industrial design: American hegemony and challenges from abroad: …Gestaltung in Ulm, or the Ulm Design School (1953–68), which was often considered a successor to the Bauhaus. One of its founders was the typeface designer Otl Aicher, a corporate-branding specialist, noted author of graphic standards manuals for his clients, and designer whose clients included Lufthansa and Munich’s transportation authority.…

West Germanic languages: German: At one extreme is Standard German (Hochsprache), based on the written form of the language and used in radio, television, public lectures, the theatre, schools, and universities. It is relatively uniform, although speakers often reveal regional accents. At the other extreme are the local dialects, which differ from village…

Johann Peter Melchior: …great German porcelain factory at Höchst. As a child he showed an interest in drawing, painting, and sculpture, and a relative apprenticed him to a sculptor in Düsseldorf. He became sufficiently well known to be named Modellmeister at the Höchst factory, a position he held from 1767 to 1779.

Kathy Hochul is an American politician and attorney who has served as the governor of New York since 2021. She is the state’s first female governor. Hochul previously served as Erie county clerk (2007–11), U.S. representative for New York’s 26th congressional district (2011–13), and lieutenant

Kathy Hochul is an American politician and attorney who has served as the governor of New York since 2021. She is the state’s first female governor. Hochul previously served as Erie county clerk (2007–11), U.S. representative for New York’s 26th congressional district (2011–13), and lieutenant

Joseph Olbrich: He also designed the Hochzeitsturm (1907; Marriage Tower) at Darmstadt, which had rounded, fingerlike projections on its roof suggestive of Art Nouveau but also had bands of windows denoting a distinctly modern trend.

hocket, in medieval polyphonic (multipart) music, the device of alternating between parts, single notes, or groups of notes. The result is a more or less continuous flow with one voice resting while the other voice sounds. The hocket was a popular device in the motet and the cantilena (vernacular

Toronto: Cultural life: …is the home of the Hockey Hall of Fame.

ice hockey: …a vulcanized rubber disk, the puck, past a goal line and into a net guarded by a goaltender, or goalie. With its speed and its frequent physical contact, ice hockey has become one of the most popular of international sports. The game is an Olympic sport, and worldwide there are…

ice hockey: Rink and equipment: Hockey sticks, once made from wood, are now formed from a variety of materials. Rules are enforced limiting the size of the stick and the curvature of its blade. Forwards and defensemen wear the same type of skates, but goaltenders have flatter blades because they…

Hocktide play: …play had its beginnings in hocking, a still older custom of the folk festivals. On Hock Monday women went out with ropes, hocking, or capturing, any man they met and exacting a forfeit. Men were allowed to retaliate in kind on Hock Tuesday. The forfeit money seems to have been…

religious experience: Study and evaluation: …as William James, Josiah Royce, William E. Hocking, and Wilbur M. Urban represented an idealist tradition in interpreting religion, stressing the concepts of purpose, value, and meaning as essential for understanding the nature of God. Naturalist philosophers, of whom John Dewey was typical, have focused on the “religious” as a…

David Hockney is an English painter, draftsman, printmaker, photographer, and stage designer whose works are characterized by economy of technique, a preoccupation with light, and a frank mundane realism derived from Pop art and photography. He studied at the Bradford College of Art (1953–57) and

Hocktide play, a folk play formerly given at Coventry, Eng., on Hock Tuesday (the second Tuesday after Easter). The play was suppressed at the Protestant Reformation because of disorders attendant on it but was revived for the entertainment of Queen Elizabeth I at the Kenilworth Revels in 1575. As

hocket, in medieval polyphonic (multipart) music, the device of alternating between parts, single notes, or groups of notes. The result is a more or less continuous flow with one voice resting while the other voice sounds. The hocket was a popular device in the motet and the cantilena (vernacular

Bette Midler: …included For the Boys (1991), Hocus Pocus (1993), The First Wives Club (1996), and The Stepford Wives (2004). She also released the albums Some People’s Lives (1990), which features one of her biggest hits, “From a Distance”; Bette of Roses (1995); and Bette (2000).

Kurt Vonnegut: …autobiography of an aging painter; Hocus Pocus (1990), about a college professor turned prison warden; and Timequake (1997), a loosely structured meditation on free will.

Bette Midler: …role as a witch in Hocus Pocus 2 (2022), a sequel to the 1993 cult classic. Midler’s albums from this time included It’s the Girls! (2014), a collection of pop classics by such female groups as the Supremes and the Shirelles. Midler was the recipient of a lifetime achievement award…

Balder: The blind god Höd, deceived by the evil Loki, killed Balder by hurling mistletoe, the only thing that could hurt him. After Balder’s funeral, the giantess Thökk, probably Loki in disguise, refused to weep the tears that would release Balder from death.

biblical literature: Hodayot: …modern Hebrew name for the Thanksgiving Psalms. This scroll contains sectarian hymns of praise to God. In its view of the fleshly nature of man, who can be justified only by God’s undeserved grace, it resembles St. Paul’s approach to the same problem. Some scholars think that the work, or…

Madonna: …Madonna and Child enthroned; the hodēgētria (“she who points the way”), showing a standing Virgin holding the Child on her left arm; and the blacherniotissa (from the Church of the Blachernes, which contains the icon that is its prototype), which emphasizes her role as intercessor, showing her alone in an…

Hodeidah, city, western Yemen. It is situated on the Tihāmah coastal plain that borders the Red Sea. It is one of the country’s chief ports and has modern facilities. Hodeidah, first mentioned in Islamic chronicles in 1454/55, became important in the 1520s when the Yemeni Tihāmah was taken by the

Hodeidah, city, western Yemen. It is situated on the Tihāmah coastal plain that borders the Red Sea. It is one of the country’s chief ports and has modern facilities. Hodeidah, first mentioned in Islamic chronicles in 1454/55, became important in the 1520s when the Yemeni Tihāmah was taken by the

Jo Nesbø: …and the novels Hodejegerne (2009; Headhunters; film 2011), Sønnen (2014; The Son), and Kongeriket (2020; The Kingdom). Blod på snø (2015; Blood on Snow) and Mere blod (2015; Midnight Sun) are linked crime thrillers set in 1970s Norway. Macbeth (2018), a retelling of Shakespeare’s classic play, was written for the…

Art Hodes was an American jazz and blues pianist known for the emotional commitment of his playing. He is regarded by many critics as the greatest white blues pianist, and he was also a noted composer, jazz writer, historian, and teacher. Hodes’s Ukrainian family came to the United States in 1905

Sabbath: Ha-Ḥodesh (“the month”) falls shortly before Passover; the text is from Exodus 12:1–20. These four Sabbaths are known by the collective Hebrew name arbaʿ parashiyyot (“four [Bible] readings”). The Sabbath that immediately precedes Passover is called Shabbat ha-Gadol (“great Sabbath”).

Hodge conjecture, in algebraic geometry, assertion that for certain “nice” spaces (projective algebraic varieties), their complicated shapes can be covered (approximated) by a collection of simpler geometric pieces called algebraic cycles. The conjecture was first formulated by British

Charles Hodge was a conservative American biblical scholar and a leader of the “Princeton School” of Reformed, or Calvinist, theology. Hodge graduated from Princeton University in 1815. He became professor of biblical literature at Princeton Theological Seminary in 1822 and professor of theology in

20th-century international relations: The Korean War: In South Korea General John R. Hodge, lacking firm instructions from Washington, began as early as the autumn of 1945 to establish defense forces and police and to move toward a separate administration. He also permitted the return of the nationalist leader Syngman Rhee. By the time Washington and…

Sir William Hodge was a British mathematician known for his work in algebraic geometry and his formulation of the Hodge conjecture. Hodge graduated from the University of Edinburgh with a degree in mathematics in 1923. He went on to further studies in mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and

Sir William Hodge was a British mathematician known for his work in algebraic geometry and his formulation of the Hodge conjecture. Hodge graduated from the University of Edinburgh with a degree in mathematics in 1923. He went on to further studies in mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and

Hodgenville, city, seat (1843) of Larue county, central Kentucky, U.S. It lies along the Nolin River just southeast of Elizabethtown. The area was settled in 1789 by Robert Hodgen, who moved there from Pennsylvania and erected a mill and tavern. The city is now an agricultural trading centre (beef,

children’s literature: Historical fiction: Felton), C. Walter Hodges, Hester Burton, Mary Ray, Naomi Mitchison, and K.M. Peyton, whose “Flambards” series is a kind of Edwardian historical family chronicle. Leon Garfield, though not working with historical characters, created strange picaresque tales that gave children a thrilling, often chilling insight into the…

Courtney Hicks Hodges was an American army officer who led the First Army across western Europe in 1944–45 during World War II. Hodges enlisted in the army in 1906 as a private and earned a commission as a second lieutenant in 1909. He was with General John J. Pershing’s punitive expedition into

New York Mets: …bygone era—over-the-hill veterans such as Gil Hodges, Duke Snider, and Yogi Berra—coached by Casey Stengel, the Yankees manager during their string of five consecutive World Series championships (1949–53). This nostalgic effort did not translate into success on the field, and the team earned the nickname “Lovable Losers,” losing a record…

Johnny Hodges was an American jazz saxophonist who was a featured soloist in Duke Ellington’s orchestra. Renowned for the beauty of his tone and his mastery of ballads, Hodges was among the most influential sax players in the history of jazz. Initially Hodges was a self-taught musician, playing

Johnny Hodges was an American jazz saxophonist who was a featured soloist in Duke Ellington’s orchestra. Renowned for the beauty of his tone and his mastery of ballads, Hodges was among the most influential sax players in the history of jazz. Initially Hodges was a self-taught musician, playing

Canadian literature: Fiction: Jack Hodgins maps a surreal island world in The Invention of the World (1977) and The Macken Charm (1995), mock-epics that both feature larger-than-life, eccentric characters and tell a colourful history of Vancouver Island. Fascinated by the imprint of the past on present lives, Jane…

Hodgkin lymphoma, an uncommon cancer of the lymphatic system (malignant lymphoma) that usually strikes young adults and people 55 years of age or older. Most patients can be cured if the disease is detected in its early stages, but even those with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma have a significant chance

Hodgkin lymphoma, an uncommon cancer of the lymphatic system (malignant lymphoma) that usually strikes young adults and people 55 years of age or older. Most patients can be cured if the disease is detected in its early stages, but even those with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma have a significant chance

Dorothy Hodgkin was an English chemist whose determination of the structure of penicillin and vitamin B12 brought her the 1964 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Dorothy Crowfoot was the eldest of four sisters whose parents, John and Grace Mary Crowfoot, worked in North Africa and the Middle East in

Dorothy Hodgkin was an English chemist whose determination of the structure of penicillin and vitamin B12 brought her the 1964 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Dorothy Crowfoot was the eldest of four sisters whose parents, John and Grace Mary Crowfoot, worked in North Africa and the Middle East in

Sir Alan Hodgkin was an English physiologist and biophysicist, who received (with Andrew Fielding Huxley and Sir John Eccles) the 1963 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the chemical processes responsible for the passage of impulses along individual nerve fibres. Hodgkin

Sir Alan Hodgkin was an English physiologist and biophysicist, who received (with Andrew Fielding Huxley and Sir John Eccles) the 1963 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the chemical processes responsible for the passage of impulses along individual nerve fibres. Hodgkin

Thomas Hodgkin was an English physician who early described (1832) the malignant disease of lymph tissue that bears his name. Educated at the University of Edinburgh, Hodgkin was an associate of the eminent physicians Richard Bright and Thomas Addison at Guy’s Hospital, London. His achievements in

Eaton Hodgkinson: …the eventual design of the I-beam, also known as the “Hodgkinson’s beam.”

Eaton Hodgkinson was an English mathematician and civil engineer. From 1847, he taught at University College in London. He researched the strength of materials, including cast iron and developed a concept for determining the neutral line (where stress changes from tension to compression) in a beam

Eleanor Hodgman Porter was an American novelist, creator of the Pollyanna series of books that generated a popular phenomenon. Hodgman studied singing at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. She gained a local reputation as a singer in concerts and church choirs and continued her

Frances Hodgson Burnett was an American playwright and author who wrote the popular novel Little Lord Fauntleroy. Frances Hodgson grew up in increasingly straitened circumstances after the death of her father in 1854. In 1865 the family immigrated to the United States and settled in New Market,

George Hodgson was a Canadian swimmer who won two gold medals at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm and set several world records. Hodgson was undefeated in three years of international swimming competition. His 1912 world record time of 22 min in the 1,500-metre freestyle remained unbroken for 11

Ralph Hodgson was a poet noted for simple and mystical lyrics that express a love of nature and a concern for modern man’s progressive alienation from it. While working as a journalist in London and later as the editor of Fry’s Magazine, Hodgson belonged to the loosely connected group of poets

Mauritania: Settlement patterns: In the southeast the vast Hodh Basin, with its dunes, sandstone plateaus, and immense regs, is a major livestock-raising region, the economy of which has many links with neighbouring Mali.

Sam Wood: Later films: …deadly mission, and Walter Pidgeon, John Hodiak, and Van Johnson appeared in supporting roles. The Stratton Story (1949) was a fine biopic about the baseball player Monty Stratton, who overcame the loss of one leg; James Stewart played the title role, and June Allyson was Stratton’s wife. Finally, there was…

Enver Hoxha was the first communist chief of state of Albania. As that country’s ruler for 40 years after World War II, he forced its transformation from a semifeudal relic of the Ottoman Empire into an industrialized economy with the most tightly controlled society in Europe. Hoxha, the son of a

Ferdinand Hodler was one of the most important Swiss painters of the late 19th and early 20th century. He was orphaned at the age of 12 and studied first at Thun under an artist who painted landscapes for tourists. After 1872, however, he worked in a more congenial atmosphere at Geneva, under

Chott el-Hodna, shallow saline lake in north-central Algeria. It is separated from the Tell Atlas to the north by the Hodna Mountains. The lake occupies the bottom of an arid depression (elevation of 1,280 feet [390 m]) in the Hodna Plain and serves as an interior drainage basin. Owing to the

name: Categories of names: …and the like are called hodonymy; names of bodies of water, hydronymy; and names of mountains, oronymy. Additional terms are not generally used (though one occasionally hears words like chrematonymy—names of things).

William Stephen Raikes Hodson was a British cavalry leader in India, whose reputation was clouded by charges of fraud and mistreatment. Hodson joined the British Army in India at age 23 and served through the First Sikh War (1845–46) in the Bengal grenadiers. As adjutant of the Guides, he played an

Polish National Catholic Church: History: Franciszek Hodur (1866–1953). They launched a petition calling for ownership by Polish parishes of property built by their members, parishwide elections of administrators of such property, and no appointment by bishops of non-Polish priests to such parishes without the consent of the parishioners. Excommunication followed.…

Czechoslovak history: The establishment of the republic: …Slovak parties, the Agrarians under Milan Hodža and the Social Democrats under Ivan Dérer. The strongest single party in Czechoslovakia’s opening period, the Social Democracy, was split in 1920 by internal struggles; in 1921 its left wing constituted itself as the Czechoslovak section of the Comintern (Third International). After the…

hoe, one of the oldest tools of agriculture, a digging implement consisting of a blade set at a right angle to a long handle. The blade of the modern hoe is metal and the handle of wood; earlier versions, including the picklike mattock, had stone or wooden blades; the digging stick, precursor of

Richard March Hoe was an American inventor who developed and manufactured the first successful rotary printing press. He was the son of Robert Hoe (1784–1833), an English-born American mechanic, who, with his brothers-in-law Peter and Matthew Smith, established a factory for the production of

Robert Hoe was an American printing-press manufacturer who, as head (1823–33) of R. Hoe and Company, bought (1827) and improved Samuel Rust’s patent for a wrought-iron framed printing press and successfully manufactured it as the “Washington” press. Hoe emigrated to the United States in 1803 and

cornbread: The simplest are hoecakes, a mixture of cornmeal, water, and salt, so named because they were originally baked on the flat of a hoe over a wood fire. Johnnycakes and corn pone are somewhat thicker cakes that may have added ingredients such as fat or wheat flour. Spoonbread,…

Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, former German chemical concern founded in 1863 in the Höchst quarter of Frankfurt am Main. Originally a producer of dyestuffs, it had become, by the late 20th century, one of the world’s largest producers of pharmaceuticals. In 1999 it merged with French pharmaceutical

Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, former German chemical concern founded in 1863 in the Höchst quarter of Frankfurt am Main. Originally a producer of dyestuffs, it had become, by the late 20th century, one of the world’s largest producers of pharmaceuticals. In 1999 it merged with French pharmaceutical

encyclopaedia: Biography: …two further efforts of note: J.C.F. Hoefer compiled the Nouvelle Biographie générale (1852–66; “New General Biography”), and J.F. Michaud was responsible for the Biographie universelle (1811–62; “Universal Biography”). These two great works were to a certain extent competitive, which helped to improve their coverage and content; they are still used…

Norman Foster was an American film and television director best known for many of the Mr. Moto and Charlie Chan mystery films of the 1930s and ’40s and the popular Disney television shows about frontiersman Davy Crockett in 1954–55. Foster began his show-business career as a stage actor in the

civil war: Economic causes of civil war: …British economists Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler argued that low overall income makes it easier to mobilize insurgencies, since potential recruits have less to lose in foregone income from normal economic activities. The American political scientists James Fearon and David Laitin claimed that civil war is primarily a problem of…

Peter Høeg is a Danish author best known for his award-winning novel Frøken Smillas fornemmelse for sne (1992; Smilla’s Sense of Snow, U.K. title Miss Smilla’s Feeling for Snow), a thriller that concerns the investigation into the death of a young boy. In 1984 Høeg earned a master’s degree in

Ove Høegh-Guldberg was a Danish statesman who was a powerful minister during the reign of the mentally unstable king Christian VII. Høegh-Guldberg was of humble background. He earned a theology degree in 1753, and in 1761 became professor of rhetoric at Sorø academy. He was appointed tutor to

harbours and sea works: The Delta Plan: …the New Waterway from the Hook of Holland.

Holland: …between factions known as the Hooks (Hoeken) and the Cods (Kabeljauwen), who came to represent rival aristocratic and middle-class parties, respectively. The issue was finally settled with the intervention of the house of Wittelsbach, whose members served as counts of Holland, Zeeland, and Hainaut until forced to give up the…

Holland: …between factions known as the Hooks (Hoeken) and the Cods (Kabeljauwen), who came to represent rival aristocratic and middle-class parties, respectively. The issue was finally settled with the intervention of the house of Wittelsbach, whose members served as counts of Holland, Zeeland, and Hainaut until forced to give up the…

Halvor Hoel was a peasant agitator who influenced peasant opinion against Norway’s early 19th-century political leaders. A member of a wealthy peasant family, Hoel opposed the upper-class, urban-dominated parliamentary government established in Norway in 1814; particularly, he attacked its fiscal

Sigurd Hoel was a novelist who is considered most representative of the interwar generation of fiction writers in Norway. He was the first Norwegian writer of fiction to be directly influenced by psychoanalysis. Hoel discontinued his training as a mathematics teacher when he won a Scandinavian

Bayern Munich: …outstanding German players, such as Uli Hoeness and Paul Breitner, Bayern began accumulating trophies at a remarkable rate. It won the European Cup Winners’ Cup in 1967, its first Bundesliga title in 1968–69, the Intercontinental Cup in 1976, and three European Cups (now known as the Champions League) in a…

Vanir: …with the Aesir and received Hoenir and Mimir in exchange. The birth of the poet-god Kvasir resulted from the peace ritual in which the two races mingled their saliva in the same vessel.

Robert Noyce: Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation and the integrated circuit: In 1958 Jean Hoerni, another Fairchild Semiconductor founder, engineered a process to place a layer of silicon oxide on top of transistors, sealing out dirt, dust, and other contaminants. For Noyce, Hoerni’s process made a fundamental innovation possible. At that time, Fairchild produced transistors and other elements…

Hannah Van Buren was the wife of Martin Van Buren, eighth president of the United States. She died 18 years before her husband was sworn in as president and so did not serve as first lady. Hannah Hoes and Martin Van Buren were distant cousins and childhood sweethearts. They married in 1807, after

Wolter Robert, baron van Hoëvell was a statesman and member of the Dutch Parliament who was largely responsible for ending the exploitive colonial Culture System, which extracted wealth from the Dutch East Indies from 1830 to about 1860, and who advocated replacing autocratic, arbitrary control of

John Hoeven is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 2010 and began representing North Dakota in that body the following year. He previously served as governor of the state (2000–10). After graduating from Dartmouth College (B.A., 1979), Hoeven attended

John Hoeven is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 2010 and began representing North Dakota in that body the following year. He previously served as governor of the state (2000–10). After graduating from Dartmouth College (B.A., 1979), Hoeven attended

Germanic religion and mythology: Worship: The word hof, commonly applied to temples in the literature of Iceland, seems to belong to the later rather than to the earlier period. A detailed description of a hof is given in one of the sagas. The temple consisted of two compartments, perhaps analogous to the…

Denmark: The monarchy: In addition, a parliament, the hof, was established by the high prelates and aristocrats as a check against royal misuse of power; it met at short intervals and also functioned as the highest court. After Valdemar II’s death, peace and stability disintegrated. Power disputes culminated in two instances of regicide:…

Saint Clement Mary Hofbauer was canonized on May 20, 1909; his feast day is March 15 and he is the patron saint of Vienna. The son of a butcher, Hofbauer worked as a butcher until 1780. Educated at Vienna University and ordained in 1785, he was authorized to establish Redemptorist monasteries in

Hofburg, vast complex of buildings in the center of Vienna, Austria, that was the former imperial palace and winter palace of the Habsburg dynasty and has been since 1946 the official residence and office of the president of Austria. There are buildings within the complex dating from the 13th

fishing: Big-game fishing: …with an internal drag by Julius von Hofe of Brooklyn, New York, in 1913. Big-game anglers fish from “fighting seats” into which they can be strapped. Rods are massive, and the butts fit into a socket mounted on the chair. Reels are large, and the line is usually of Dacron…

radical: Unstable radicals: Hofeditz in 1929 by the following experiment. The vapours of tetramethyllead, Pb(CH3)4, mixed with gaseous hydrogen, H2, were passed through a silica tube at low pressure. When a portion of the tube was heated to about 800° C, the tetramethyllead was decomposed and a mirror…

Andreas Hofer was a Tirolese patriot, military leader, and popular hero who fought Napoleonic France and Bavaria for two years (1809–10) in an attempt to keep his homeland under Austrian rule. Hofer was an innkeeper, wine merchant, and cattle dealer and was intensely loyal to the Austrian house of

Neue Künstlervereinigung: Alfred Kubin, Marianne von Werefkin, Karl Hofer, and several other artists. The works exhibited, which reflected primarily the newer styles of Jugendstil and Fauvism, were not favourably received by the critics or the public.

Jacobus Henricus van ’t Hoff was a Dutch physical chemist and the first winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1901), for his work on rates of chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium, and osmotic pressure. Van ’t Hoff was the son of a physician and among the first generation to benefit from the

computer: The Intel 4004: Three Intel engineers—Federico Faggin, Marcian (“Ted”) Hoff, and Stan Mazor—considered the request of the Japanese firm and proposed a more versatile design.

computer: The Intel 4004: Three Intel engineers—Federico Faggin, Marcian (“Ted”) Hoff, and Stan Mazor—considered the request of the Japanese firm and proposed a more versatile design.

Danny DeVito: Career: …Roses (1989), the crime biopic Hoffa (1992), and the dark comedy Throw Momma from the Train (1987). In 1992 DeVito, along with Perlman and American producer Michael Shamberg, cofounded the production company Jersey Films, which produced movies such as the fantasy comedy Matilda (1996; also directed by DeVito), the Andy…

James P. Hoffa is an American labour leader who served as general president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) from 1998 to 2022. He is the son of former Teamsters president Jimmy Hoffa. On his 18th birthday Hoffa was sworn in as a Teamster by his father. He studied economics at

James P. Hoffa is an American labour leader who served as general president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) from 1998 to 2022. He is the son of former Teamsters president Jimmy Hoffa. On his 18th birthday Hoffa was sworn in as a Teamster by his father. He studied economics at

Jimmy Hoffa was an American labour leader who served as president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters from 1957 to 1971 and was one of the most controversial labour organizers of his time. The son of an Indiana coal miner who died when Hoffa was seven, Hoffa moved with his family to

Jimmy Hoffa was an American labour leader who served as president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters from 1957 to 1971 and was one of the most controversial labour organizers of his time. The son of an Indiana coal miner who died when Hoffa was seven, Hoffa moved with his family to

Fred Allen: He married a fellow performer, Portland Hoffa (1906–90), and during the 1920s appeared in a number of revues, such as The Passing Show, the Little Show, and Three’s a Crowd.