Amman: The University of Jordan (1962) and several museums and libraries, including the National Library, are located at Amman. Sites of interest include the remains of the ancient citadel, the adjoining archaeological museum, and a large, finely preserved Roman amphitheatre, which once seated 6,000. Pop. (2004 est.)…

Vernon Jordan was an American attorney, civil rights leader, business consultant, and influential power broker. Although he never held political office, Jordan served as a key adviser in the 1990s to U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton, having befriended him and his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, decades

Vernon Jordan was an American attorney, civil rights leader, business consultant, and influential power broker. Although he never held political office, Jordan served as a key adviser in the 1990s to U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton, having befriended him and his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, decades

Jordanes was a historian notable for his valuable work on the Germanic tribes. Jordanes was a Goth who, although not a scholar, devoted himself to writing history in Latin. His first major work, De origine actibusque Getarum (“On the Origin and Deeds of the Getae”), now commonly referred to as the

Adam Levine: …Red Pill Blues (2017), and Jordi (2021)—and singles (notably 2010’s “Moves like Jagger,” featuring Christina Aguilera). In addition, the band headlined the Super Bowl halftime show in 2019; their appearance generated some backlash, as other singers had reportedly rejected offers to perform at the event in a show of support…

Ivar Lo-Johansson: …Sharecroppers”), and in his novel Jordproletärerna (1941; “Proletarians of the Earth”). These works are based on his own recollections but are at the same time an indictment of existing social conditions. In their combination of political tract and novel, and their use of the collective as a central focus, the…

Dominican Republic: Bosch, Balaguer, and their successors: …succeeded by another PRD candidate, Salvador Jorge Blanco, who served as president in 1982–86. Thus, the country completed eight years of truly democratic government, the longest in its history to that point. But Jorge Blanco was faced with falling sugar prices on world markets, widespread corruption in the government bureaucracy,…

Jorge de Montemayor was a Portuguese-born author of romances and poetry who wrote the first Spanish pastoral novel. Montemayor probably came to Spain in 1543 with Philip II’s first wife, Mary, as a musician. He later entered the household of Joan, daughter-in-law of John III of Portugal, and he

Christine Jorgensen was an American who garnered international headlines in the early 1950s as the first person in the United States to undergo a successful gender-reassignment operation. From an early age, Jorgensen was tormented by feelings of being a woman trapped inside a man’s body. Jorgensen

Christine Jorgensen was an American who garnered international headlines in the early 1950s as the first person in the United States to undergo a successful gender-reassignment operation. From an early age, Jorgensen was tormented by feelings of being a woman trapped inside a man’s body. Jorgensen

Johannes Jørgensen was a writer known in Denmark mainly for his poetry (Digte 1894–98, 1898, and Udvalte Digte, 1944) but best known in other countries for his biographies of St. Francis of Assisi (1907) and St. Catherine of Siena (1915). As a student at the University of Copenhagen, Jørgensen

Johannes Jørgensen was a writer known in Denmark mainly for his poetry (Digte 1894–98, 1898, and Udvalte Digte, 1944) but best known in other countries for his biographies of St. Francis of Assisi (1907) and St. Catherine of Siena (1915). As a student at the University of Copenhagen, Jørgensen

Iceland: Growth of Danish royal power (c. 1550–c. 1830): In 1809 Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen seized power in Iceland for two months. When he was removed and Danish power restored, he received no support from the Icelandic population. Five years later, when Norway was severed from the Danish monarchy and given much greater autonomy under the Swedish crown,…

coordination compound: History of coordination compounds: …developed by the Danish chemist Sophus Mads Jørgensen. Jørgensen’s extensive preparations of numerous complexes provided the experimental foundation not only for the Blomstrand-Jørgensen chain theory but for Alsatian-born Swiss chemist Alfred Werner’s coordination theory (1893) as well.

Jorhat, town, northeastern Assam state, northeastern India. It lies along a tributary of the Brahmaputra River, about 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Sibsagar. Jorhat is a road and rail junction and is the commercial centre of a productive agricultural area. The town is noted for jewelry manufacture

Miura Baien: He formulated the jōrigaku (“rationalist studies”) doctrine, which was a precursor to modern scientific and philosophical thought in Japan.

David Joris was a religious reformer, a controversial and eccentric member of the Anabaptist movement. He founded the Davidists, or Jorists, who viewed Joris as a prophet and whose internal dissension led—three years after his death—to the sensational cremation of his body after his posthumous

David Joris: He founded the Davidists, or Jorists, who viewed Joris as a prophet and whose internal dissension led—three years after his death—to the sensational cremation of his body after his posthumous conviction as a heretic.

Jörmungand, in Germanic mythology, the evil serpent and chief enemy of Thor

Jörmungand, in Germanic mythology, the evil serpent and chief enemy of Thor

Ermanaric was the king of the Ostrogoths, the ruler of a vast empire in Ukraine. Although the exact limits of his territory are obscure, it evidently stretched south of the Pripet Marshes between the Don and Dniester rivers. The only certain facts about Ermanaric are that his great deeds caused him

Gustav Frenssen: …success of his third novel, Jörn Uhl (1901), led him to resign his pastorate and devote all his time to writing. Although Frenssen at times made liberal concessions to the popular taste of the moment, he owed his success, in large part, to the vitality of his characters and the…

Asger Jorn was a Danish painter whose style, influenced by the Expressionist painters James Ensor of Belgium and Paul Klee of Switzerland, creates an emotional impact through the use of strong colours and distorted forms. In 1936 Jorn worked with the French painter Fernand Léger, and in 1937 with

Alonso de Castillo Solorzano: Examples are: Jornadas alegres (1626; “Gay Trips”) and Noches de placer (1631; “Nights of Pleasure”). His picaresque novels make much of the female pícara (“rogue”) as protagonist or adjutant.

O Jornal do Brasil, daily newspaper published in Rio de Janeiro, regarded as one of the eminent newspapers of South America. It was founded in 1891 by four men, one of whom was Joaquim Nabuco, abolitionist leader and later ambassador to Washington, D.C. Established as an independent paper, the

Latin American dance: Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela: called the bambuco and joropo. The bambuco combines features of the fandango, Andean, and Afro-Latin dances as partners use a handkerchief to flirt and to embellish the courtship theme of the dance. The joropo is distinctive beyond the separation of the couple, with the man dancing the zapateado, for…

Jorrocks’s Jaunts and Jollities, series of picaresque comic tales by Robert Smith Surtees, originally published as individual stories in his New Sporting Magazine between 1831 and 1834 and collected in book form in 1838. The ebullient Jorrocks is a vulgar Cockney grocer, a city man who loves the

Jorrocks’s Jaunts and Jollities, series of picaresque comic tales by Robert Smith Surtees, originally published as individual stories in his New Sporting Magazine between 1831 and 1834 and collected in book form in 1838. The ebullient Jorrocks is a vulgar Cockney grocer, a city man who loves the

Robert Smith Surtees: …chase and the creator of Mr. Jorrocks, one of the great comic characters of English literature, a Cockney grocer who is as blunt as John Bull and entirely given over to fox hunting.

jōruri, in Japanese literature and music, a type of chanted recitative that came to be used as a script in bunraku puppet drama. Its name derives from the Jōrurihime monogatari, a 15th-century romantic tale, the leading character of which is Lady Jōruri. At first it was chanted to the accompaniment

Japan: Commerce, cities, and culture: …of the 17th century, the Jōrurihime monogatari (a type of romantic ballad), which drew on the traditions of the medieval narrative story, was for the first time arranged as a form of dramatic literature accompanied by puppetry and the samisen (a lutelike musical instrument). It continued to develop until the…

The Miracle Worker: Cast:

Jos, town, capital of Plateau state, on the Jos Plateau (elevation 4,250 feet [1,295 metres]) of central Nigeria. It lies on the Delimi River and near the source of the Jamaari River (called the Bunga farther downstream). Formerly the site of Geash, a village of the Birom people, the town developed

museum: New museums and collections: The Jos Museum, one of the earliest of these, also administers a museum of traditional buildings, while others developed workshops where traditional crafts could be demonstrated. Crafts are also a feature of the National Museum in Niamey, Niger, and products of these workshops are exported to…

Jos Plateau, tableland in Plateau State, central Nigeria, distinguished by its high bounding scarp and by bare grassland and embracing Africa’s chief tin-mining region. Its central area covers about 3,000 square miles (8,000 square km) and has an average elevation of 4,200 feet (1,280 meters); the

Jos: The University of Jos, which includes a teaching hospital, opened in 1975, and the Federal School of Medical Laboratory Technology is located in the town. Jos is served by public, private, and religiously sponsored general and specialized hospitals. It lies on the rail spur that joins…

Campbell Soup Company, American manufacturer, incorporated in 1922 but dating to a canning firm first established in 1869, that is the world’s largest producer of soup. It is also a major producer of canned pasta products; snack foods, such as cookies and crackers; fruit and tomato juices; canned

Keizan Jōkin was a priest of the Sōtō sect of Zen Buddhism, who founded the Sōji Temple (now in Yokohama), one of the two head temples of the sect. At the age of 12 Keizan entered the priesthood under Koun Ejō, the second head priest of the Eihei Temple (in modern Fukui prefecture), the

Jehoshaphat, king (c. 873–c. 849 bc) of Judah during the reigns in Israel of Ahab, Ahaziah, and Jehoram, with whom he maintained close political and economic alliances. Jehoshaphat aided Ahab in his unsuccessful attempt to recapture the city of Ramoth-gilead, joined Ahaziah in extending maritime

Paul Julius, baron von Reuter was the German-born founder of one of the first news agencies, which still bears his name. Of Jewish parentage, he became a Christian in 1844 and adopted the name of Reuter. As a clerk in his uncle’s bank in Göttingen, Ger., Reuter made the acquaintance of the eminent

Crusades: The Crusader states: …left Edessa to another cousin, Joscelin of Courtenay. In 1124 Tyre, the last great city north of Ascalon still in Muslim hands, was taken with the aid of the Venetians, who, as was customary, received a section of the city. Baldwin II was succeeded by Fulk of Anjou, a newcomer…

Madrid: Modern Madrid: This, the Gran Vía, was designed to be the main street of the city, and it has a characteristic vitality, with cinemas, coffeehouses, shops, and banks. Following the Civil War, it was renamed Avenida José Antonio after the founder of the Spanish fascist party, the Falange Española.…

Havana: Transportation: …old Rancho Boyeros airport, now José Martí International Airport, is located 8 miles (13 km) from downtown Havana and handles domestic and international flights. A network of bus routes also centres on Havana, and buses are the main mode of inner-city transportation.

José Saramago: …Prémio Literário José Saramago (José Saramago Literary Prize) was established in his honour to recognize young authors writing in Portuguese.

San Salvador: …also the seat of the Central American University of José Simeón Cañas (1965). During the late 1970s the city became the focus of violence between the government and left-wing political groups.

Fernando del Paso: His first novel, José Trigo (1966), won him critical acclaim in both Mexico and the United States. The time period of this 900-page masterpiece, which traces the long history of the area north of what is now Puebla, Mexico, ranges from the prehistoric era to the 1960s. Palinuro…

Rafael Joseffy was a Hungarian pianist and teacher and one of the great performers of his day, admired for his subtlety of poetic expression and finely nuanced dynamic control. Joseffy began piano studies in Hungary and continued them at the Leipzig Conservatory under E.F. Wenzel and Ignaz

Josel of Rosheim was a famous shtadlan (advocate who protected the interests and pled the cause of the Jewish people). Through persistent legal exertions, he aborted many incipient acts of persecution. Josel’s career as a shtadlan began in the reign of the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I and lasted

Josel of Rosheim was a famous shtadlan (advocate who protected the interests and pled the cause of the Jewish people). Through persistent legal exertions, he aborted many incipient acts of persecution. Josel’s career as a shtadlan began in the reign of the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I and lasted

Joselito was a Spanish matador, considered one of the greatest of all time. With Juan Belmonte he revolutionized the art of bullfighting in the second decade of the 20th century. Joselito came from a family of bullfighters and was the youngest man ever to receive the title of matador (October

Joselito was a Spanish matador, considered one of the greatest of all time. With Juan Belmonte he revolutionized the art of bullfighting in the second decade of the 20th century. Joselito came from a family of bullfighters and was the youngest man ever to receive the title of matador (October

Joselito was a Spanish matador, considered one of the greatest of all time. With Juan Belmonte he revolutionized the art of bullfighting in the second decade of the 20th century. Joselito came from a family of bullfighters and was the youngest man ever to receive the title of matador (October

Josel of Rosheim was a famous shtadlan (advocate who protected the interests and pled the cause of the Jewish people). Through persistent legal exertions, he aborted many incipient acts of persecution. Josel’s career as a shtadlan began in the reign of the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I and lasted

Joseon dynasty, the last and longest-lived imperial dynasty (1392–1910) of Korea. Founded by Gen. Yi Seong-Gye, who established the capital at Hanyang (present-day Seoul), the kingdom was named Joseon for the state of the same name that had dominated the Korean peninsula in ancient times. The

Chosŏn style, Korean visual arts style characteristic of the Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910). Chosŏn craftsmen and artisans, unable except occasionally to draw inspiration from imported Chinese art, relied on their own sense of beauty and perfection. Particularly in the decorative arts, the Chosŏn style

opera: France, 1752–1815: …serious and even biblical (Joseph [1807]). Also a composer of symphonies, Méhul developed new and flexible forms in his operas, increased the role of the orchestra, and achieved powerful dramatic effects through an enlarged harmonic vocabulary. He was an important influence on the opera composers of the Romantic period…

Joseph Bonaparte was a lawyer, diplomat, soldier, and Napoleon I’s eldest surviving brother, who was successively king of Naples (1806–08) and king of Spain (1808–13). Like his brothers, Joseph embraced the French republican cause and, with the victory of Corsican patriot Pasquale Paoli, was forced

Joseph, in the Old Testament, son of the patriarch Jacob and his wife Rachel. As Jacob’s name became synonymous with all Israel, so that of Joseph was eventually equated with all the tribes that made up the northern kingdom. According to tradition, his bones were buried at Shechem, oldest of the

Joseph was the king of Portugal from 1750 to 1777, during whose reign power was exercised by his minister, Sebastião de Carvalho, marquês de Pombal. Joseph’s father, John V, enriched by the gold and diamonds of Brazil, had enjoyed unchallenged authority and gave Joseph no responsibility. Thus,

Charles Jeremiah Wells: Howard) of Joseph and His Brethren: A Scriptural Drama in Two Acts (1823), a long dramatic poem in the style of the Elizabethan dramatists, which enjoyed an immense vogue among the Pre-Raphaelites and their followers after it was praised first by Dante Gabriel Rossetti and then, in…

Joseph and His Brothers, series of four novels by Thomas Mann that formed an epic bildungsroman about the biblical figure Joseph. Known collectively in German as Joseph und seine Brüder, the tetralogy consists of Die Geschichten Jaakobs (1933; U.K. title The Tales of Jacob; U.S. title Joseph and

Giovanni Lanfranco: …of His Fellow Prisoners and Joseph and Potiphar’s Wife (both 1615) in the Palazzo Mattei. The frescoes combine techniques and styles learned from Annibale Carracci and from Lanfranco’s own study of Correggio and Caravaggio. Lanfranco’s painting in the dome of San Andrea della Valle in Rome (1621–25) derives directly from…

Andrew Lloyd Webber: Their first notable venture was Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (1968), a pop oratorio for children about the biblical Joseph that earned worldwide popularity in a later full-length version. It was followed by the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar (1971; film 1973 and TV special 2018), an extremely popular…

Joseph Andrews, novel by Henry Fielding, published in 1742. It was written as a reaction against Samuel Richardson’s novel Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded (1740). Fielding portrayed Joseph Andrews as the brother of Pamela Andrews, the heroine of Richardson’s novel. Described on the title page as

Salman Rushdie: The Satanic Verses and life under the fatwa: …experience in the third-person memoir Joseph Anton (2012); its title refers to an alias he adopted while in seclusion.

Western painting: Germany: …could not escape, in his “Joseph Being Sold by His Brethren” (1816–17; National Gallery, Berlin), the self-conscious naïveté common to many of the Nazarenes. This naïveté is also noticeable in Pforr’s “The Entry of the Emperor Rudolf of Habsburg into Basel in 1273” (c. 1809; Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main)…

Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, inlet of the Timor Sea, having a width of 200 miles (320 km) and indenting the north coast of Australia for 100 miles. Although its western limit is generally agreed to be Cape Londonderry in Western Australia, its eastern limit is variously placed between Cape Scott and

Saint Joseph Calasanz ; canonized 1767; feast day August 25) was a priest, teacher, patron saint of Roman Catholic schools, and founder of the Ordo Clericorum Regularium Pauperum Matris Dei Scholarum Piarum (Order of Poor Clerks Regular of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools), popularly called

Campbell Soup Company, American manufacturer, incorporated in 1922 but dating to a canning firm first established in 1869, that is the world’s largest producer of soup. It is also a major producer of canned pasta products; snack foods, such as cookies and crackers; fruit and tomato juices; canned

Marseille faience: The Joseph Clérissy factory, active in 1677–1733, produced wares usually in blue with purple outlines. The Fauchier factory excelled in trompe l’oeil work and landscapes. The factory of the Veuve Perrin was famous for its enameled “bouillabaisse” decor that included all the ingredients of that famous…

French literature: Prose literature: … had used verse for his Joseph d’Arimathie (associating the Holy Grail with the Crucifixion) and his Merlin; but both were soon turned into prose. Other Arthurian romances adopted it, notably the great Vulgate cycle written between 1215 and 1235, with its five branches by various hands. These included the immensely…

Giovanni Lanfranco: …he painted the ceiling frescoes Joseph Explaining the Dreams of His Fellow Prisoners and Joseph and Potiphar’s Wife (both 1615) in the Palazzo Mattei. The frescoes combine techniques and styles learned from Annibale Carracci and from Lanfranco’s own study of Correggio and Caravaggio. Lanfranco’s painting in the dome of San…

War of the Spanish Succession: Dynastic claims: …a son, the electoral prince Joseph Ferdinand, this prince could be regarded as heir presumptive to Charles II. Leopold I, however, had persuaded Maria Antonia to bestow her right to her mother’s succession on him, and on the sons of his third marriage, with Eleonore of Palatinate-Neuburg. The validity of…

French runner Joseph Guillemot was not favoured to win the 5,000-metre race at the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. Given his personal history, it was amazing that he was even able to compete. A veteran of World War I, Guillemot had survived a poison gas attack while fighting on the front line

Joseph I was the Holy Roman emperor from 1705, who unsuccessfully fought to retain the Spanish crown for the House of Habsburg. The eldest son of the emperor Leopold I, Joseph became king of Hungary in 1687 and king of the Romans, the imperial successor-designate, in 1690. When Charles II, the last

Joseph II was the Holy Roman emperor (1765–90), at first coruler with his mother, Maria Theresa (1765–80), and then sole ruler (1780–90) of the Austrian Habsburg dominions. An “enlightened despot,” he sought to introduce administrative, legal, economic, and ecclesiastical reforms—with only measured

Joseph and His Brothers, series of four novels by Thomas Mann that formed an epic bildungsroman about the biblical figure Joseph. Known collectively in German as Joseph und seine Brüder, the tetralogy consists of Die Geschichten Jaakobs (1933; U.K. title The Tales of Jacob; U.S. title Joseph and

Joseph K., protagonist of the allegorical novel The Trial (1925) by Franz Kafka. A rather ordinary bank employee, he is arrested for unspecified crimes and is unable to make sense of his

Jakob Wassermann: …Joseph Kerkhovens dritte Existenz (1934; Kerkhoven’s Third Existence). Mein Weg als Deutscher und Jude (1921; My Life as German and Jew) is Wassermann’s autobiography.

Windsor: …in the town, including the Joseph Loomis House (1639). Tobacco farming (since colonial times) and brickmaking (until the 1960s) were Windsor’s major economic activities. After 1950 the town’s traditional farm economy was augmented by light industrial development. Area 30 square miles (77 square km). Pop. (2000) 28,237; (2010) 29,044.

Western sculpture: Early Gothic: …his most famous figure, the Joseph Master. Working in a style that probably originated in Paris c. 1230, he ignored the restraint of Amiens and the drapery convolutions of the Muldenstil and produced (c. 1240) figures possessing many of the characteristics retained by sculpture for the next 150 years: dainty…

St. Joseph of Arimathea ; Western feast day March 17, Eastern feast day July 31) was, according to all four Gospels, a secret disciple of Jesus, whose body he buried in his own tomb. In designating him a “member of the council,” Mark 15:43 and Luke 23:50 suggest his membership in the Great

Saint Joseph of Volokolamsk ; canonized 1578; feast day September 9) was a Russian Orthodox abbot and theologian whose monastic reform emphasized strict community life and social work. Joseph’s monastic career came into prominence at the monastery at Borovsk, a wealthy religious foundation

Henri Monnier: …the characters Monsieur and Madame Joseph Prudhomme as ideal representatives of the complacent French bourgeoisie. He used them to attack the pretensions and follies of his era in cartoons, stage comedies, and novels. He even portrayed Prudhomme on the stage himself and dressed the part in private life.

tank: World War II: …the Russians brought out the JS, or Stalin, heavy tank, which appeared in 1944 armed with a 122-mm gun. Its muzzle velocity was lower than that of the German 88-mm guns, however, and it weighed only 46 tons. At about the same time the T-34 was rearmed with an 85-mm…

St. Barnabas ; feast day June 11) was an important early Christian missionary mentioned in the New Testament and one of the Apostolic Fathers. Barnabas was a hellenized Jew who joined the Jerusalem church soon after Christ’s crucifixion, sold his property, and gave the proceeds to the community

Joseph and His Brothers, series of four novels by Thomas Mann that formed an epic bildungsroman about the biblical figure Joseph. Known collectively in German as Joseph und seine Brüder, the tetralogy consists of Die Geschichten Jaakobs (1933; U.K. title The Tales of Jacob; U.S. title Joseph and

Joseph and His Brothers, series of four novels by Thomas Mann that formed an epic bildungsroman about the biblical figure Joseph. Known collectively in German as Joseph und seine Brüder, the tetralogy consists of Die Geschichten Jaakobs (1933; U.K. title The Tales of Jacob; U.S. title Joseph and

Jacopo da Pontormo: His painting of Joseph with Jacob in Egypt (c. 1518), one of a series for Pier Francesco Borgherini, suggests that the revolutionary new style appeared even earlier.

Diego Velázquez: First Italian journey: …and offered to the king: Joseph’s Bloody Coat Brought to Jacob (1630) and Vulcan’s Forge (1630). These two monumental figure compositions are far removed from the limited realism in which he had been trained. As a result of his Italian studies, particularly of Venetian painting, his development in the treatment…

Amaranthaceae: Major genera and species: hybridus), and Joseph’s coat (A. tricolor). The genus also contains many weedy plants known as pigweed, especially rough pigweed (A. retroflexus), prostrate pigweed (A. graecizans), and white pigweed (A. albus), which are common in waste areas throughout Europe and parts of the Americas.

Chief Joseph was a Nez Percé chief who, faced with settlement by whites of tribal lands in Oregon, led his followers in a dramatic effort to escape to Canada. The Nez Percé tribe was one of the most powerful in the Pacific Northwest and in the first half of the 19th century one of the most friendly

Haiti: Haiti in the 21st century: Interim prime minister Claude Joseph announced that he was in control and declared martial law. The source of Joseph’s authority remained unclear, however, as his assumption of presidential power relied on legislative consent, and the Haitian parliament had been effectively dissolved since 2020.

Father Joseph was a French mystic and religious reformer whose collaboration with Cardinal de Richelieu (the “Red Eminence”) gave him powers akin to those of a foreign minister, especially during Richelieu’s ambitious campaign to finance France’s participation in what became known as the Thirty

Father Joseph was a French mystic and religious reformer whose collaboration with Cardinal de Richelieu (the “Red Eminence”) gave him powers akin to those of a foreign minister, especially during Richelieu’s ambitious campaign to finance France’s participation in what became known as the Thirty

St. Joseph ; principal feast day March 19, Feast of St. Joseph the Worker May 1) was, in the New Testament, Jesus’ earthly father and the Virgin Mary’s husband. St. Joseph is the patron of the universal church in Roman Catholicism, and his life is recorded in the Gospels, particularly Matthew and

Oscar I was the king of Sweden and Norway from 1844 to 1859, son of Charles XIV John, formerly the French marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte. Oscar’s early liberal outlook and progressive ideas on such issues as fiscal policy, freedom of the press, and penal reform fortuitously coincided with a

Joséphine was the consort of Napoleon Bonaparte and empress of the French. Joséphine, the eldest daughter of Joseph Tascher de La Pagerie, an impoverished aristocrat who had a commission in the navy, lived the first 15 years of her life on the island of Martinique. In 1779 she married a rich young

Emmerich Kálmán: …the premiere of his operetta Josephine császárnõ (“Empress Josephine”) took place not in Vienna but in Zürich because of increasing political tension in Austria. With the Nazi occupation of Austria in 1938, Kálmán and his family fled to Paris and then, in 1940, to the United States. There he pursued…

Pius VI: …power, subsequently became known as Josephinism. Meanwhile, the church in the Habsburg dominions remained wealthy and influential but subordinate to the state.