history of Lebanon

Assorted References

• major treatment
  • 
    In Lebanon: History of Lebanon

    The evidence of tools found in caves along the coast of what is now Lebanon shows that the area was inhabited from the Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age) through the Neolithic Period (New Stone Age).

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• Egypt
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    In Egypt: The Nasser regime

    from bases in Jordan, Lebanon, and, especially, Syria. A radical Syrian regime openly pledged support to the Palestinian guerrilla raids. On November 13, 1966, an Israeli strike into Jordan left 18 dead and 54 wounded. Taunted openly for hiding behind the UNEF, Nasser felt he had to act. The…

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• Eisenhower Doctrine
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    In 20th-century international relations: Decolonization and development

    …unrest spread to Jordan and Lebanon, Eisenhower responded at once. The 14,000 U.S. troops that landed in Beirut allowed the Lebanese president to restore order on the basis of a delicate compromise among radical, Muslim, and Christian factions. Khrushchev denounced the intervention, demanded that the U.S.S.R. be consulted, and tried…

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• Fatah divisiveness
  • 
    In Fatah: Militancy and armed struggle

    …1982 Israel’s invasion of southern Lebanon, where Fatah had been headquartered, presented a further crisis. In an operation specifically intended to quiet Palestinian guerrilla activity along the Lebanese-Israeli border, the Israeli army ousted the PLO and Fatah from southern Lebanon; Tunis, Tunisia, became the next base of operations. Having suffered…

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• Hezbollah
  • 
    In Hezbollah: Formation, political orientation, and conflict with Israel

    …and the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, a group of Lebanese Shiʿi clerics formed Hezbollah with the goal of driving Israel from Lebanon and establishing an Islamic republic there. Hezbollah was based in the predominately Shiʿi areas of the Biqāʿ Valley, southern Lebanon, and southern Beirut. It coordinated its…

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• Israel
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    In Arab-Israeli wars: 1982: Lebanon War

    of Beirut and southern Lebanon, where the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) had a number of strongholds. The following day Israel invaded Lebanon, and by June 14 its land forces reached as far as the outskirts of Beirut, which was encircled, but the Israeli government agreed to halt its advance…

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  • 
    In Ariel Sharon: The launch of a political career of Ariel Sharon

    …architect of Israel’s invasion of Lebanon in June 1982, a war that led to the removal from Lebanon of the Palestine Liberation Organization and its armed offshoots. Israeli troops reached Beirut, and a peace treaty was signed between Israel and a new Lebanese government, but the pact was soon disowned…

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  • 
    In Ehud Olmert: Premiership

    …massive military operation into southern Lebanon in an effort to secure the soldiers’ release and deliver a decisive blow to the Shiʿi militant group based there. The inconclusive 34-day war (2006 Lebanon War)—in which Israel failed to free its soldiers or eradicate Hezbollah and in which more than 1,000 Lebanese…

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  • 
    In 20th-century international relations: Regional crises

    …clearing out PLO strongholds inside Lebanon. In fact the Israeli army advanced all the way to Beirut in a bitter campaign that entrenched Syrian occupation of the strategic al-Biqāʿ valley and intensified what already amounted to a Lebanese civil war among Palestinians, Muslims of various sects and allegiances, and Christian…

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  • 
    In Israel: The beginning of the peace process

    …were complicated by events in Lebanon. Following its eviction from Jordan in 1971, the PLO had established itself there, exacerbating the volatile political situation in that country and contributing to its collapse into civil war in 1975. Both Israel and the United States had reluctantly consented to Syria’s military intervention…

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  • 
    In Israel: War in Lebanon

    Begin again turned to Lebanon, where he was determined to defeat the PLO. In July 1981, fearing an Israeli-Syrian clash in Lebanon, the United States had brokered an ambiguous cease-fire, during which the PLO continued to amass heavy arms. Cautioned by Haig not to…

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• Jordan
  • 
    In Jordan: From 1973 to the intifada

    Israel’s invasion of Lebanon in 1982 fueled fears in Amman that the first step in the process of transferring Palestinians to the East Bank was under way.

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• Lebanese National Pact
  • In Lebanese National Pact

    …arrangement established in 1943 between Lebanese Christians and Muslims whereby the president is always a Maronite Christian and the prime minister a Sunni Muslim. The speaker of the National Assembly must be a Shiʿi Muslim. Amendments proposed in the Ṭāʾif Accord that helped end the Lebanese Civil War transferred many…

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• Palestine
  • 
    In Palestine: World War I and after

    …the northern portion (Syria and Lebanon) was mandated to France, and the southern portion (Palestine) was mandated to Great Britain. By July 1920 the French had forced Fayṣal to give up his newly founded kingdom of Syria. The hope of founding an Arab Palestine within a federated Syrian state collapsed…

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  • 
    In Palestine: Years of mounting violence

    …in west Beirut and southern Lebanon. West Bank Palestinians demonstrated and engaged in strikes in late 1986.

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• Palestine Liberation Organization
  • In Palestine Liberation Organization: Expansion and the rise of Yasser Arafat

    …PLO and its bases in Lebanon led Israel to invade that country in June 1982. Israeli troops soon surrounded the Lebanese capital of Beirut, which for several years had been the PLO’s headquarters. Following negotiations, PLO forces evacuated Beirut and were transported to sympathetic Arab countries.

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• Sykes-Picot Agreement
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    In Sykes-Picot Agreement

    Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine into various French- and British-administered areas. Negotiations were begun in November 1915, and the final agreement took its name from the chief negotiators from Britain and France, Sir Mark Sykes and François Georges-Picot. Sergey Dimitriyevich Sazonov was also

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• Tanūkh
  • In Tanūkh

    …9th century they continued into Lebanon. Many of the Tanūkh tribes in Lebanon readily accepted the politico-religious teachings of the Druze missionaries, whose sect accepts a mixture of Islāmic and Christian teachings.

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• Turkey
  • 
    In Ottoman Empire: World War I, 1914–18

    …1914), the autonomous status of Lebanon was ended, a number of Arab nationalists were executed in Damascus (August 1915 and May 1916), and the Armenian community in eastern Asia Minor and Cilicia was massacred or deported to eliminate any domestic support for the pro-Christian tsarist enemy on the Eastern Front.…

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United States

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  In Ronald Reagan: The Middle East and Central America

  …and Britain—to protect the fragile Lebanese government, thereby identifying itself with one of the factions in the country’s long and bloody civil war, which had begun in 1975. On the morning of October 23, 1983, a suicide bomber drove a truck laden with explosives into the Marine compound at the…

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• 
  In United States: The Ronald Reagan administration

  marines to Lebanon in support of a cease-fire resulted in a terrorist attack in 1983, in which some 260 marines were killed. On October 21, 1983, he launched an invasion of the Caribbean nation of Grenada, where Cuban influence was growing. U.S. forces prevailed, despite much bungling.…

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• 1983 Beirut barracks bombings
  • 
    In 1983 Beirut barracks bombings

    …the international peacekeeping force from Lebanon in February 1984.

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