economic development: Growth economics and development economics: …this can be expressed (the Harrod–Domar growth equation) as follows: the growth in total output (g) will be equal to the savings ratio (s) divided by the capital–output ratio (k); i.e., g = s k . Thus, suppose that 12 percent of total output is saved annually and that three…

Harrods, renowned department store in London. It is located on Brompton Road, south of Hyde Park, in the borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Henry Charles Harrod founded it as a grocery store in 1849. The enterprise expanded in the late 1800s, and many new departments were added. The store’s owners

Harrodsburg, city, seat of Mercer county, central Kentucky, U.S., near the Salt River, in the Bluegrass region, 32 miles (51 km) southwest of Lexington. The oldest permanent settlement west of the Alleghenies, it was founded in 1774 on the Wilderness Road as Harrodstown (later Oldtown, then

Harrodsburg, city, seat of Mercer county, central Kentucky, U.S., near the Salt River, in the Bluegrass region, 32 miles (51 km) southwest of Lexington. The oldest permanent settlement west of the Alleghenies, it was founded in 1774 on the Wilderness Road as Harrodstown (later Oldtown, then

Harrogate, town and borough (district), administrative county of North Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, northern England. Besides the town of Harrogate, the borough includes an extensive rural area, the market town of Knaresborough, and the ancient cathedral city of Ripon. Harrogate town is

Harrogate: Harrogate town is the administrative centre of the borough.

Tahar Ben Jelloun: His first novel was Harrouda (1973), an erotic poetic evocation of infancy, youth, and coming to manhood in Fès and Tangier.

Indianapolis 500: In 1911 American Ray Harroun won the first 500 in about 6 hours 42 minutes with an average speed of 74.6 miles (120.1 km) per hour; he received winnings of $14,250. By the race’s ninth decade, the winner’s average speed typically exceeded 160 miles (257 km) per hour—with…

harrow, farm implement used to pulverize soil, break up crop residues, uproot weeds, and cover seed. In Neolithic times, soil was harrowed, or cultivated, with tree branches; shaped wooden harrows were used by the Egyptians and other ancient peoples, and the Romans made harrows with iron teeth.

Harrow, outer borough of London, England, forming part of the northwestern perimeter of the metropolis. It is in the historic county of Middlesex. Previously a municipal borough, Harrow became a London borough in 1965. It includes (from northwest to southeast) the areas of Pinner Green, Hatch End,

plow: Plow types: Disk tillers, also called harrow plows or one-way disk plows, usually consist of a gang of many disks mounted on one axle (see harrow). Used after grain harvest, they usually leave some stubble to help reduce wind erosion and often have seeding equipment. Two-way (reversible)…

Harrow School, educational institution for boys in Harrow, London. It is one of the foremost public (i.e., independent) schools of England and one of the most prestigious. Generally between 700 and 800 students reside and study there. Its founder, John Lyon (d. 1592), was a yeoman of neighbouring

alunogen: …hairlike sulfate minerals were called Haarsalz (“hair salts”). For detailed physical properties, see sulfate mineral (table).

Meghan, duchess of Sussex: …year the highly anticipated docuseries Harry & Meghan aired on Netflix. A candid look at their relationship, it chronicled the couple’s courtship, marriage, and decision to step back from their royal duties. The docuseries also highlighted Harry and Meghan’s struggles with the news media.

Paul Newman: Directing: Harry & Son (1984) featured Newman and Robby Benson as a widowed father and his unsympathetic son, respectively. However, the dynamics were less than convincing, despite a screenplay cowritten by Newman. In 1987 Newman directed his last film, The Glass Menagerie, which was a tasteful…

Paul Mazursky: Directing: Harry and Tonto (1974), however, was a critical and commercial success. The sentimental comedy centred on a 72-year-old retired college professor (Art Carney) who sets off with his cat, Tonto, on a cross-country bus trip to visit his daughter (Burstyn) in Chicago and his son…

Mark Rydell: Harry and Walter Go to New York (1976) was a strained comedy starring Caan and Elliott Gould as a pair of unsuccessful vaudeville performers who decide to become bank robbers.

World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), interdisciplinary professional association founded in 1978 to improve understandings of gender identities and to standardize treatment of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people. WPATH was formed by Doctor Harry

Michael Caine: …a pensioner turned vigilante in Harry Brown (2009) and as the mentor to a corporate spy (played by Leonardo DiCaprio) in Nolan’s science-fiction thriller Inception (2010). Caine then provided voices for the animated films Gnomeo & Juliet (2011) and its sequel, Sherlock Gnomes (2018), and Cars 2 (2011). He played

George MacDonald Fraser: …novels about the exploits of Harry Flashman, a hard-drinking, womanizing, and vain character depicted as playing a leading role in many major events of the 19th century.

Even a superficial reading of this article and its bibliography, written by the magician Harry Houdini for the 13th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1926), conveys the inescapable conclusion that Houdini’s view of the topic was focused on two matters. The first was the debunking of the

Whatever you call it, MPT revolutionized finance.In the 1950s, a new crop of statisticians at Bell Laboratories, the RAND Corporation, and several universities wanted to use burgeoning computer power for analysis. They found that stock market data was comprehensive enough to analyze thoroughly, and

Prince Harry, duke of Sussex is the duke of Sussex and the younger son of Charles III and Diana, princess of Wales. Because of Princess Diana’s desire that Harry and his elder brother, Prince William, experience the world beyond royal privilege, she took them as boys on public transportation and to

Radiohead: …released the 2009 single “Harry Patch (In Memory Of),” a tribute to one of Britain’s last surviving World War I veterans.

Alan Rickman: …who evolves over the eight Harry Potter movies (2001–11) from young Harry’s bullying teacher into an unexpectedly heroic ally.

J.K. Rowling: Harry Potter and success: Succeeding volumes—Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003), and Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005)—also were best sellers, available…

Kenneth Branagh: …in Rabbit-Proof Fence (2002) and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), a film adaptation of J.K. Rowling’s popular children’s book. His appearance as Olivier in My Week with Marilyn (2011), which dramatized events behind the scenes of the 1957 film The Prince and the Showgirl, earned him an…

Harry Potter: Series summary: …story continued in the play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, which premiered in 2016. In the production, which was based on a story cowritten by Rowling, Harry is married to Ginny Weasley, and they are the parents of James Sirius, Albus Severus, and Lily Luna. Although working for the…

J.K. Rowling: Harry Potter and success: …final novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released in 2007.

Daniel Radcliffe: Early life and Harry Potter: …and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (2010), and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011).

Jim Broadbent: …popular Harry Potter films (2009, 2011). He later played the psychiatrist of a devious bipolar police officer in Filth (2013) and a police detective in the television miniseries The Great Train Robbery (2013), about the famous British heist that occurred in 1963.

Harry Potter: Series summary: In the fourth volume, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000), Voldemort regains his body and former strength through a magic ritual, and thereafter his army greatly increases in number. Harry and those who side with him—including some of his teachers, several classmates, and other members of the…

Daniel Radcliffe: Early life and Harry Potter: …the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (2010), and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011).

J.K. Rowling: Harry Potter and success: …of the Phoenix (2003), and Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005)—also were best sellers, available in more than 200 countries and some 60 languages. The seventh and final novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released in 2007.

Jim Broadbent: …popular Harry Potter films (2009, 2011). He later played the psychiatrist of a devious bipolar police officer in Filth (2013) and a police detective in the television miniseries The Great Train Robbery (2013), about the famous British heist that occurred in 1963.

Daniel Radcliffe: Early life and Harry Potter: …the Goblet of Fire (2005), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (2010), and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011).

J.K. Rowling: Harry Potter and success: …the Goblet of Fire (2000), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003), and Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005)—also were best sellers, available in more than 200 countries and some 60 languages. The seventh and final novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was…

Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, the first novel in the immensely popular Harry Potter series by British writer J.K. Rowling. It was first published in Britain in 1997 and appeared in the United States the following year under the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. The book’s

Alnwick Castle: …the early movies of the Harry Potter series.

John Williams: From jazz pianist to film composer: Potter films (2001, 2002, and 2004). He also composed themes for some of the NBC network’s news programs and for the 1984, 1988, 1996, and 2002 Olympic Games. He was known especially for his lush symphonic style, which helped bring symphonic film scores back into vogue after synthesizers had started…

J.K. Rowling: Harry Potter and success: …the Chamber of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003), and Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005)—also were best sellers, available in more than 200 countries and some 60…

Alnwick Castle: …the early movies of the Harry Potter series.

Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, the first novel in the immensely popular Harry Potter series by British writer J.K. Rowling. It was first published in Britain in 1997 and appeared in the United States the following year under the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. The book’s

Lake of the Ozarks: The Harry S. Truman Dam and Reservoir began operation in 1979 and impounds the Osage and Grand rivers to extend facilities at the lake’s western end.

Bess Truman: …beside her husband at the Harry S. Truman Library and Museum in Independence. For his unpretentious wife, he had already specified her epitaph: First Lady of the U.S., 1945–1953.

Harry The Minstrel was the author of the Scottish historical romance The Acts and Deeds of the Illustrious and Valiant Champion Sir William Wallace, Knight of Elderslie, which is preserved in a manuscript dated 1488. He has been traditionally identified with the Blind Harry named among others in

Harry Styles: His follow-up, Harry’s House (2022), was also a critical and commercial hit. It won three Grammys, including album of the year and best pop vocal album.

Blondie: …formed in 1974 by vocalist Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein. The pair—also longtime romantic partners—recruited drummer Clem Burke, bassist Gary Valentine, and keyboardist Jimmy Destri. Later members included bassist Nigel Harrison and guitarist

Blondie: …formed in 1974 by vocalist Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein. The pair—also longtime romantic partners—recruited drummer Clem Burke, bassist Gary Valentine, and keyboardist Jimmy Destri. Later members included bassist Nigel Harrison and guitarist

Prince Harry, duke of Sussex is the duke of Sussex and the younger son of Charles III and Diana, princess of Wales. Because of Princess Diana’s desire that Harry and his elder brother, Prince William, experience the world beyond royal privilege, she took them as boys on public transportation and to

Ray Harryhausen was an American filmmaker best known for his pioneering use of stop-motion animation effects. Harryhausen grew up in Los Angeles, acquiring a love of dinosaurs and fantasy at a young age. His parents encouraged his interests in films and in models, and he was inspired by the

Ray Harryhausen was an American filmmaker best known for his pioneering use of stop-motion animation effects. Harryhausen grew up in Los Angeles, acquiring a love of dinosaurs and fantasy at a young age. His parents encouraged his interests in films and in models, and he was inspired by the

Harsha was the ruler of a large empire in northern India from 606 to 647 ce. He was a Buddhist convert in a Hindu era. His reign seemed to mark a transition from the ancient to the medieval period, when decentralized regional empires continually struggled for hegemony. The second son of

chronology: Reckonings dated from a historical event: … 395), founded by Aṃśuvarman; the Harṣa era (ad 606), founded by Harṣa (Harṣavardhana), long preserved also in Nepal; the western Cālukya era (ad 1075), founded by Vikramāditya VI and fallen into disuse after 1162; the Lakṣmaṇa era (ad 1119), wrongly said to have been founded by the king Lakṣmaṇasena of…

John C. Harsanyi was a Hungarian-American economist who shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics with John F. Nash and Reinhard Selten for helping to develop game theory, a branch of mathematics that attempts to analyze situations involving conflicting interests and to formulate appropriate

John C. Harsanyi was a Hungarian-American economist who shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics with John F. Nash and Reinhard Selten for helping to develop game theory, a branch of mathematics that attempts to analyze situations involving conflicting interests and to formulate appropriate

Georg Philipp Harsdörfer was a German poet and theorist of the Baroque movement who wrote more than 47 volumes of poetry and prose and, with Johann Klaj (Clajus), founded the most famous of the numerous Baroque literary societies, the Pegnesischer Blumenorden (“Pegnitz Order of Flowers”). Of

Western architecture: Scandinavia and Finland: In Denmark, Jardin’s pupil Caspar Frederik Harsdorff built the austere royal mortuary chapel of Frederick V in Roskilde Cathedral (1774–79), while in Sweden Desprez was responsible for the Botanical Institute in Uppsala (1791–1807), with a Greek Doric portico. The Danish architect Christian Frederik Hansen, a pupil of Harsdorff, turned…

Georg Philipp Harsdörfer was a German poet and theorist of the Baroque movement who wrote more than 47 volumes of poetry and prose and, with Johann Klaj (Clajus), founded the most famous of the numerous Baroque literary societies, the Pegnesischer Blumenorden (“Pegnitz Order of Flowers”). Of

Harsha was the ruler of a large empire in northern India from 606 to 647 ce. He was a Buddhist convert in a Hindu era. His reign seemed to mark a transition from the ancient to the medieval period, when decentralized regional empires continually struggled for hegemony. The second son of

Harsha: …the works of Bana, whose Harṣacarita (“Deeds of Harsha”) describes Harsha’s early career, and of the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang, who became a personal friend of the king, though his opinions are questionable because of his strong Buddhist ties with Harsha. Xuanzang depicts the emperor as a convinced Mahayana Buddhist, though…

South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: North Indian style of Rājasthān: The ruined Harshat Mātā temple at Ābānerī, of a slightly later date (c. 800), was erected on three stepped terraces of great size and is remarkable for the exquisite quality of the carving. Some of the finest temples of the style date from the 10th century, the…

Harsha was the ruler of a large empire in northern India from 606 to 647 ce. He was a Buddhist convert in a Hindu era. His reign seemed to mark a transition from the ancient to the medieval period, when decentralized regional empires continually struggled for hegemony. The second son of

South Arabian languages: Ḥarsūsī, and Baṭḥarī on the Arabian shore of the Indian Ocean and Soqoṭrī on Socotra. Ḥarsūsī has been influenced by Arabic, a northern Arabian language, to a greater extent than have the other dialects. These languages lack a tradition of writing, and thus almost nothing…

Hart, district, administrative and historic county of Hampshire, southern England. It occupies an area in the northeastern part of the county and lies south of the unitary authority of Reading. Fleet, in the eastern part of the district, is the administrative centre. The district is drained by the

Hart brothers, brothers who, as critics and writers, were key figures of the Berlin group that introduced Naturalism into German literature. In Berlin, Heinrich Hart (b. Dec. 30, 1855, Wesel, Westphalia [Germany]—d. June 11, 1906, Tecklenburg, Ger.) and Julius Hart (b. April 9, 1859, Münster,

Jean Béliveau: … as leading scorer (1956), the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (1956, 1964), and the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the play-offs (1965). He also participated in 13 All-Star Games and was named the league’s All-Star centre six times.

Jean Béliveau: … as leading scorer (1956), the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (1956, 1964), and the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the play-offs (1965). He also participated in 13 All-Star Games and was named the league’s All-Star centre six times.

Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps was a 19th-century American educator and writer who strove to raise the academic standards of education for girls. Almira Hart was a younger sister of Emma Hart Willard. She was educated at home, in district schools, for a time by Emma, and in 1812 at an academy in

Charles Hart was an English actor, probably the son of the actor William Hart, nephew of William Shakespeare. Hart is first heard of as playing women’s parts at Blackfriars Theatre, London, as an apprentice. During the Commonwealth he played surreptitiously at the Cockpit, Holland House, and other

William C. Quantrill was the captain of a guerrilla band irregularly attached to the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, notorious for the sacking of the free-state stronghold of Lawrence, Kan. (Aug. 21, 1863), in which at least 150 people were burned or shot to death. Growing up in

Emma, Lady Hamilton was the mistress of the British naval hero Admiral Horatio (afterward Viscount) Nelson. The daughter of a blacksmith, she was calling herself Emily Hart when, in 1781, she began to live with Charles Francis Greville, nephew of her future husband, Sir William Hamilton, British

Emma Willard was an American educator whose work in women’s education, particularly as founder of the Troy Female Seminary, spurred the establishment of high schools for girls and of women’s colleges and coeducational universities. Emma Hart was the next-to-last of 17 children; her younger sister

Gary Hart is an American politician who served as a U.S. senator from Colorado (1975–87). He ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and again in 1988; he suspended the latter campaign soon after the Miami Herald newspaper reported that he was having an extramarital affair. Hart

Hüsker Dü: …1959, Rock Island, Illinois), and Grant Hart (in full Grantzberg Vernon Hart; b. March 18, 1961, St. Paul, Minnesota—d. September 13/14, 2017).

Hüsker Dü: …1959, Rock Island, Illinois), and Grant Hart (in full Grantzberg Vernon Hart; b. March 18, 1961, St. Paul, Minnesota—d. September 13/14, 2017).

H.L.A. Hart was an English philosopher, teacher, and author who was the foremost legal philosopher and one of the leading political philosophers of the 20th century. Hart pursued his undergraduate education at the University of Oxford, and, after graduating in 1929, he went on to qualify as a

H.L.A. Hart was an English philosopher, teacher, and author who was the foremost legal philosopher and one of the leading political philosophers of the 20th century. Hart pursued his undergraduate education at the University of Oxford, and, after graduating in 1929, he went on to qualify as a

dictionary: From Classical times to 1604: In 1569 one such reformer, John Hart, lamented the greatness of the “disorders and confusions” of spelling. But a few years later the phonetician William Bullokar promised to produce such a work and stated, “A dictionary and grammar may stay our speech in a perfect use for ever.”

Canadian literature: From settlement to 1900: …France provided the setting for Julia Catherine Beckwith Hart’s melodramatic St. Ursula’s Convent; or, The Nun of Canada (1824) and William Kirby’s gothic tale The Golden Dog (1877), while Rosanna Leprohon’s romance Antoinette de Mirecourt; or, Secret Marrying and Secret Sorrowing (1864) depicted life in Quebec after the English conquest…

Will Ferrell: …to a black employee (Kevin Hart) for assistance on learning how to survive in prison. He played a hapless stepfather whose relationship with his stepchildren is challenged by the arrival of their father (Mark Wahlberg) in Daddy’s Home (2015). In 2017 he reprised the role in Daddy’s Home 2…

Will Ferrell: …to a black employee (Kevin Hart) for assistance on learning how to survive in prison. He played a hapless stepfather whose relationship with his stepchildren is challenged by the arrival of their father (Mark Wahlberg) in Daddy’s Home (2015). In 2017 he reprised the role in Daddy’s Home 2…

Lorenz Hart was a U.S. song lyricist whose commercial popular songs incorporated the careful techniques and verbal refinements of serious poetry. His 25-year collaboration with the composer Richard Rodgers resulted in about 1,000 songs that range from the simple exuberance of “With a Song in My

Marvin Hart was an American boxer who was the world heavyweight champion from July 3, 1905, to February 23, 1906. Hart’s claim to the championship has not been universally accepted, although that of Tommy Burns, who defeated Hart in a title match, is not seriously challenged. After James Jackson

Grateful Dead: Later members included drummer Mickey Hart (b. September 11, 1943, Long Island, New York, U.S.), keyboard player Tom Constanten (b. March 19, 1944, Longbranch, New Jersey, U.S.), keyboard player Keith Godchaux (b. July 19, 1948, San Francisco—d. July 21, 1980, Marin county, California), vocalist Donna Godchaux (b. August 22,…

Moss Hart was one of the most successful U.S. playwrights of the 20th century. At 17 Hart obtained a job as office boy for the theatrical producer Augustus Pitou. He wrote his first play at 18, but it was a flop. He then worked as director of amateur theatre groups, spending his summers as

Summersville: During the American Civil War, Nancy Hart, the noted Confederate spy, led an attack upon the town (July 1861), capturing a Union force and burning most of the buildings. She was later captured but escaped to Confederate lines; she returned to settle in the area after the war. Carnifex Ferry…

Nancy Hart was an American Revolutionary heroine around whom gathered numerous stories of patriotic adventure and resourcefulness. Ann Morgan grew up in the colony of North Carolina. She is traditionally said to have been related to both Daniel Boone and General Daniel Morgan, although with no real

Oliver Hart is a British-born American economist who, with Bengt Holmström, was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize for Economics for his contributions to contract theory. His groundbreaking research on what came to be known as “incomplete contracts,” in which the rights and responsibilities of the

Oliver Hart is a British-born American economist who, with Bengt Holmström, was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize for Economics for his contributions to contract theory. His groundbreaking research on what came to be known as “incomplete contracts,” in which the rights and responsibilities of the

Roderick P. Hart is an American scholar noted for his work in the areas of political language, media and politics, presidential studies, and rhetorical analysis. He invented a computer-aided text-analysis program called DICTION to assist in his work. The program measures a text’s certainty (number

Roderick P. Hart is an American scholar noted for his work in the areas of political language, media and politics, presidential studies, and rhetorical analysis. He invented a computer-aided text-analysis program called DICTION to assist in his work. The program measures a text’s certainty (number

Sir Robert Hart, 1st Baronet was an Anglo-Chinese statesman employed by the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12) to direct the Chinese customs bureau and thus satisfy Western demands for an equitable Chinese tariff. A British consular official in China (1854–59), Hart became customs inspector at Guangzhou

Edward Harrigan: …formed a new partnership with Tony Hart (original name Anthony Cannon; 1857–91), and Harrigan and Hart remained together until 1885. In 1876 they became comanagers of the Theatre Comique in New York City. After a new theatre was destroyed by fire in 1884, Harrigan became sole manager of Harrigan’s Park…

William S. Hart was an American stage and silent film actor, who was the leading hero of the early westerns. (Read Lillian Gish’s 1929 Britannica essay on silent film.) Hart was brought up in the Dakotas, where he lived until he was 16. He made his first appearance on the stage in 1889 and soon

U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21), U.S. congressional committee established in 1998 to examine how best to ensure U.S. national security in the first quarter of the 21st century. The U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21) became widely known as the

U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21), U.S. congressional committee established in 1998 to examine how best to ensure U.S. national security in the first quarter of the 21st century. The U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21) became widely known as the

Bill Hartack was an American jockey who was the second, after Eddie Arcaro, ever to win five Kentucky Derbies and the first, in 1956, to win $2 million in a single year, a record he broke the following year by earning $3 million. For three consecutive years—1955, 1956, and 1957—he was the national

Bill Hartack was an American jockey who was the second, after Eddie Arcaro, ever to win five Kentucky Derbies and the first, in 1956, to win $2 million in a single year, a record he broke the following year by earning $3 million. For three consecutive years—1955, 1956, and 1957—he was the national

hartal, in Ceylon, general strike, organized in 1953 by Marxist parties to express public dissatisfaction over the rise in the cost of living, especially the cost of rice. (Generically, the word hartal means “strike” in most North Indian languages.) Because of a chronic shortage of rice, the