Italy: Milan: …the reform policies of “Josephism” succeeded in suppressing all the chief political and judicial bodies of the Milanese aristocracy and in establishing modern ones in their place. Joseph’s government appointed provincial intendants and reduced the church’s power in the state. Educational reform established popular elementary schools as well as…

Arsenius Autorianus: …(followers of Arsenius) and the Josephists (followers of Joseph, Arsenius’ second successor). The Arsenites fanatically opposed Michael’s pro-Latin policy, which culminated at the second Council of Lyon in 1274, when papal supremacy over the Greek Church was accepted by Michael’s legates. The Arsenite schism continued after the council had been…

Saint Joseph of Volokolamsk: …earned them the nickname “the Possessors.”

rodent: General features: The largest rodent ever recorded, Josephoartigasia monesi, lived some two to four million years ago, during the Pleistocene and Pliocene epochs; by some estimates it grew to a length of about 3 metres (10 feet) and weighed nearly 1,000 kg.

sonata: New principles of musical form: 2 (1964) of Wilfred Josephs showed yet another potentially valuable reinterpretation of the fused-movement approach to the sonata: its long first movement serves the function of exposition, three intermediate movements act on one level as development and on another level as a combination of slow movement and scherzo,…

Josephson effect: The Josephson current flows only if no battery is connected across the two superconductors. If a battery is inserted, the current oscillates very rapidly so that no net current flows. The presence of magnetic fields near the superconductors influences the Josephson effect, allowing it to be…

Josephson effect, flow of electric current between two pieces of superconducting material separated by a thin layer of insulating material. Superconductors are materials that lose all electrical resistance when cooled below a certain temperature near absolute zero. The English physicist Brian D.

conductive ceramics: Superconductors: …as advanced devices such as Josephson junctions and so-called SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices). Josephson junctions, formed at contacts between two superconductors, can convert a direct voltage into an alternating current whose frequency rises with applied voltage. Frequencies in the superhigh frequency (SHF) range can be achieved. SQUIDs are highly…

Josephson sisters, American synchronized duet swimmers who won 16 consecutive championships in 1991 and 1992. Karen Josephson (b. Jan. 10, 1964, Bristol, Conn., U.S.) and her identical twin, Sarah, entered their first senior nationals synchronized swim meet at the age of 12 and joined the U.S.

Brian D. Josephson is a British physicist whose discovery of the Josephson effect while a 22-year-old graduate student won him a share (with Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever) of the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physics. At Trinity College, Cambridge, Josephson studied mathematics before changing his focus to

Brian D. Josephson is a British physicist whose discovery of the Josephson effect while a 22-year-old graduate student won him a share (with Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever) of the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physics. At Trinity College, Cambridge, Josephson studied mathematics before changing his focus to

Brian D. Josephson is a British physicist whose discovery of the Josephson effect while a 22-year-old graduate student won him a share (with Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever) of the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physics. At Trinity College, Cambridge, Josephson studied mathematics before changing his focus to

Josephson sisters: Karen Josephson (b. Jan. 10, 1964, Bristol, Conn., U.S.) and her identical twin, Sarah, entered their first senior nationals synchronized swim meet at the age of 12 and joined the U.S. national team at 16. In 1988 they won a silver medal at the Olympic…

Matthew Josephson was a U.S. biographer whose clear writing was based on sound and thorough scholarship. As an expatriate in Paris in the 1920s, Josephson was an associate editor of Broom (1922–24), which featured both American and European writers. He had believed that the American artist who

Josephson sisters: ) and her identical twin, Sarah, entered their first senior nationals synchronized swim meet at the age of 12 and joined the U.S. national team at 16. In 1988 they won a silver medal at the Olympic Games in Seoul, South Korea. At the 1991 world championships in Perth, Australia,…

electronics: Superconducting electronics: Josephson junction devices change from one electrical state to another in extraordinarily short times, offering the possibility of producing superconducting microcircuits that operate faster than any other kind known. Serious efforts have been made to construct a computer on this basis, but most of the…

Siege of Jerusalem: The fall of Jerusalem: Josephus, a Jew who had commanded rebel forces but then defected to the Roman cause, attempted to negotiate a settlement, but, because he was not trusted by the Romans and was despised by the rebels, the talks went nowhere. The Romans encircled the city with…

Flavius Josephus was a Jewish priest, scholar, and historian who wrote valuable works on the Jewish revolt of 66–70 and on earlier Jewish history. His major books are History of the Jewish War (75–79), The Antiquities of the Jews (93), and Against Apion. Flavius Josephus was born of an aristocratic

St. Barnabas ; feast day June 11) was an important early Christian missionary mentioned in the New Testament and one of the Apostolic Fathers. Barnabas was a hellenized Jew who joined the Jerusalem church soon after Christ’s crucifixion, sold his property, and gave the proceeds to the community

Taikō Josetsu was a priest and painter, regarded as the first of the long line of Japanese Zen Buddhist priests who painted in the Chinese-inspired suiboku (monochromatic ink painting) style. Josetsu was associated with the Shōkoku-ji (in present Kyōto), where his pupil, the prominent painter

Josh Groban: …sales of his first album, Josh Groban (2001). Produced by Foster, the album blended pop with classical songs, showcasing Groban’s rich baritone voice and romantic sensibility. His continuing performances at high-profile media events, including the closing ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, Utah, extended Groban’s…

Josh Groban: Groban’s subsequent albums included Josh Groban in Concert (2002), which was recorded live during an appearance on the public TV series Great Performances; Closer (2003), which featured more original compositions, as well as performances by such guest artists as classical violinist Joshua Bell; and Awake (2006), which included collaborations…

Joshaqan rug, floor covering handmade in the village of Joshaqan (Jowsheqān), north of Eṣfahān in central Iran. An astonishing mélange of rugs has been attributed by various writers to this small place, including Kermān vase carpets and other silk rugs, together with sundry rugs of pronounced

South Asian arts: Folk theatre: …tamasha poet and performer was Ram Joshi (1762–1812) of Sholapur, an upper-class Brahman who married the courtesan Bayabai. Another famous singer-poet was Patthe Bapu Rao (1868–1941), a Brahman who married a beautiful low-caste dancer, Pawala. They were the biggest tamasha stars during the first quarter of the 20th century. The…

South Asian arts: Marathi: …high place is held by V.M. Joshi, who explored the education and evolution of a woman (Suśīlā-cha Diva, 1930) and the relation between art and morals (Indu Kāḷe va Saralā Bhoḷe, 1935). Important after 1925 were N.S. Phadke, who advocated art for art’s sake, and V.S. Khandehar, who countered the…

Joshua, the leader of the Israelite tribes after the death of Moses, who conquered Canaan and distributed its lands to the 12 tribes. His story is told in the Old Testament Book of Joshua. According to the biblical book named after him, Joshua was the personally appointed successor to Moses

Jason was a Hellenistic Jewish high priest (175–172 bce) in Jerusalem under the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. By promising greater tribute to Antiochus, he obtained the high priesthood and, scorning the traditional Jewish monotheism of the Pharasaic party, promoted Greek culture and

Johanan ben Zakkai: …them, Eliezer ben Hyrcanus and Joshua ben Hananiah, who are credited with having smuggled their master out of Jerusalem in a coffin, were to become, by the end of the century and the beginning of the following one, the leading teachers of their generation and had a profound influence on…

Stony Point: The Treason (Joshua Hett Smith) House (now demolished) was where General Benedict Arnold and Major John André met (September 21, 1780) to arrange for the betrayal of West Point to the British; the site at West Haverstraw is now occupied by Helen Hayes (orthopedic) Hospital.

Joshua the Stylite was a monk of the convent of Zuknin and the reputed author of a chronicle covering mainly the period 495–506. Incorporated in a history that some have ascribed to Dionysius Telmaharensis but others regard as anonymous, the chronicle was written at the request of Sergius, abbot of

Canadian literature: Fiction: Urbain’s Horseman (1971), Joshua Then and Now (1980), Solomon Gursky Was Here (1989), and Barney’s Version (1997) satirize the condition and hypocrisy of modern society through black humour.

Alan Arkin: Arkin’s later films included Joshua Then and Now (1985), Tim Burton’s Edward Scissorhands (1990), and Glengarry Glen Ross (1992), based on the play by David Mamet. He was nominated for another Golden Globe Award and for an Emmy Award for his starring role in the television movie Escape from…

Joshua Tree National Park, desert and wilderness area in southern California, U.S. It is situated just east of Palm Springs and adjacent communities and about 60 miles (100 km) east of San Bernardino, on the border between the Mojave and Colorado deserts. The park has an area of 1,234 square miles

Joshua Tree National Park, desert and wilderness area in southern California, U.S. It is situated just east of Palm Springs and adjacent communities and about 60 miles (100 km) east of San Bernardino, on the border between the Mojave and Colorado deserts. The park has an area of 1,234 square miles

Bono: …biggest-selling and most influential recording, The Joshua Tree (1987), which ranked 26th when Rolling Stone magazine selected its top 500 albums of all time in 2003. How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb (2004) became U2’s sixth number one album, and by 2006 the group had sold some 150 million albums…

Wladimir Klitschko: …knockout at the hands of Anthony Joshua of England. Later that year he retired from boxing with a record of 64 wins and 5 losses.

Book of Joshua, the sixth book of the Bible, which, along with Deuteronomy, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, and 1 and 2 Kings, belongs to a tradition of Jewish history and law, called Deuteronomic, that was first committed to writing about 550 bce, during the Babylonian Exile. The book, named after its

Josiah was the king of Judah (c. 640–609 bce), who set in motion a reformation that bears his name and that left an indelible mark on Israel’s religious traditions (2 Kings 22–23:30). Josiah was the grandson of Manasseh, king of Judah, and ascended the throne at age eight after the assassination of

Marietta Holley was an American humorist who popularized women’s rights and temperance doctrines under the pen names Josiah Allen’s Wife and Samantha Allen. Holley began her literary career writing for newspapers and women’s magazines. In 1873 she published her first book, My Opinions and Betsy

Josiah was the king of Judah (c. 640–609 bce), who set in motion a reformation that bears his name and that left an indelible mark on Israel’s religious traditions (2 Kings 22–23:30). Josiah was the grandson of Manasseh, king of Judah, and ascended the throne at age eight after the assassination of

Battle of Fleurus: …52,000 Austrians and Dutch, under Friedrich Josias, prince of Saxe-Coburg, and William V, prince of Orange, stadholder of Holland. Jourdan had taken Charleroi, in the rear of Coburg’s main forces, on June 25, after besieging it since June 12. Coburg, unaware that the town had fallen, was marching to relieve…

Hungarian literature: Romanticism: Miklós Jósika, a disciple of Sir Walter Scott, was the first successful novelist. His first and best work, the historical novel Abafi (1836), marked a turning point for the genre. József Eötvös, who after the 1848 revolution became a political theorist, produced two of the…

Croatia: Independent Croatia: In January 2010 Ivo Josipović, a member of the opposition Social Democratic Party of Croatia (Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske; SDP), was elected president. Despite his political differences with the ruling HDZ, he promised to support Prime Minister Kosor’s goals of expediting EU membership talks and fighting corruption. Nevertheless, the…

Gabriel Josipovici is a French-born British novelist, literary theorist, dramatist, and short-story writer whose work is characterized by its experimental form and its attention to language. From 1945 Josipovici was reared in Egypt. He was educated at Victoria College, Cairo, and attended

Gabriel Josipovici is a French-born British novelist, literary theorist, dramatist, and short-story writer whose work is characterized by its experimental form and its attention to language. From 1945 Josipovici was reared in Egypt. He was educated at Victoria College, Cairo, and attended

Hebrew literature: The Palestinian tradition in Europe, 800–1300: …Book of the Righteous) and Josippon, a revision of Josephus’ Antiquities filled with legendary incidents—this last-named book was popular until modern times and was translated into many languages. Nathan ben Yehiel completed in 1101 at Rome a dictionary of Talmudic Aramaic and Hebrew, the ʿArukh, which is still used.

Crusades: The Third Crusade: …the arrival there of Archbishop Josius of Tyre, whom the Crusaders had sent with urgent appeals for aid. Pope Urban III soon died, shocked, it was said, by the sad news. His successor, Gregory VIII, issued a Crusade bull and called for fasting and penitence.

Yoshkar-Ola, city and capital of Mari El republic, western Russia, on the Malaya (little) Kokshaga River. Yoshkar-Ola was founded in 1578, and in 1584 the fortress of Tsaryovokokshaysk was built there by Tsar Boris Godunov. Its remoteness from lines of communication prevented any development. In

Ed Ruscha: …Ed Ruscha” (2018) at the Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha.

Matilda Joslyn Gage was an American women’s rights advocate who helped to lead and publicize the woman suffrage movement in the United States. Matilda Joslyn received an advanced education from her father and completed her formal schooling at the Clinton Liberal Institute in Clinton, New York. In

Lionel Jospin is a Socialist Party politician who served as prime minister of France (1997–2002) in a cohabitation government with conservative President Jacques Chirac. Born in the Parisian suburb of Meudon, Jospin inherited many of his socialist beliefs from his schoolteacher father. After two

Josquin des Prez was one of the greatest composers of Renaissance Europe. Josquin’s early life has been the subject of much scholarly debate, and the first solid evidence of his work comes from a roll of musicians associated with the cathedral in Cambrai in the early 1470s. During the late 1470s

Josquin des Prez was one of the greatest composers of Renaissance Europe. Josquin’s early life has been the subject of much scholarly debate, and the first solid evidence of his work comes from a roll of musicians associated with the cathedral in Cambrai in the early 1470s. During the late 1470s

Jobst was a margrave of Moravia and Brandenburg and for 15 weeks the German king (1410–11), who, by his political and military machinations in east-central Europe, played a powerful role in the political life of Germany. A member of the Luxembourg dynasty, Jobst was a nephew of the Holy Roman

Jost Van Dyke Island, one of the British Virgin Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, separating the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. It lies 4 miles (6 km) west of Tortola and adjoins Little Jost Van Dyke Island on the east. According to tradition, it was named after a Dutch pirate who lived on the

Saturday Night Live: Norm Macdonald, Fey, Seth Meyers, Colin Jost, and Michael Che, among others.

Jostedals Glacier, ice field, Sogn og Fjordane fylke (county), western Norway. It lies north of the deeply indented Sogne Fjord. The largest ice field in Europe (excluding Iceland), it is oriented northeast-southwest and extends in an irregular pattern for about 45 miles (75 km). The glacier’s

Jostedals Glacier, ice field, Sogn og Fjordane fylke (county), western Norway. It lies north of the deeply indented Sogne Fjord. The largest ice field in Europe (excluding Iceland), it is oriented northeast-southwest and extends in an irregular pattern for about 45 miles (75 km). The glacier’s

Joshua, the leader of the Israelite tribes after the death of Moses, who conquered Canaan and distributed its lands to the 12 tribes. His story is told in the Old Testament Book of Joshua. According to the biblical book named after him, Joshua was the personally appointed successor to Moses

Book of Joshua, the sixth book of the Bible, which, along with Deuteronomy, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, and 1 and 2 Kings, belongs to a tradition of Jewish history and law, called Deuteronomic, that was first committed to writing about 550 bce, during the Babylonian Exile. The book, named after its

French literature: Feminist writers: Josyane and the Welfare) and Claire Etcherelli’s Élise; ou, la vraie vie (1967; Elise; or, The Real Life). But an equally significant impact was made by writers looking for ways of transforming masculine language for women-generated versions of feminine subjectivity. The texts of James Joyce…

jota, courtship dance traditional in northern Spain, particularly Aragon; also a genre of folk song that precedes and accompanies the dance or is sung only. The dancing couple hold their arms high and click castanets as they execute lively, bouncing steps to guitar music and singing. The singing

Mikhail Glinka: …the capriccio brillante on the Jota aragonesa (1845; “Aragonese Jota”) and Summer Night in Madrid (1848). Between 1852 and 1854 he was again abroad, mostly in Paris, until the outbreak of the Crimean War drove him home again. He then wrote his highly entertaining Zapiski (Memoirs; first published in St.…

Flavius Josephus: Military career.: …to hold the fortress of Jotapata for 47 days, but after the fall of the city he took refuge with 40 diehards in a nearby cave. There, to Josephus’ consternation, the beleaguered party voted to perish rather than surrender. Josephus, arguing the immorality of suicide, proposed that each man, in…

Jötun, in Germanic religion, race of giants that lived in Jötunheim under one of the roots of Yggdrasill. They were older than and ruled before the gods (Aesir), to whom they remained hostile. It was believed that Ragnarök, the destruction of this world and the beginning of a new one, would be

theatre: The influence of Piscator: …with the innovation of the jotter screen, a small, auxiliary screen onto which facts, figures, titles, dates, and other bits of information can be projected.

Jötun, in Germanic religion, race of giants that lived in Jötunheim under one of the roots of Yggdrasill. They were older than and ruled before the gods (Aesir), to whom they remained hostile. It was believed that Ragnarök, the destruction of this world and the beginning of a new one, would be

Jotunheim Mountains, mountain range, south-central Norway. Extending for 80 miles (130 km) between Gudbrands Valley (east) and the Jostedals Glacier (west), the chain is surrounded by many lakes. The highest range in Scandinavia, its tallest peaks are Glitter Mountain (8,084 feet [2,464 metres])

Galdhø Peak: …is a focal point of Jotunheimen National Park (1980) and is a tourist mecca during the summer climbing season.

Baltic states: Early Middle Ages: The Jotvingians and Galindians inhabited an area to the south stretching from present-day Poland east into Belarus. The settlements of the ancestors of the Lithuanians—the Samogitians and the Aukstaiciai—covered most of present-day Lithuania, stretching into Belarus. Five more subdivisions formed the basis for the modern Latvians.…

Barthélemy-Catherine Joubert was a French general during the Revolutionary era. Joubert, son of an advocate, ran away from school in 1784 to enlist in the artillery but was brought back and sent to study law at Lyon and Dijon. In 1791 he joined the volunteers of the Ain and fought with the French

Johannesburg: Boomtown: …dispatched two men, Vice President Christiaan Johannes Joubert and Deputy Surveyor-General Johann Rissik, to inspect the goldfields and identify a suitable city site. The new city was called Johannesburg, apparently in their honour.

Joseph Joubert was a French man of letters who wrote on philosophical, moral, and literary topics. Joubert went to Paris in 1778; there he came into contact with Denis Diderot and Louis, marquis de Fontanes, the latter of whom would remain a lifelong friend. Joubert married in 1793 and subsequently

Petrus Jacobus Joubert was an associate and rival of Paul Kruger who served as commandant general and vice president of the South African Republic (Transvaal). Joubert was the son of an indigent farmer-missionary who trekked his family north to Natal in 1837. When his father died, the family

Petrus Jacobus Joubert was an associate and rival of Paul Kruger who served as commandant general and vice president of the South African Republic (Transvaal). Joubert was the son of an indigent farmer-missionary who trekked his family north to Natal in 1837. When his father died, the family

Claude-François-Dorothée, marquis de Jouffroy d’Abbans was a French engineer and inventor who in 1783 traveled upstream on the Saône River near Lyon in his Pyroscaphe, the first really successful steamboat. At the age of 20 Jouffroy d’Abbans entered the army, and a year later he became involved in

Léon Jouhaux was a French Socialist and trade-union leader who was one of the founders of the International Labour Organisation. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1951. A worker in a match factory from the age of 16, Jouhaux soon became one of the leading propagandists of revolutionary

Slavoj Žižek: The Sublime Object of Ideology: …but also one that incites jouissance, an excessive and simultaneously painful kind of enjoyment derived from transgressing the superego’s own prohibitions. According to Žižek, the experience of jouissance is the necessary but hidden complement of institutional authority, operating as what he called the “obscene underside of the law.” The experience…

yo-yo, a toy that falls and rises back to the hand by the unwinding and rewinding of a string attached to an axle that connects two disks of equal size and weight. The disks can be made of plastic, wood, or metal. As a person drops the yo-yo, the string that is wound around the axle releases. When

joule, unit of work or energy in the International System of Units (SI); it is equal to the work done by a force of one newton acting through one metre. Named in honour of the English physicist James Prescott Joule, it equals 107 ergs, or approximately 0.7377 foot-pounds. In electrical terms, the

Joule heating, in electricity, the conversion of electric energy into heat energy by the resistance in a circuit. The English physicist James Prescott Joule discovered in 1840 that the amount of heat per second that develops in a wire carrying a current is proportional to the electrical resistance

James Prescott Joule: …unit of heat, called the mechanical equivalent of heat. He used four increasingly accurate methods of determining this value. By using different materials, he also established that heat was a form of energy regardless of the substance that was heated. In 1852 Joule and William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) discovered…

James Prescott Joule was an English physicist who established that the various forms of energy—mechanical, electrical, and heat—are basically the same and can be changed one into another. Thus, he formed the basis of the law of conservation of energy, the first law of thermodynamics. Joule studied

Joule-Thomson effect, the change in temperature that accompanies expansion of a gas without production of work or transfer of heat. At ordinary temperatures and pressures, all real gases except hydrogen and helium cool upon such expansion; this phenomenon often is used in liquefying gases. The

Joule-Thomson effect, the change in temperature that accompanies expansion of a gas without production of work or transfer of heat. At ordinary temperatures and pressures, all real gases except hydrogen and helium cool upon such expansion; this phenomenon often is used in liquefying gases. The

Jacques Tati: …feature, Jour de fête (1948; The Big Day), a comic sketch of a postman who tries to introduce efficiency into his provincial post office. His next film, Les Vacances de Monsieur Hulot (1953; Mr. Hulot’s Holiday), introduced his signature character and presented a satiric look at life in a middle-class…

Tahar Ben Jelloun: …de silence a Tanger (1990; Silent Day in Tangier), a meditation on old age; Les Yeux baissés (1991; With Downcast Eyes), about an Amazigh (Berber) immigrant’s struggle to reconcile her bifurcated identity; and L’Homme rompu (1994; Corruption), a gripping depiction of a moral quandary faced by a government employee. Cette…

history of film: France: …Le Jour se lève (Daybreak, 1939). Darkly poetic, these films were characterized by a brooding pessimism that reflected the French public’s despair over the failure of the Popular Front movement of 1935–37 and the seeming inevitability of war.

number game: Logical paradoxes: …given by an English mathematician, P.E.B. Jourdain, in 1913, when he proposed the card paradox. This was a card on one side of which was printed:

Jean-Baptiste, Count Jourdan was a military commander remembered as the sponsor of conscription during the French Revolutionary regime and as one of Napoleon’s marshals of the empire. After being a soldier in King Louis XVI’s army and serving in the West Indies (1778–84), Jourdan retired and became

Order of the Solar Temple: …in Geneva in 1984 by Luc Jouret, a homeopathic physician and New Age lecturer, and Joseph De Mambro. Its headquarters was later moved to Zürich, where a leadership council of 33 members presided, and regional lodges were set up to perform initiation ceremonies and other rites in Switzerland, Canada, and…

George Fox: Early life and activities: …and later reported in his Journal various personal religious experiences or direct revelations, which he called “openings,” that corrected, in his estimation, the traditional concepts of faith and practice in English religious life.

magazine, a printed or digitally published collection of texts (essays, articles, stories, poems), often illustrated, that is produced at regular intervals (excluding newspapers). A brief treatment of magazines follows. For full treatment, see publishing: Magazine publishing. The modern magazine

New York World: …Randolph Hearst bought the competing New York Journal in 1895, he lured Pulitzer’s celebrated Sunday newspaper staff to the Journal with the promise of raises; all but one secretary accepted Hearst’s offer. Pulitzer lured them back to the World with raises of his own, but then Hearst made a counteroffer,…

John Woolman: …Quaker leader and abolitionist whose Journal is recognized as one of the classic records of the spiritual inner life.

Jules Michelet: …begun only in 1959 (Journal, vol. 1, 1959, vol. 2, 1962; Écrits de jeunesse, 1959). They record his travels through Europe, and, above all, they give a key to his personality and illuminate the relationship between his intimate experiences and his work.

Edmond and Jules Goncourt: …remembered for their perceptive, revealing Journal and for Edmond’s legacy, the Académie Goncourt, which annually awards the Prix Goncourt to the author of an outstanding work of French literature.

bookkeeping: From journal to ledger to financial statements: A journal contains the daily transactions (sales, purchases, and so on), and the ledger contains the record of individual accounts. The daily records from the journals are entered in the ledgers.

André Gide: Great creative period: …begun to keep a second Journal (published in 1926 as Numquid et tu?) in which he recorded his search for God. Finally, however, unable to resolve the dilemma (expressed in his statement “Catholicism is inadmissible, Protestantism is intolerable; and I feel profoundly Christian”), he resolved to achieve his own ethic,…

journal, an account of day-to-day events or a record of experiences, ideas, or reflections kept regularly for private use that is similar to, but sometimes less personal than, a