Joseph Losey was an American motion-picture director, whose highly personal style was often manifested in films centring on intense and sometimes violent human relationships. After graduating from Dartmouth College (B.A., 1929) and Harvard University (M.A., 1930), Losey wrote book and theatre

American literature: Southern fiction: …with a large family novel, Losing Battles (1970), and a fine novella, The Optimist’s Daughter (1972), which was awarded the 1973 Pulitzer Prize. McCullers is best remembered for her first book, The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940), an intricate gothic novel set in a small town in the Deep…

Halle Berry: …starred with Jessica Lange in Losing Isaiah (1995), a drama about adoption, before earning acclaim for her portrayal of film star Dorothy Dandridge, the first African American to be nominated for a best-actress Oscar, in the television film Introducing Dorothy Dandridge (1999). That performance earned her Emmy and Golden Globe…

R.E.M.: …charts and the single “Losing My Religion” became an enormous hit and also earned a Grammy.

Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, nature preserve in Mpumalanga province, South Africa, on the Olifants River, north of Middelburg. The reserve has an area of 57 square miles (148 square km) and lies around a dam on the Olifants River in a scenic valley that has been restocked with animals once indigenous

contributory negligence: One solution is loss apportionment—charging both parties when both were at fault. This practice operates in maritime law in Canada and Australia and in most civil-law countries (e.g., France and Germany). See also negligence.

Chris Evans: Among his next movies were The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond (2008), scripted by Tennessee Williams; the action movie The Losers (2010); and the cult favourite Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010).

biodiversity loss, a decrease in biodiversity within a species, an ecosystem, a given geographic area, or Earth as a whole. Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is a term that refers to the number of genes, species, individual organisms within a given species, and biological communities within a

Franklin J. Schaffner: …based on William Inge’s play A Loss of Roses. Joanne Woodward starred as a struggling actress who accepts a job as a striptease performer, and Richard Beymer was cast as the wide-eyed teenager who is initially infatuated with her. The Best Man (1964) was a knowing dissection of political conventions…

prospect theory, psychological theory of decision-making under conditions of risk, which was developed by psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky and originally published in 1979 in Econometrica. The model has been imported into a number of fields and has been used to analyze various aspects

Lossiemouth, North Sea fishing port and holiday resort, Moray council area and historic county, Scotland. The town developed from several old fishing villages including Seatown, Branderburgh—built around a new harbour (1830) and now Lossiemouth’s business centre—and the later settlement of

Nikolay Onufriyevich Lossky was a Russian intuitionist philosopher who studied the nature of cognition, causation, and morals. His philosophy was a compound of many influences, especially Leibnizian monadology and Bergsonian intuitionism. Lossky graduated from the University of St. Petersburg,

data compression: Data compression may be lossless (exact) or lossy (inexact). Lossless compression can be reversed to yield the original data, while lossy compression loses detail or introduces small errors upon reversal. Lossless compression is necessary for text, where every character is important, while lossy compression may be acceptable for images…

data compression: …every character is important, while lossy compression may be acceptable for images or voice (the limitation of the frequency spectrum in telephony being an example of lossy compression). The three most common compression programs for general data are Zip (on computers using Windows operating system), StuffIt (on Apple computers), and…

David Wagoner: …his most famous poem, “Lost,” in the collection titled Riverbed. Since its first printing in 1972, the poem has been embraced by popular culture in myriad ways: printed on greeting cards, recited by Oprah Winfrey on her Web site, repeatedly reproduced in poetry anthologies, and used in life-coaching and…

Gregory Maguire: …of an Ugly Stepsister (1999), Lost (2001), Mirror Mirror (2003), and the Wicked sequels Son of a Witch (2005), A Lion Among Men (2008), and Out of Oz (2011), the final book in the Wicked Years series. His later books included After Alice (2015), which was inspired by Lewis

Lost, American television drama that aired on ABC. The show, which ran from 2004 to 2010, was one of ABC’s most successful series, enjoying top-20 Nielsen rankings and winning a number of Emmy Awards, including best drama series (2005). Lost was a fast-paced, suspenseful, and surreal series about a

Danielle Steel: … (2016), Beauchamp Hall (2018), and Lost and Found (2019).

asteroid: Names and orbits of asteroids: …were referred to as “lost” asteroids. The final lost numbered asteroid, (719) Albert, was recovered in 2000 after a lapse of 89 years. Many newly discovered asteroids still become “lost” because of an insufficiently long span of observations, but no new asteroids are assigned numbers until their orbits are…

history of film: Decline of the Hollywood studios: Gentleman’s Agreement, 1947; Alfred Werker’s Lost Boundaries, 1949), alcoholism (Stuart Heisler’s Smash-Up, 1947), and mental illness (Anatole Litvak’s The Snake Pit, 1948); the semidocumentary melodrama, which reconstructed true criminal cases and was often shot on location (Kazan’s Boomerang, 1947; Henry Hathaway’s Kiss of Death, 1947); and the

12 Essential Brat Pack Flicks: The Lost Boys (1987): “Brat Packers as vampires” is the theme of this cult hit starring Kiefer Sutherland, Jason Patric, Jami Gertz, and “the two Coreys” (as real-life friends Corey Feldman and Corey Haim were known in the media). Sutherland’s menacing bleached-blond vampire was his…

Lost Cause, an interpretation of the American Civil War viewed by most historians as a myth that attempts to preserve the honour of the South by casting the Confederate defeat in the best possible light. It attributes the loss to the overwhelming Union advantage in manpower and resources,

Alan Paton: The Lost City of the Kalahari (2005) was a brief, previously unpublished chronicle of his participation in an unsuccessful 1956 expedition to find an apocryphal ruin in the desert; it was expanded with images and maps. The Hero of Currie Road (2008) collected his short…

Sandra Bullock: She returned to comedy with The Lost City (2022), about a romance writer who is kidnapped.

Lost Colony, early English settlement on Roanoke Island (now in North Carolina, U.S.) that mysteriously disappeared between the time of its founding (1587) and the return of the expedition’s leader (1590). In hopes of securing permanent trading posts for England, Walter Raleigh had initiated

Mark Robson: Later films: Robson had less success with Lost Command (1966), a drama about the Algerian War, starring Anthony Quinn, George Segal, and Alain Delon.

Elena Ferrante: Early work: …novel, La figlia oscura (2006; The Lost Daughter), is told from the perspective of Leda, a divorced professor. Her seaside holiday is disrupted by the arrival of an overbearing and menacing family. After befriending two of the family’s quieter members, a young mother and her daughter, Leda is reminded of…

Olivia Colman: Films: The Lobster, The Favourite, and The Lost Daughter: …divorced professor in Maggie Gyllenhaal’s The Lost Daughter (2021), an adaptation of Elena Ferrante’s novel. In 2022 Colman starred in the comedy Joyride and in Sam Mendes’s Empire of Light, about employees at a struggling movie theater in the 1980s. She also lent her voice to several animated films, including…

Alain-Fournier: …novel, Le Grand Meaulnes (1913; The Wanderer, or The Lost Domain), is a modern classic.

Lost Generation, a group of American writers who came of age during World War I and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term is also used more generally to refer to the post-World War I generation. The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer

graphic novel: The graphic novel grows up: Satrapi, From Hell (1991–98) and Lost Girls (1991–2006) by Alan Moore, with artwork by Eddie Campbell and Melinda Gebbie, respectively, and Y: The Last Man (2002–08) and Pride of Baghdad (2006) by Brian K. Vaughan, with artwork by Pia Guerra and Niko Henrichon, respectively. These comics, along with a host…

Kylie Tennant: …a boat builder before publishing Lost Haven (1946), a story of wartime shipbuilders. Her best-known play Tether a Dragon (1952), about the early Australian prime minister Alfred Deakin, was conceived while she was in the process of researching her first nonfiction piece, Australia: Her Story: Notes on a Nation (1953;…

David Lynch: His later films included Lost Highway (1997) and The Straight Story (1999), an unexpectedly simple film based on a true story about an elderly man who rides a lawn mower several hundred miles to visit his brother. In 2001 Lynch wrote and directed Mulholland Drive, a surrealist thriller set…

Hank Williams: ” His extraordinary “Lost Highway” peaked at number 12.

The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum, novel by Heinrich Böll, published in 1974 in the German weekly newsmagazine Der Spiegel as Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum. The novel condemned as irresponsible the coverage of the trial of the Baader-Meinhof group, a German terrorist organization, by the

The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum, novel by Heinrich Böll, published in 1974 in the German weekly newsmagazine Der Spiegel as Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum. The novel condemned as irresponsible the coverage of the trial of the Baader-Meinhof group, a German terrorist organization, by the

Lost Horizon, American fantasy film, released in 1937, that was directed by Frank Capra and based on James Hilton’s 1933 novel of the same name. The fictional land of Shangri-La, where the film is set, became a common reference for an earthly paradise. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on

Lost Horizon, novel by James Hilton, published in 1933. Hugh Conway, a veteran member of the British diplomatic service, finds inner peace, love, and a sense of purpose in Shangri-La, a utopian lamasery high in the Himalayas in

French literature: Balzac: …journalist, in Illusions perdues [1837–43; Lost Illusions]) and the subjection of women, particularly in marriage, are used as eloquent markers of the moral impasse into which bourgeois liberalism led the French Revolution. Most presciently, he emphasized the paradox of money—its dissolving power and its dynamic force—and of the every-man-for-himself individualism…

Albert Brooks: …comedies Modern Romance (1981) and Lost in America (1985), but it was his largely noncomedic performance in Broadcast News (1987) that brought him an Academy Award nomination for best supporting actor. Brooks later wrote, directed, and acted in Defending Your Life (1991); Mother (1996), which starred Debbie Reynolds in the…

Terry Gilliam: …was chronicled in the documentary Lost in La Mancha (2002).

Matt LeBlanc: Friends: …had a major role in Lost in Space (1998), a sci-fi action film inspired by the 1960s television show of the same name. Neither movie was a hit, but LeBlanc had more success with a supporting role in the film adaptation of another TV show, Charlie’s Angels (2000); he returned…

Ejnar Mikkelsen: Mikkelsen recounted this adventure in Lost in the Arctic (1913).

Edward P. Jones: …debut collection of short stories, Lost in the City (1993), earned critical recognition, but more than a decade passed before his next book.

Walker Percy: …philosophical treatment of semantics, and Lost in the Cosmos: The Last Self-Help Book (1985), an offbeat amalgam of a self-help-book parody and a philosophical treatise.

John Barth: His work Lost in the Funhouse (1968) consists of short, experimental pieces, some designed for performance, interspersed with short stories based on his own childhood. It was followed by Chimera (1972), a volume of three novellas, and Letters (1979), an experimental novel. The novels Sabbatical (1982) and…

Sofia Coppola: Coppola’s next feature, Lost in Translation (2003)—which she wrote, directed, and produced—earned her an Academy Award for best original screenplay, a nomination for best picture, and a historic nomination for best director, the first American woman to receive that recognition. That film, starring Bill Murray and Scarlett Johansson,…

Neil Simon: Subsequent plays included Rumors (1988); Lost in Yonkers (1991; film 1993), which won both a Pulitzer Prize and the Tony Award for best play; and The Dinner Party (2000).

Martha Coolidge: …films included Rambling Rose (1991); Lost in Yonkers (1993), based on Neil Simon’s award-winning play; Angie (1994), a feminist film that examines the friendship between two women as one of them faces single motherhood; Out to Sea (1997), starring Walter Matthau and Jack Lemmon; The Prince & Me (2004); and…

insurance: Major types of surety bonds: Lost instrument bonds guarantee that if a lost stock certificate, money order, warehouse receipt, or other financial instrument falls into unauthorized hands and causes a loss to the issuer of a substitute instrument, this loss will be reimbursed. License and permit bonds are issued on…

A Lost Lady, novel by Willa Cather, published in 1923, depicting the decline of the American pioneer spirit and the aridity of small-town life. The title character, Marian Forrester, is portrayed through the adoring eyes of young Niel Herbert. He initially views Marian—the beautiful, gracious, and

Sir William Berkeley: He wrote a play, The Lost Lady, for the London stage in 1638, was knighted by Charles I in 1639, and was appointed governor of Virginia in 1641.

Joyce Carol Oates: The Lost Landscape: A Writer’s Coming of Age (2015) is a memoir elliptically documenting her childhood.

Italian literature: Social commitment and the new realism: …by Mario Rigoni Stern (Il sergente nella neve [1952; The Sergeant in the Snow]). By contrast, there were humorous recollections of provincial life under fascism—for example, Mario Tobino’s Bandiera nera (1950; “Black Flag”) and Goffredo Parise’s Prete bello (1954; “The Handsome Priest”; Eng. trans. The Priest Among the Pigeons).…

Gustav Freytag: …with Die verlorene Handschrift (1864; The Lost Manuscript, 1865), which depicts Leipzig university life in the same realistic manner, but the plot is much weaker and the effect less successful. His most ambitious literary work was the novel-cycle Die Ahnen, 6 vol. (1873–81), which unfolded the story of a German…

Russell Banks: …love story and murder mystery; Lost Memory of Skin (2011), a bildungsroman about a young sex offender; and Foregone (2021), in which a dying documentary filmmaker reveals secrets about his past. Further short fiction was published in the collections The Angel on the Roof (2000) and A Permanent Member of…

Robert Cummings: Row (1942), Saboteur (1942), The Lost Moment (1947), and Dial M for Murder (1954); films such as The Devil and Miss Jones (1941) and Princess O’Rourke (1943) revealed his flair for light satire. Altogether, he played lead roles in over 100 films.

Faroese literature: Development during the 20th century: …masterpiece De fortabte spillemænd (1950; The Lost Musicians). Here, as in the rest of his varied writings, Heinesen renders Faroese life as a microcosm illustrative of social, psychological, and cosmic themes. The other three authors—Christian Matras, Heðin Brú (Hans Jakob Jacobsen), and Martin Joensen—wrote in Faroese. The works of Matras…

John Ford: 1930s to World War II: …approach is as effective in The Lost Patrol (1934) or The Prisoner of Shark Island (1936) as it is in the westerns that he shot in Utah and Arizona’s Monument Valley. Ford’s stately, carefully staged and composed medium and long shots of groups of characters interacting (with a relatively spare…

James Tate: …his collection of poems entitled The Lost Pilot was selected for publication in the Yale Series of Younger Poets. The title poem addressed the death of his father, a bomber pilot who was shot down over Germany in 1944, when Tate was an infant; Tate later took the surname of…

Keri Hulme: …and the collections of poetry Lost Possessions (1985) and Strands (1992). Stonefish (2004) is a collection of short stories.

Ryan Gosling: Half Nelson, The Big Short, and La La Land: …the modern dark fairy tale Lost River (2014), which was poorly received. He rebounded with a costarring role in the Oscar-winning ensemble comedy-drama The Big Short (2015), which he followed by starring alongside Russell Crowe in the action-comedy The Nice Guys (2016), a box-office bomb that later gained a cult…

Roy Fuller: …of a War (1942) and A Lost Season (1944) chronicle his wartime service and show him intensely concerned with the social and political conditions of his time. Epitaphs and Occasions (1949) satirized the postwar world, but in Brutus’s Orchard (1957) and Collected Poems, 1936–61 (1962), Fuller adopted a more reflective…

Jesus: Sources for the life of Jesus: …Matthew and Luke relate the Parable of the Lost Sheep. In Matthew 18:12–14, the parable is told to the disciples, and the meaning is that they, like the shepherd, should go in search of the lost. In Luke 15:4–7 the same story is directed at the Pharisees, this time to…

Joy Division/New Order: Lost Sirens, which salvaged additional songs recorded during the sessions that produced Waiting for the Sirens’ Call, was released in 2013. The band returned to its signature synth-heavy sound with Music Complete (2015). A live album, NOMC15, followed two years later. Another live album, Σ(No,12k,Lg,17Mif)…

Alejo Carpentier: …novel Los pasos perdidos (1953; The Lost Steps), his best-known work, is the first-person account of a character who travels to the Orinoco jungle in search of the meaning of life and the origins of time.

Dan Brown: …of his tweedy protagonist in The Lost Symbol (2009; TV series 2021), which centres on Freemasons, and Inferno (2013), which saw Langdon following clues related to Dante’s poem The Divine Comedy in an effort to stop the release of a plague. The latter book was also adapted for the big…

Billy Wilder: Films of the 1940s: …success of Double Indemnity with The Lost Weekend (1945), a stark, harrowing portrait of one man’s battle with alcoholism. Milland gave a career-defining performance as an aspiring writer whose weekend drinking binge nearly costs him his life. Both critics and audiences embraced this powerful cautionary tale, which won the Academy…

John Williams: From jazz pianist to film composer: …Park (1993) and its sequel The Lost World (1997), the Holocaust biopic Schindler’s List (1993), the war drama Saving Private Ryan (1998), the biopic Lincoln (2012), the coming-of-age drama The Fabelmans (2022), and many more.

lost-wax process, method of metal casting in which a molten metal is poured into a mold that has been created by means of a wax model. Once the mold is made, the wax model is melted and drained away. A hollow core can be effected by the introduction of a heat-proof core that prevents the molten

Lostwithiel, town (parish), Cornwall unitary authority, southwestern England. It is built on a medieval grid plan by the River Fowey, spanned there at the lowest bridge point by a 14th-century bridge. The town developed near Restormel Castle, which dates from about 1100. It is the best-preserved

Abraham: The biblical account: named Sarah (“Princess”), his nephew Lot, and other companions to the land of Canaan (between Syria and Egypt).

Midi-Pyrénées: …encompassed the southwestern départements of Lot, Aveyron, Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Gers, Hautes-Pyrénées, Haute-Garonne, and Ariège. In 2016 Midi-Pyrénées was joined with the région of Languedoc-Roussillon to form the new administrative entity of Occitanie.

astrology: Astrology in the Hellenistic period (3rd century bc to 3rd century ad): One is the system of lots, which are influential points as distant from some specified points in the horoscopic diagram as two planets are from each other. A second is the prorogator, a point on the ecliptic that, traveling at the rate of one degree of oblique ascension a year…

Kamehameha V was the king of Hawaii from 1863 to 1872. Succeeding to the throne on the death of his younger brother, Kamehameha IV, he immediately revealed his intention to rule with a strong hand, refusing at his inauguration to take the oath to maintain the existing, comparatively liberal

Lot River, river, rising in the Cévennes mountains, near Mont Lozère, in Lozère département, southern France, flowing about 300 mi (480 km) generally west to join the Garonne River near Aiguillon, draining a basin of about 4,400 sq mi (11,400 sq km). In its sinuous course, the Lot crosses the

Carlo Carrà: Lot’s Daughters (1915), for example, represents an attempt to recapture the solidity of form and the stillness of the 13th-century painter Giotto. Carrà’s new style was crystallized in 1917 when he met the painter Giorgio de Chirico, who taught him to paint everyday objects imbued…

Lot’s wife, biblical character, a disobedient woman who was turned into a pillar of salt for looking back to see the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah as she and her family were fleeing. Her story is seen as an example of what happens to those who choose a worldly life over salvation. Writers who

Ferdinand Lot was a French historian of the early Middle Ages and the later Roman Empire. He is best known for his important monographs on the transition from Roman to medieval civilization. Lot taught at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (1900), later becoming professor at the University of

Aquitaine: Geography: …extensively cultivated in Dordogne, and Lot-et-Garonne is one of France’s main tobacco-growing areas. Périgord is world-famous for its highly prized black truffles. Some livestock is raised in Aquitaine, mainly for meat. A significant number of farms raise ducks and geese for the production of foie gras.

Lota, city, southern Chile. It lies on the Golfo (gulf) de Arauco. Although Lota was founded in 1662, sustained development did not begin until 1852, when the industrialist Matías Cousiño started a coal-mining enterprise. Completion of a railway from Concepción, 20 miles (32 km) north, in 1888

burbot, (Lota lota), elongated fish of the family Lotidae that inhabits cold rivers and lakes of Europe, Asia, and North America. A bottom dweller found in both fresh and brackish waters, it descends as deep as 700 metres (about 2,300 feet). It is a mottled greenish or brown fish and may grow as

burbot: …American burbot in the species Lota maculosa.

Leviathan, in Jewish mythology, a primordial sea serpent. Its source is in prebiblical Mesopotamian myth, especially that of the sea monster in the Ugaritic myth of Baal (see Yamm). In the Old Testament, Leviathan appears in Psalms 74:14 as a multiheaded sea serpent that is killed by God and given

Innocent III was the most significant pope of the Middle Ages. Elected pope on January 8, 1198, Innocent III reformed the Roman Curia, reestablished and expanded the pope’s authority over the Papal States, worked tirelessly to launch Crusades to recover the Holy Land, combated heresy in Italy and

lottery: Early history: …century later (1933) a new Loterie Nationale was established; it closed just before World War II and later reopened.

Loṭf ʿAlī Khān Zand was the last ruler of the Zand dynasty of Iran, who was defeated in the civil war of 1779–94. With the death of Loṭf ʿAlī Khān’s grandfather, Karīm Khān Zand, a 15-year civil war ensued between his descendants and Āghā Moḥammad Khān Qājār. Although the Zand forces were weakened

Islamic arts: Architecture: …sides were the small funerary mosque of Shaykh Luṭf Allāh (Sheikh Lotfollāh) and, facing it, the ʿAlī Qāpū, the “Lofty Gate,” the first unit of a succession of palaces and gardens that extended beyond the maydān, most of which have now disappeared except for the Chehel Sotūn (“Forty Columns”), a…

Nagaland: Cultural life: structures of the Angamis, Aos, Lothas, and Rengmas. A prominent village institution is the morung (a communal house or dormitory for young unmarried men), where skulls and other trophies of war formerly were hung. The pillars are still carved with striking representations of tigers, hornbills, and human and other figures.…

Lothagam, site of paleoanthropological excavations in northern Kenya southwest of Lake Turkana (Lake Rudolf), best known for a piece of jaw found there in 1967 that appears to be one of the oldest known fossils of a hominin (member of the human lineage). The fossil is too fragmentary to be

Lothagam: …known for a piece of jaw found there in 1967 that appears to be one of the oldest known fossils of a hominin (member of the human lineage). The fossil is too fragmentary to be identified with certainty, but the roots of its teeth and its general proportions resemble those…

Benjamin Disraeli: Conservative leader: …his followers, and his novel Lothair (3 vol., 1870), a political comedy, seemed to some of them undignified.

Lothar was the Carolingian king of France from 954 to 986, the eldest son of Louis IV. He was elected king without opposition after his father’s death but was dominated first by Hugh the Great and then, from 956 to 965, by his uncle, Bruno, archbishop of Cologne, whose support was invaluable but

Lothar was king of Italy in the chaotic post-Carolingian period. He was named after his great-grandfather Lothar II and ruled as co-king with his father, Hugh of Provence, from 931 until Hugh’s exile and death in 947. Lothar remained in Italy when his father, harassed by the powerful Lombard

Lothar I was a Frankish emperor, whose attempt to gain sole rule over the Frankish territories was checked by his brothers. The eldest son of the emperor Louis I the Pious and a grandson of Charlemagne, Lothar was made king in Bavaria after Louis succeeded Charlemagne in 814, and in 817 he was made

Chlotar I was a Merovingian king of Soissons from 511 and of the whole Frankish kingdom from 558, who played an important part in the extension of Frankish hegemony. The youngest of Clovis I’s sons, Chlotar shared in the partition of his father’s kingdom in 511, receiving the old heartlands of the

Lothar II (or III) was a German king (1125–37) and Holy Roman emperor (1133–37). He is reckoned as Lothar III by those who count not only Lothar I but also his son Lothar in their numeration of German kings. Lothar II’s election as king in 1125 represented a triumph for the principle of elective

Lothar (II) was a Frankish king of the area known as Lotharingia. His attempts to have his marriage dissolved so that he could marry his mistress caused much controversy and led to a bitter struggle between himself and Pope Nicholas I. Lothar was the second son of the Frankish emperor Lothar I,

Chlotar II was the Merovingian king of Neustria and sole ruler of the Franks from 613. An infant when his father, Chilperic I, was assassinated in 584, he was assured the succession by the power of his mother, Fredegund, and by the protection of his uncle, Guntram, king of Burgundy. Fighting off an

Lothar II (or III) was a German king (1125–37) and Holy Roman emperor (1133–37). He is reckoned as Lothar III by those who count not only Lothar I but also his son Lothar in their numeration of German kings. Lothar II’s election as king in 1125 represented a triumph for the principle of elective