George Clooney: …in the 1920s football film Leatherheads and then reteamed with the Coen brothers for Burn After Reading, a CIA comedy in which he played an adulterous federal marshal. Clooney later starred as a U.S. soldier trained to use mind control in the comedy The Men Who Stare at Goats (2009),…

crane fly: …long slender larva, called a leatherjacket because of its tough brown skin. The larvae usually feed on decaying plant tissue; some species are carnivorous, and others damage the roots of cereal and grass crops. The larvae feed all winter, then enter a resting stage in the spring. The adult feeding…

leatherleaf, (Chamaedaphne calyculata), evergreen shrub of the heath family (Ericaceae). The name is also sometimes applied to a stiff-leaved fern. C. calyculata occurs in Arctic regions and in North America as far south as Georgia. It forms large beds at the edges of swamps and boggy meadows. The

United States Marine Corps: …nickname for Marines of “leathernecks.” The forest-green service uniform was introduced in 1912. In naval formations, Marines have the privilege of forming on the right of line or at the head of column, the traditional places of honour and seniority.

Natty Bumppo, fictional character, a mythic frontiersman and guide who is the protagonist of James Fenimore Cooper’s five novels of frontier life that are known collectively as The Leatherstocking Tales. The character is known by various names throughout the series, including Leather-Stocking,

The Leatherstocking Tales, series of five novels by James Fenimore Cooper, published between 1823 and 1841. The novels constitute a saga of 18th-century life among Indians and white pioneers on the New York State frontier through their portrayal of the adventures of the main character, Natty

Jean-Pierre Léaud is a French screen actor who played leading roles in some of the most important French New Wave films of the 1960s and ’70s, particularly ones by François Truffaut. The son of a scriptwriter and an actress, Léaud at age 14 was chosen to play the misunderstood adolescent Antoine

John M. Stahl: Leave Her to Heaven (1945) was based on Ben Ames Williams’s best seller about pathological jealousy. Gene Tierney starred as an unstable woman whose obsession with her husband (Cornel Wilde) results in murder and suicide; the supporting cast included Vincent Price and Jeanne Crain. Although…

David Butler: …Train, The Deputy, Twilight Zone, Leave It to Beaver, and Daniel Boone. After helming the feature film C’mon, Let’s Live a Little (1967), he retired.

Bruno Mars: …of popular singles, including “Leave the Door Open,” which received Grammys for best record and song, among other awards.

Grover Norquist: …well as myriad business leaders—the Leave Us Alone Coalition.

Leaven of Malice, novel by Robertson Davies, the second in a series known collectively as the Salterton

baking: Chemically leavened products: Many bakery products depend on the evolution of gas from added chemical reactants as their leavening source. Items produced by this system include layer cakes, cookies, muffins, biscuits, corn bread, and some doughnuts.

leavening agent, substance causing expansion of doughs and batters by the release of gases within such mixtures, producing baked products with porous structure. Such agents include air, steam, yeast, baking powder, and baking soda. Leavening of baked foods with air is achieved by vigorous mixing

Leavenworth, city, seat (1855) of Leavenworth county, northeastern Kansas, U.S. It lies on the Missouri River. First settled as Fort Leavenworth in 1827 by Colonel Henry H. Leavenworth to protect travelers on the Santa Fe and Oregon trails, the town was organized and laid out in 1854. The following

detective story: …first American detective novelists with The Leavenworth Case (1878). The Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1886) by the Australian Fergus Hume was a phenomenal commercial success.

Leavenworth: Fort Leavenworth, 3 miles (5 km) north, includes the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, a national cemetery, and a museum. Leavenworth has long been associated with prisons, and indeed the city’s self-image and marketing revolves around the prison theme; area prisons include a…

Reinhold Niebuhr: Pastor and theologian: His Leaves from the Notebook of a Tamed Cynic (1929) is an account of his years in Detroit. Niebuhr left the pastoral ministry in 1928 to teach at Union Theological Seminary in New York City, where he served as professor of applied Christianity (from 1930) and…

Leaves of Grass, collection of poetry by American author Walt Whitman, first presented as a group of 12 poems published anonymously in 1855. It was followed by five revised and three reissued editions during the author’s lifetime. Poems not published in his lifetime were added in 1897. The

Richard Dreyfuss: …drug mogul in the comedy-thriller Leaves of Grass (2009). In 2010 he appeared in the horror movie Piranha 3D in a role intended as an homage to his character in Jaws and then played a wealthy villain in the action comedy RED. Dreyfuss’s roles from 2018 included a man courting…

Václav Havel: …more than 20 years—Odcházení (Leaving), a tragicomedy that draws on his experiences as president and presents a chancellor leaving his post while grappling with a political enemy—premiered in 2008. Havel subsequently directed its film adaptation (2011).

Larry McMurtry: McMurtry’s other novels included Leaving Cheyenne (1963; filmed as Lovin’ Molly, 1974), Cadillac Jack (1982), The Desert Rose (1983), Buffalo Girls (1990; television miniseries 1995), The Evening Star (1992; film 1996), Zeke and Ned (1997), Sin Killer (2002),

Garrison Keillor: …as Lake Wobegon Days (1985), Leaving Home (1987), Pontoon (2007), Liberty (2008), Pilgrims (2009), and The Lake Wobegon Virus (2020). Guy Noir and the Straight Skinny (2012) centres on a private detective featured in A Prairie Home Companion. Keillor also published the novels Me (1999) and Love Me (2003) as…

Robert Frank: …was chronicled in the documentaries Leaving Home, Coming Home: A Portrait of Robert Frank (2004) and Don’t Blink—Robert Frank (2015).

Nicolas Cage: …a self-destructive alcoholic writer in Leaving Las Vegas. He went on to star in a series of large-budget explosive-laden films that were hits at the box office. In The Rock (1996), Con Air (1997), and Face/Off (1997), he appeared opposite such actors as Sean Connery, John Cusack, and John Travolta,…

Michael Jackson: Child molestation accusations, financial difficulties, and death: Later documentaries included Leaving Neverland (2019), which centres on two men who allege that Jackson sexually abused them when they were children.

John Denver: …his early songwriting efforts, "Leaving on a Jet Plane," was recorded in 1967 by Peter, Paul and Mary and became a number one hit in 1969. His first solo album, Rhymes and Reasons, was released that same year. In 1971 he recorded the million-selling single "Take Me Home, Country…

F.R. Leavis was an English literary critic who championed seriousness and moral depth in literature and criticized what he considered the amateur belletrism of his time. Leavis attended Cambridge University and then served throughout World War I as an ambulance bearer on the Western Front. He

F.R. Leavis was an English literary critic who championed seriousness and moral depth in literature and criticized what he considered the amateur belletrism of his time. Leavis attended Cambridge University and then served throughout World War I as an ambulance bearer on the Western Front. He

United States: Literature: …novelists, including Edmund White and David Leavitt, who have made art out of previously repressed and unnarrated areas of homoerotic experience. Literature is above all the narrative medium of the arts, the one that still best relates What Happened to Me, and American literature, at least, has only been enriched…

Henrietta Swan Leavitt was an American astronomer known for her discovery of the relationship between period and luminosity in Cepheid variables, pulsating stars that vary regularly in brightness in periods ranging from a few days to several months. Leavitt attended Oberlin College for two years

Lewis blood group system: A second antigen, Leb (identified 1948), occurs only when alleles Le and H (of the ABO blood group system) interact; Leb is found only in secretors and reaches a frequency of 70 percent in Europeans.

Lebachia, a genus of extinct cone-bearing plants known from fossils of the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian epochs (from about 318 million to 271 million years ago). Lebachia and related genera in the family Lebachiaceae, order Coniferales (sometimes family Voltziaceae, order Voltziales),

Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania: …group led by Anton Lembede, Potlako Leballo, A.P. Mda, and Robert Sobukwe emerged within the ANC. They wanted South Africa returned to its indigenous inhabitants (“Africa for the Africans”) and were unwilling to give equal rights to all races. The latter point was an axiom of the Freedom Charter of…

Lebanese Civil War, civil conflict (1975–90) in Lebanon emanating from the deterioration of the Lebanese state and the coalescence of militias that provided security where the state could not. These militias formed largely along communal lines: the Lebanese Front (LF), led by the Phalangists (or

Beirut: Modern Beirut: …unified Christian militia of the Lebanese Forces (LF). In West Beirut, however, the situation drifted to near total anarchy, as the different Muslim militias repeatedly clashed with one another in the streets to settle sectarian or partisan scores. Security collapsed under these circumstances, and many Lebanese and resident foreigners were…

Lebanese National Pact, power-sharing arrangement established in 1943 between Lebanese Christians and Muslims whereby the president is always a Maronite Christian and the prime minister a Sunni Muslim. The speaker of the National Assembly must be a Shiʿi Muslim. Amendments proposed in the Ṭāʾif

Lebanon: Education: …by the Jesuit order), the Lebanese University (Université Libanaise; 1951), and the Beirut Arab University (1960; an affiliate of the University of Alexandria).

Lebanon, county, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., located midway between the cities of Harrisburg and Reading. It consists of a central plain that rises to low hills in the south and to Blue Mountain in the north. The county is drained by Swatara, Stony, Little Swatara, Quittapahilla, Tulpehocken,

Lebanon, country located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of a narrow strip of territory and is one of the world’s smaller sovereign states. The capital is Beirut. Though Lebanon, particularly its coastal region, was the site of some of the oldest human settlements in the

Lebanon, town (township), New London county, east-central Connecticut, U.S. Settled in 1695 and incorporated in 1700, its name was inspired by a nearby cedar forest that suggested the biblical cedars of Lebanon. In colonial times the town was on the most direct road between New York City and

Lebanon, city, seat (1849) of Laclede county, south-central Missouri, U.S., in the Ozark Mountains about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Springfield. Founded about 1849, it was originally called Wyota for the Native Americans who had populated the area, then renamed for Lebanon, Tenn. During the

Lebanon, city, Grafton county, western New Hampshire, U.S., on the Mascoma River near its junction with the Connecticut River, just south of Hanover. Founded in 1761 by settlers from Connecticut, the town grew slowly until the arrival (1848) of the railroad brought industrial development.

Lebanon, city, seat (1813) of Lebanon county, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the Lebanon Valley, 23 miles (37 km) east of Harrisburg. Settled by immigrant Germans in the 1720s, it was laid out (c. 1750) by George Steitz and was first called Steitztown. Later it was renamed for the biblical

Lebanon, city, seat of Wilson county, north-central Tennessee, U.S., about 30 miles (50 km) east of Nashville and about 5 miles (10 km) south of the Cumberland River. Established in 1802 on an overland stagecoach route, it was named for the biblical Lebanon, which had a profusion of cedar trees,

Lebanon Mountains, mountain range, extending almost the entire length of Lebanon, paralleling the Mediterranean coast for about 150 miles (240 km), with northern outliers extending into Syria. The northern section, north of the saddle, or pass, of Ḍahr al-Baydar (through which the Beirut–Damascus

oak: Major species and uses: frainetto), Lebanon oak (Q. libani), Macedonian oak (Q. trojana), and Portuguese oak (Q. lusitanica). Popular Asian ornamentals include the blue Japanese oak (Q. glauca), daimyo oak (Q. dentata), Japanese evergreen oak (Q. acuta), and

stonecress: Lebanon stonecress (A. cordifolium) has rose-pink flowers on 10- to 25-cm (4- to 10-inch) plants. Fragrant Persian stonecress (A. schistosum) rarely reaches more than 30 cm in height and is cultivated for its fragrant pink flowers.

2006 Lebanon War, a war between Israel and Hezbollah that began on July 12, 2006, and ended on August 14. Its proximate cause was a cross-border attack by Hezbollah fighters that culminated with the kidnapping of a pair of Israeli soldiers and the killing of eight others. Hezbollah emerged in

cedar: deodara), and the cedar of Lebanon (C. libani) are the true cedars. They are tall trees with large trunks and massive, irregular heads of spreading branches. Young trees are covered with smooth, dark-gray bark that becomes brown, fissured, and scaly with age. The needlelike, three-sided, rigid leaves are…

horizontally striped red-white-red national flag with a central green cedar tree. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 2 to 3.On September 1, 1920, the state of Greater Lebanon, with French military administration, was proclaimed under a flag derived from French and biblical symbols. The cedar

Lebanon: History of Lebanon: The evidence of tools found in caves along the coast of what is now Lebanon shows that the area was inhabited from the Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age) through the Neolithic Period (New Stone Age).

Lebanon Mountains, mountain range, extending almost the entire length of Lebanon, paralleling the Mediterranean coast for about 150 miles (240 km), with northern outliers extending into Syria. The northern section, north of the saddle, or pass, of Ḍahr al-Baydar (through which the Beirut–Damascus

Lebanon, country located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of a narrow strip of territory and is one of the world’s smaller sovereign states. The capital is Beirut. Though Lebanon, particularly its coastal region, was the site of some of the oldest human settlements in the

Olympic Games: Lake Placid, New York, U.S., 1980: …won three gold medals, and Ivan Lebanov brought home Bulgaria’s first Winter Olympic medal, a bronze in the 30-km race.

Lebap, oblast (province), southeastern Turkmenistan. It lies along the middle reaches of the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River), with the Karakum Desert on the left bank and the Kyzylkum and Sundukli deserts on the right. It is largely flat, but in the extreme southeast the spurs of the Gissar

The Book of Leinster, compilation of Irish verse and prose from older manuscripts and oral tradition and from 12th- and 13th-century religious and secular sources. It was tentatively identified in 1907 and finally in 1954 as the Lebar na Núachongbála (“The Book of Noughval”), which was thought

She Done Him Wrong: Production notes and credits:

St. Jude ; Western feast day October 28, Eastern feast days June 19 and August 21) was one of the original Twelve Apostles of Jesus. He is the reputed author of the canonical Letter of Jude that warns against the licentious and blasphemous heretics. The devotion to him as patron saint of desperate

Pittsburgh Steelers: …his promotion of secondary coach Dick LeBeau to the position of defensive coordinator in 1995: in his two stints (1995–97, 2004–15) as the Steelers’ coordinator, LeBeau put together formidable defenses that defined the Pittsburgh teams of those eras. The Steelers’ defense of the mid-1990s was highlighted by stars such as…

Pyotr Nikolayevich Lebedev was a Russian physicist who experimentally proved that light exerts a mechanical pressure on material bodies. Lebedev received his doctorate (1891) from the University of Strasburg in Germany. The next year he began teaching physics at Moscow State University and was

Sergey Vasilyevich Lebedev was a Russian chemist who developed a method for industrial production of synthetic rubber. Lebedev joined the faculty of St. Petersburg University in 1902 and in 1910, while researching processes by which small molecules combine to form large ones, Lebedev produced an

Pyotr Klimuk: …which he and his crewmate Valentin Lebedev spent a week in Earth orbit. Having transferred into space station training, Klimuk flew his second spaceflight in 1975 as commander of Soyuz 18, a 63-day flight to the Salyut 4 space station. At the time, this was the longest Soviet spaceflight. He…

Marina Ivanovna Tsvetayeva: …these is the remarkable cycle Lebediny stan (“The Swans’ Camp,” composed 1917–21, but not published until 1957 in Munich), a moving lyrical chronicle of the Civil War viewed through the eyes and emotions of the wife of a White officer.

Christian Fürchtegott Gellert: …also wrote a sentimental novel, Das Leben der schwedischen Gräfin von G (1748; “The Life of the Swedish Countess of G”), which combined the late 17th-century novel of exotic adventure with the character novel of modern literature and introduced the moralistic “family novel” in German literature.

Jesus: The 19th century: …orthodox Christology: one was the Life of Jesus, first published in 1835 by David Friedrich Strauss, and the other, bearing the same title, was first published by Ernest Renan in 1863. Strauss’s work paid more attention to the growth of Christian ideas—he called them “myths”—about Jesus as the basis for…

Hannah Höch: …construct a retrospective work: in Life Portrait (1972–73; Lebensbild), she assembled her own past, using photos of herself juxtaposed with images of past collages that she had cut from exhibition catalogues. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, her work began to receive renewed attention, thanks to a concerted effort…

Yiddish literature: Yiddish women writers: Anna Margolin (pseudonym of Rosa Lebensboym) moved to Odessa, Warsaw, and, finally, New York City. She began publishing poems in 1920 and collected the volume of her Lider (Poems) in 1929. Her themes and use of rhyme associate her with poets of Di Yunge, but…

Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel: …in his largely autobiographical novel Lebensläufe nach aufsteigender Linie (1778–81; “Careers in an Ascending Line”), which contains elements both of pietism (in its melancholy contemplations of death and morality) and of rationalism. His second novel, Kreuz- und Querzüge des Ritters A bis Z (1793–94; “The Knight’s Crisscrossing Journeys from A…

Hebrew literature: Romanticism: A.D. Lebensohn wrote fervent love songs to the Hebrew language, and his son Micah Judah, the most gifted poet of the Haskala period, wrote biblical romances and pantheistic nature lyrics. The first Hebrew novel, Ahavat Ziyyon (1853; “The Love of Zion”), by Abraham Mapu, was…

Hebrew literature: Romanticism: A.D. Lebensohn wrote fervent love songs to the Hebrew language, and his son Micah Judah, the most gifted poet of the Haskala period, wrote biblical romances and pantheistic nature lyrics. The first Hebrew novel, Ahavat Ziyyon (1853; “The Love of Zion”), by Abraham Mapu, was…

Hebrew literature: Romanticism: …Hebrew language, and his son Micah Judah, the most gifted poet of the Haskala period, wrote biblical romances and pantheistic nature lyrics. The first Hebrew novel, Ahavat Ziyyon (1853; “The Love of Zion”), by Abraham Mapu, was a Romantic idyll, in which Mapu, like all Haskala writers, employed phrases culled…

Hebrew literature: Romanticism: A.D. Lebensohn wrote fervent love songs to the Hebrew language, and his son Micah Judah, the most gifted poet of the Haskala period, wrote biblical romances and pantheistic nature lyrics. The first Hebrew novel, Ahavat Ziyyon (1853; “The Love of Zion”), by Abraham Mapu, was…

continental philosophy: Dilthey and Bergson: …the corresponding school, known as Lebensphilosophie (“philosophy of life”), began to take on aspects of a political ideology in the years immediately preceding World War I. The work of Hans Driesch and Ludwig Klages, for example, openly condemned the superficial intellectualism of Western civilization. In associating “reason” with the shortcomings…

Lebensraum, policy of Nazi Germany that involved expanding German territories to the east to provide land and material resources for the German people, while driving out Jewish and Slavic people. The idea of Germanic peoples moving into territories in eastern Europe was not without historical

life-world, in Phenomenology, the world as immediately or directly experienced in the subjectivity of everyday life, as sharply distinguished from the objective “worlds” of the sciences, which employ the methods of the mathematical sciences of nature; although these sciences originate in the

human genetic disease: Diseases associated with single-gene non-Mendelian inheritance: …of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), that result from inherited mutations in the mitochondrial DNA; and diseases that result from mutations in imprinted genes (e.g., Angelman syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome).

human genetic disease: Diseases associated with single-gene non-Mendelian inheritance: …of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), that result from inherited mutations in the mitochondrial DNA; and diseases that result from mutations in imprinted genes (e.g., Angelman syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome).

Ludwig Tieck was a versatile and prolific writer and critic of the early Romantic movement in Germany. He was a born storyteller, and his best work has the quality of a Märchen (fairy tale) that appeals to the emotions rather than the intellect. The son of a craftsman, Tieck was educated at the

Lebesgue integral, way of extending the concept of area inside a curve to include functions that do not have graphs representable pictorially. The graph of a function is defined as the set of all pairs of x- and y-values of the function. A graph can be represented pictorially if the function is

probability theory: Measure theory: …is called the class of Lebesgue-measurable sets, and the probability is called the Lebesgue measure, after the French mathematician and principal architect of measure theory, Henri-Léon Lebesgue.

measure: …collections of rectangles is called Lebesgue measure.

Henri-Léon Lebesgue was a French mathematician whose generalization of the Riemann integral revolutionized the field of integration. Lebesgue was maître de conférences (lecture master) at the University of Rennes from 1902 until 1906, when he went to Poitiers, first as chargé de cours (assistant

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Lebiasinidae (pencil fishes) Lateral line and adipose fin usually absent. Small to moderate-sized predators. South and Central America. 7 genera, 61 species. Family Gasteropelecidae (hatchetfishes) Deep, strongly compressed body; pectoral fins with well-developed

guppy, (Poecilia reticulata or Lebistes reticulatus), colourful, live-bearing freshwater fish of the family Poeciliidae, popular as a pet in home aquariums. The guppy is hardy, energetic, easily kept, and prolific. The male guppy, much the brighter coloured of the sexes, grows to about 4

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz: …and Lebje i Sióra (1821; Levi and Sarah, or, The Jewish Lovers: A Polish Tale), the first Polish novel to discuss the problems of Jews in Polish society. In 1831 he journeyed to England to attempt to persuade the western European powers to intervene on behalf of the Polish insurrection…

Nicolas Leblanc: …who in 1790 developed the process for making soda ash (sodium carbonate) from common salt (sodium chloride). This process, which bears his name, became one of the most important industrial-chemical processes of the 19th century.

Matt LeBlanc is an American actor best known for playing the dim-witted but lovable ladies’ man Joey Tribbiani on the hit TV show Friends (1994–2004). LeBlanc was born in Newton, Massachusetts, near Boston, to Patricia (née Di Cillo) LeBlanc, an office manager, and Paul LeBlanc, a mechanic. The

Matt LeBlanc is an American actor best known for playing the dim-witted but lovable ladies’ man Joey Tribbiani on the hit TV show Friends (1994–2004). LeBlanc was born in Newton, Massachusetts, near Boston, to Patricia (née Di Cillo) LeBlanc, an office manager, and Paul LeBlanc, a mechanic. The

Maurice Leblanc was a French author and journalist best known as the creator of the fictional character Arsène Lupin, a French gentleman-thief turned detective. Leblanc abandoned his law studies to become a pulp fiction writer. Commissioned in 1905 to write a crime story for the French periodical

Nicolas Leblanc was a French surgeon and chemist who in 1790 developed the process for making soda ash (sodium carbonate) from common salt (sodium chloride). This process, which bears his name, became one of the most important industrial-chemical processes of the 19th century. Leblanc was the son

Ethiopia: The Zagwe and Solomonic dynasties: In 1528 Emperor Lebna Denegel was defeated at the battle of Shimbra Kure, and the Muslims pushed northward into the central highlands, destroying settlements, churches, and monasteries. In 1541 the Portuguese, whose interests in the Red Sea were imperiled by Muslim power, sent 400 musketeers to train the…

Edmond Leboeuf was a French general who was marshal of the Second Empire and minister of war in the crucial period at the opening of the Franco-German War. Leboeuf studied at the École Polytechnique and participated in the Revolution of July 1830 that led to the accession of Louis-Philippe;

Lebombo Mountains, long, narrow mountain range in South Africa, Swaziland, and Mozambique, southeastern Africa. It is about 500 miles (800 km) long and consists of volcanic rocks. The name is derived from a Zulu word, Ubombo, that means “big nose.” In South Africa the mountains extend from south of

Philippe Lebon was a French engineer and chemist, known as the inventor of illuminating gas. While employed as an engineer at Angoulême, Lebon was called to be professor of mechanics at the School of Bridges and Highways in Paris. In 1797 he began work that led to his invention of gas lighting and

The Book of the Dun Cow, oldest surviving miscellaneous manuscript in Irish literature, so called because the original vellum upon which it was written was supposedly taken from the hide of the famous cow of St. Ciarán of Clonmacnoise. Compiled about 1100 by learned Irish monks at the monastery of

The Thinker: …by his studio assistants, notably Henri Lebossé, in his workshops. To make different sized duplicates, they used a Collas machine, which was based on a pantograph system and resembled a lathe. The monumental Thinker exaggerated the unfinished surfaces Rodin preferred—the sculpture’s close-cropped hair especially reveals Rodin’s rough modeling of the…

Bennett S. LeBow is an American businessman who became the first tobacco executive to publicly admit to the dangers of cigarettes. LeBow received an engineering degree in 1960 from Drexel University in Philadelphia and did postgraduate work at Princeton University. In 1961 he formed a computer

Lebowa, former nonindependent Bantustan that was in northern Transvaal, South Africa. It comprised two major and several minor exclaves (detached portions). Lebowa was designated by the South African government as the national territory for the northern Sotho people (Pedi, Lovedu, Kanga-Kone, and

Lebowa: …the legislative assembly, while the Lebowa National Party, led by M.M. Matlala, constituted the opposition. By 1978, Lebowa was the actual residence of more than half of South Africa’s northern Sotho people, all of whom were legally Lebowa citizens. Under the South African constitution that abolished the apartheid system, Lebowa…