival, annual jazz festival held at the Monterey County Fairgrounds, in the coastal town of Monterey, west-central California, U.S. The Monterey Jazz Festival was founded by James L. Lyons, a jazz disc jockey in San Francisco, and jazz critic Ralph J. Gleason. Inspired by Rhode

Monterey pine, (Pinus radiata), economically important conifer species (family Pinaceae), the most widely planted pine in the world. The tree is endemic to three locations along the central coast of California—including one population on the Monterey peninsula—and to Guadalupe Island and Cedros

The Monterey Pop Festival: Held in Monterey, California, on June 16–18, 1967, the Monterey Pop Festival was the first commercial American rock festival. Dunhill Records executive Lou Adler and John Phillips of the Mamas and the Papas organized the festival around the concept of the successful Monterey Jazz Festival…

Montería, city, northwestern Colombia, and an inland port on the Sinú River. In 1744 a Spanish conquistador, Juan de Torrezar Díaz Pimienta, claimed a Zenúe Indian village, which he called San Jerónimo de Buenavista. Used as a hunter’s rendezvous, the settlement came to be known as San Jerónimo de

Gabriela Montero is a Venezuelan classical pianist who is particularly known for the centrality of improvisation to her performances. Montero gave her first public piano recital at age five and performed Joseph Haydn’s Piano Concerto in D Major with the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela

Latin American literature: Post-boom writers: …women novelists such as Cubans Mayra Montero (settled in Puerto Rico), Daína Chaviano (settled in Miami), and Zoé Valdés (settled in France) and Mexican Angeles Mastretta outstripped their predecessors in originality and independence. In fact, at the turn of the 21st century, Cuban women writers in exile were highly popular…

Monterrey, city, capital of Nuevo León estado (state), northeastern Mexico. At an elevation of about 1,765 feet (538 metres) in the west-central part of the state, Monterrey sprawls over the semiarid floodplain of the Santa Catarina River, which spills eastward from the flanks of the Sierra Madre

Monterrey: The contemporary city: The Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (1943) is one of Mexico’s largest educational institutions. The city is also the site of Nuevo León University (1933), Labastida University (1947), the Regiomontana University (1969), and the University of Monterrey (1969). It is on main highways, railroads,…

Battle of Monterrey, (20–24 September 1846), an engagement of the Mexican-American War. On 13 May the United States declared war on Mexico. Unaware of this, on 18 May Major General Zachary Taylor crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico, after defeating the Mexicans at Palo Alto and the next day at Resca

Montes Claros, city, northern Minas Gerais estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It is located near the Verde Grande River in the Espinhaço Mountains, 2,093 feet (638 metres) above sea level. It was made a seat of a municipality in 1831 and attained city rank in 1857. Livestock raising is the area’s

Afonso VI: … (1663), Castelo Rodrigo (1664), and Montes Claros (1665), which in 1668 led to Spanish recognition of Portuguese independence. When Afonso’s wife left him, their marriage was annulled on grounds of his incapacity. She married his brother, the future Peter II, who was declared Defender of the Realm. After surrendering the…

pawnbroking: …pawnbroker, the public pawnshop, and the mons pietatis (“charity fund”). Usury laws in most countries prohibited the taking of interest, and private pawnbrokers were usually persons exempt from these laws by religion or regulation—Jews, for example. Their sometimes exorbitant interest rates, however, caused social unrest, which made public authorities aware…

bullfighting: Bullfighting and the arts: …so faithfully was Frank Harris’s Montes the Matador and Other Stories (1900). But the first truly accurate, comprehensive, and unblinking overview of bullfighting in English—and certainly the most influential—was Ernest Hemingway’s Death in the Afternoon (1932). It is in this nonfiction work that Hemingway opines why so few Americans and…

Bolivia: Liberal rule, 1899–1920: …1920 under the leadership of Ismael Montes (twice president: in 1904–08 and 1913–17), were to settle Bolivia’s chronic border problems and to expand the communications network initiated by the Conservatives. In 1904 a definitive peace treaty was signed with Chile, accepting the loss of all Bolivia’s former coastal territories. Also,…

Peru: The rule, misrule, and flight of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000): …crumbled later that year after Vladimiro Montesinos, the head of the secret police and one of his closest advisers, was found to have bribed a congressman. Amid growing allegations of corruption, Fujimori fled to Japan.

Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart, marquise de Montespan was the mistress of Louis XIV of France for 13 years. Daughter of the marquis (from 1650 duc) de Mortemart, she was married in 1663 to the marquis de Montespan, by whom she had two children. She was appointed lady-in-waiting to the queen of

Montesquieu was a French political philosopher whose principal work, The Spirit of Laws, was a major contribution to political theory. Montesquieu’s father, Jacques de Secondat, belonged to an old military family of modest wealth that had been ennobled in the 16th century for services to the crown,

Montesquieu was a French political philosopher whose principal work, The Spirit of Laws, was a major contribution to political theory. Montesquieu’s father, Jacques de Secondat, belonged to an old military family of modest wealth that had been ennobled in the 16th century for services to the crown,

Montessori schools, educational system characterized by self-directed activities and self-correcting materials, developed in Europe during the early 1900s by Italian physician and educator Maria Montessori. Montessori had studied the work of Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard and Edouard Séguin; she first

Maria Montessori: …metodo della pedagogia scientifica (1909; The Montessori Method, 1912), The Advanced Montessori Method (1917–18), The Secret of Childhood (1936), Education for a New World (1946), To Educate the Human Potential (1948), and La mente assorbente (1949; The Absorbent Mind, 1949).

Montessori schools, educational system characterized by self-directed activities and self-correcting materials, developed in Europe during the early 1900s by Italian physician and educator Maria Montessori. Montessori had studied the work of Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard and Edouard Séguin; she first

Montessori schools, educational system characterized by self-directed activities and self-correcting materials, developed in Europe during the early 1900s by Italian physician and educator Maria Montessori. Montessori had studied the work of Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard and Edouard Séguin; she first

Maria Montessori was an Italian educator and originator of the educational system that bears her name. The Montessori system is based on belief in the creative potential of children, their drive to learn, and the right of each child to be treated as an individual. After graduating in medicine from

Pierre Montet was a French Egyptologist who conducted major excavations of the New Empire (c. 1567–c. 525 bc) capital at Tanis, in the Nile Delta, discovering, in particular, funerary treasures from the 21st and 22nd dynasties. Professor of Egyptology at the University of Strasbourg (1919–48) and

Pierre Monteux was one of the leading conductors of the 20th century, acclaimed for his interpretations ranging from Beethoven to contemporary composers such as Stravinsky and Arthur Honegger. He studied at the Paris Conservatory and later was a professional viola player. As conductor (1911–14) for

Claudio Monteverdi was an Italian composer in the late Renaissance, the most important developer of the then new genre, the opera. He also did much to bring a “modern” secular spirit into church music. Monteverdi, the son of a barber-surgeon and chemist, studied with the director of music at

Mario Benedetti: …stories appeared in the collection Montevideanos (1959; “Montevideans”), a title that recalls James Joyce’s Dubliners. Like Joyce, Benedetti was enthralled by urban life, and he became the chronicler of the Uruguayan capital’s bourgeoisie, though, unlike Joyce, Benedetti often remained at a descriptive level lacking depth. But his works became best…

Montevideo, principal city and capital of Uruguay. It lies on the north shore of the Río de la Plata estuary. Montevideo was founded in 1726 by Bruno Mauricio de Zabala, governor of Buenos Aires, to counteract the Portuguese advance into the area from Brazil. During its early years, Montevideo was

Montevideo Convention, agreement signed at Montevideo, Uruguay, on December 26, 1933 (and entering into force the following year), that established the standard definition of a state under international law. Adopted by the Seventh International Conference of American States, the convention

Montevideo Convention, agreement signed at Montevideo, Uruguay, on December 26, 1933 (and entering into force the following year), that established the standard definition of a state under international law. Adopted by the Seventh International Conference of American States, the convention

Montevideo Convention, agreement signed at Montevideo, Uruguay, on December 26, 1933 (and entering into force the following year), that established the standard definition of a state under international law. Adopted by the Seventh International Conference of American States, the convention

Latin American Integration Association: …that was established by the Treaty of Montevideo (August 1980) and became operational in March 1981. It seeks economic cooperation among its members. Original members were Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay,

Lola Montez was an Irish adventuress and “Spanish” dancer who achieved international notoriety through her liaison with King Louis I (Ludwig I) of Bavaria. Elizabeth (“Eliza”) Gilbert spent much of her girlhood in India but was educated in Scotland and England. At age 19 she eloped with Lieutenant

Winona, city, seat of Winona county, southeastern Minnesota, U.S. It lies in the Hiawatha Valley on the Mississippi River (bridged to Wisconsin), backed by high bluffs, in a mixed-farming area, about 45 miles (70 km) east of Rochester. Franciscan missionary Louis Hennepin visited the area about

Montezuma Castle National Monument, archaeological site in central Arizona, U.S. The monument lies in the Verde River valley just northeast of Camp Verde and about 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Tuzigoot National Monument. Established in 1906, it has an area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 square km) and

bald cypress: The closely related Montezuma, or Mexican, cypress (T. mucronatum) is native to the southwestern U.S., Mexico, and Guatemala. It is generally considered to be a separate species and is distinguished from the bald cypress by its shorter, persistent leaves and larger cones. It rarely produces knees.

Montezuma II was the ninth Aztec emperor of Mexico, famous for his dramatic confrontation with the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. In 1502 Montezuma succeeded his uncle Ahuitzotl as the leader of an empire that had reached its greatest extent, stretching to what is now Honduras and Nicaragua,

Bernard de Montfaucon was a pioneer in the study of Greek paleography and archaeology and a distinguished patristic scholar. He joined the Benedictine Congregation of Saint-Maur in 1676 and in 1687 was sent to Paris to edit the works of the Church Fathers. His major publications in this field were

St. Petersburg: Admiralty Side: …Neoclassical Russian architecture built by Auguste Montferrand (1818–58), St. Isaac’s is one of the largest domed buildings in the world; its golden cupola, gilded with about 220 pounds (100 kg) of pure gold, soars to 331 feet (101 metres) in height and is visible all over St. Petersburg. It is…

Montferrat, historic area of northwestern Italy covering most of the modern provinces of Alessandria and Asti in the Piedmont region. During the Middle Ages, Montferrat was an independent march (or marquessate). Its local autonomy ended when the Gongazas of Mantua were recognized as its rulers in

Montfort Family, family associated with an ancient lordship in the Île-de-France (Montfort-l’Amaury); this lordship first became famous in French and English history because of its association with members of the family, which held it in the 13th century; it was transmitted to a junior branch of

Montfort Family: …Montmorency he left four sons: Amaury de Montfort (see below), who succeeded to Montfort-l’Amaury and to his father’s titles in Languedoc; Simon de Montfort, who became earl of Leicester and played a major role in English affairs; Guy de Bigorre (d. 1220); and Robert (d. 1226).

Montfort Family: …successor, left only a daughter, Beatrice (d. 1312), who was married in 1259 to Count Robert IV of Dreux. Their daughter Yolande (d. 1322) was married first, in 1285, to Alexander III of Scotland and second, in 1294, to Arthur II of Brittany, to whom she brought the Montfort lands.…

John (IV) was a claimant to the duchy of Brittany upon the death of his childless half brother, John III. He was the only surviving son of Arthur II. At first, John of Montfort had recognized John III’s designation of Charles of Blois (nephew of King Philip VI of France) as the successor; but then

John IV (or V) was the duke of Brittany from 1365, whose support for English interests during the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) nearly cost him the forfeit of his duchy to the French crown. The instability of his reign is attributable not only to his alliances with England but also to his

Montfort Family: John de Montfort (d. 1249), Amaury’s son and successor, left only a daughter, Beatrice (d. 1312), who was married in 1259 to Count Robert IV of Dreux. Their daughter Yolande (d. 1322) was married first, in 1285, to Alexander III of Scotland and second, in…

John (IV) was a claimant to the duchy of Brittany upon the death of his childless half brother, John III. He was the only surviving son of Arthur II. At first, John of Montfort had recognized John III’s designation of Charles of Blois (nephew of King Philip VI of France) as the successor; but then

John IV (or V) was the duke of Brittany from 1365, whose support for English interests during the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) nearly cost him the forfeit of his duchy to the French crown. The instability of his reign is attributable not only to his alliances with England but also to his

Saint Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort ; canonized 1947; feast day April 28) was a French priest who promoted the devotion to the Virgin Mary and who founded the religious congregations of the Daughters of Wisdom and the Company of Mary (Montfort Fathers). Ordained priest in 1700 at Paris, Montfort

Simon de Montfort was a French leader of the Albigensian Crusade declared by Pope Innocent III against the Cathari, an unorthodox religious group in southern France. In 1190 Simon married Alice de Montmorency (died 1221). During the Fourth Crusade (1202–04) he participated in the siege of Zara and

Montfort Family: Amaury’s grandson Simon (d. 1181 or later) married Amicia, ultimately the heiress of the English earldom of Leicester, and it was through their son, the crusader Simon de Montfort, that the family first attained real prominence. By his wife Alice de Montmorency he left four sons: Amaury…

Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester was the leader of the baronial revolt against King Henry III and ruler of England for less than a year. Simon de Montfort, wholly French by birth and education, was the son of Simon de Montfort l’Amaury, leader of the Crusade against the heretical Albigenses. On

Montfort Family: …lordship in the Île-de-France (Montfort-l’Amaury); this lordship first became famous in French and English history because of its association with members of the family, which held it in the 13th century; it was transmitted to a junior branch of the Capetian house of Dreux, which furnished dukes of Brittany…