Hawaii: Sports and recreation: …as well as college football’s Hula Bowl all-star game and Hawaii Bowl.

Hula Hoop, hoop-shaped toy, typically a hollow plastic tube, that is kept revolving around the waist by swiveling of the hips. It got its name from the hula, a Hawaiian dance that is performed by using a similar hip motion. Although different variations of the hoop have been used as children’s toys

hula: …contrast, the old-style hula, called hula kahiko, exhibits a less elaborate musical style and is accompanied by traditional instruments such as the calabash, seed-filled gourds, split bamboo sticks, stones used as castanets, and pahu drums.

Hülegü was a Mongol ruler in Iran who founded the Il-Khanid dynasty and, as part of a Mongol program of subduing the Islamic world, seized and sacked Baghdad, the religious and cultural capital of Islam. Some historians consider that he did more than anyone else to destroy medieval Iranian culture.

Hulan, former town, southwestern Heilongjiang sheng (province), China. In 2004 it was incorporated into the nearby city of Harbin, becoming a district of that city. Hulan was one of the first places in Heilongjiang opened by the Qing dynasty to Han Chinese colonization, in 1865. The district has a

Xiao Hong: …finished writing Hulanhe zhuan (1942; Tales of Hulan River). With this semiautobiographical novel, her best-known work, she developed a new kind of “lyric-style fiction” that lies between fiction and nonfiction, prose and verse. She died of respiratory problems shortly after Hong Kong fell to the Japanese.

A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles: …The Oxford English Dictionary, and James R. Hulbert, an American professor of English, the dictionary includes American words and expressions from the period extending from the first English settlements until the end of the 19th century. It provides dated illustrative quotations for most entries.

baseball: Professional baseball: When William Hulbert, president of the league (1877–82), expelled four players for dishonesty, the reputation of baseball as an institution was significantly enhanced.

National Lampoon: Movies and television: …Peter Riegert, Stephen Furst, and Thomas Hulce. A television series based on the film, Delta House, was produced by ABC-TV in 1979. Though it featured several of the stars of the motion picture, including Vernon and Furst, it failed to capture the iconoclastic feel of the film and was cancelled…

Hülegü was a Mongol ruler in Iran who founded the Il-Khanid dynasty and, as part of a Mongol program of subduing the Islamic world, seized and sacked Baghdad, the religious and cultural capital of Islam. Some historians consider that he did more than anyone else to destroy medieval Iranian culture.

Hülegü was a Mongol ruler in Iran who founded the Il-Khanid dynasty and, as part of a Mongol program of subduing the Islamic world, seized and sacked Baghdad, the religious and cultural capital of Islam. Some historians consider that he did more than anyone else to destroy medieval Iranian culture.

toy: History of toys: For example, Huli children in Papua New Guinea make pu abu, a whirling toy created from a flat piece of wood with a hole in the end to which the child ties a piece of string or grass so that the toy can be whirled around to…

fu, type of Chinese bronze vessel used as a food container, it was produced largely from the middle Zhou period (c. 900–c. 600 bc) through the Warring States period (475–221 bc). Rectangular in shape and divided into two parts, the vessel was supported by angular feet at each corner; the lid was

Kailua-Kona: Hulihee Palace (1837), now a museum, became the summer residence of the kings who succeeded Kamehameha I. Kailua was also the scene of early missionary efforts in Hawaii, which resulted in the building of Mokuaikaua Church (1820), originally made of lava stone and koa wood;…

Incredible Hulk: The Hulk in television and film: …the character’s first feature film, Hulk, in 2003. Another version, The Incredible Hulk, directed by Louis Letterier, appeared in 2008. The character was integrated into Marvel’s larger cinematic universe with Mark Ruffalo’s scene-stealing turn as the jade giant in The Avengers (2012). Ruffalo returned as the Hulk in Avengers: Age…

Incredible Hulk, American comic strip character created for Marvel Comics by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby. The towering muscle-bound antihero debuted in the bimonthly series The Incredible Hulk in May 1962. The Hulk was a hybrid of two popular comic book genres—monsters and superheroes. In

Incredible Hulk: The Hulk in television and film: …the character’s first feature film, Hulk, in 2003. Another version, The Incredible Hulk, directed by Louis Letterier, appeared in 2008. The character was integrated into Marvel’s larger cinematic universe with Mark Ruffalo’s scene-stealing turn as the jade giant in The Avengers (2012). Ruffalo returned as the Hulk in Avengers: Age…

Hull, former city, Outaouais region, southwestern Quebec province, Canada. It lies on the north bank of the Ottawa River, opposite Ottawa, Ont. Originating in the early 19th century as a lumbering settlement named for Hull, Yorkshire, Eng., the city grew to become the chief business and

air-cushion machine: Design, construction, and operation: Hull structures are of marine aluminum skin, welded or riveted onto aluminum webs or frames. The enclosed spaces are usually sealed so that the airtight compartments thus formed provide natural buoyancy. More recent craft have aluminum honeycomb paneling separated by frames to provide the basic…

Kingston upon Hull, city and unitary authority, geographic county of East Riding of Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, northeastern England. It lies on the north bank of the River Humber estuary at its junction with the River Hull, 22 miles (35 km) from the North Sea. Hull was a medieval wool

Phoenix Islands: Nikumaroro (Gardner), Birnie, Orona (Hull), Kanton (Canton), and Enderbury atolls. They have a total land area of approximately 11 square miles (29 square km). All are low, sandy atolls that were discovered in the 19th century by American whaling ships. Evidence on Manra, Orona, and Nikumaroro suggests that…

Hull House, one of the first social settlements in North America. It was founded in Chicago in 1889 when Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr rented an abandoned residence at 800 South Halsted Street that had been built by Charles G. Hull in 1856. Twelve large buildings were added from year to year

insurance: Ocean marine insurance: Hull insurance covers losses to the vessel itself from specified perils. Usually there is a provision that the marine hull should be covered only within specified geographic limits. Cargo insurance is usually written on an open contract basis under which shipments, both incoming and outgoing,…

ship: Structural integrity: Whipping is a hull vibration with a fundamental two-noded frequency. It can produce stresses similar in magnitude to the quasi-static wave-bending stresses. It also can produce very high local stresses in the vicinity of the reentry impact.

Albert Wallace Hull was an American physicist who independently discovered the powder method of X-ray analysis of crystals, which permits the study of crystalline materials in a finely divided microcrystalline, or powder, state. He also invented a number of electron tubes that have found wide

Bobby Hull was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, notably for the National Hockey League (NHL) Chicago Black Hawks (later spelled Blackhawks) from 1957 to 1972. His swinging slap shot made him one of hockey’s dominant scorers in his time. At age 12 Hull was playing organized hockey on a

Buffalo Sabres: …which was won when Dallas’s Brett Hull scored a controversial goal in triple overtime. Most Buffalo players, coaches, and fans maintained that Hull’s skate was illegally in the crease when he scored, but game officials ruled otherwise. The Sabres advanced to the playoffs after the following two seasons and then…

Clark L. Hull was an American psychologist known for his experimental studies on learning and for his attempt to give mathematical expression to psychological theory. He applied a deductive method of reasoning similar to that used in geometry, proposing that a series of postulates about psychology

Clark L. Hull was an American psychologist known for his experimental studies on learning and for his attempt to give mathematical expression to psychological theory. He applied a deductive method of reasoning similar to that used in geometry, proposing that a series of postulates about psychology

Cordell Hull was the U.S. secretary of state (1933–44) whose initiation of the reciprocal trade program to lower tariffs set in motion the mechanism for expanded world trade in the second half of the 20th century. In 1945 he received the Nobel Prize for Peace for his part in organizing the United

Cardiff Giant: …Giant, famous hoax perpetrated by George Hall (or Hull) of Binghamton, New York, U.S. A block of gypsum was quarried near Fort Dodge, Iowa, and shipped to Chicago, Illinois. There it was carved (1868) in the shape of a human figure and then buried on a farm near Cardiff, New…

Isaac Hull was an American naval commodore noted for the victory of his ship the Constitution over the British frigate Guerriere in the War of 1812. The victory united the country behind the war effort and destroyed the legend of British naval invincibility. Already having been master of a ship at

Harvey: …matronly sister Veta (played by Josephine Hull), she arranges to have him treated at a psychiatric institution. Upon their arrival, however, Dr. Sanderson (Charles Drake) determines that the apoplectic Veta, rather than her charming mild-mannered brother, is the one in need of help and has her forcibly committed. After discovering…

Harvey: …matronly sister Veta (played by Josephine Hull), she arranges to have him treated at a psychiatric institution. Upon their arrival, however, Dr. Sanderson (Charles Drake) determines that the apoplectic Veta, rather than her charming mild-mannered brother, is the one in need of help and has her forcibly committed. After discovering…

Bobby Hull was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, notably for the National Hockey League (NHL) Chicago Black Hawks (later spelled Blackhawks) from 1957 to 1972. His swinging slap shot made him one of hockey’s dominant scorers in his time. At age 12 Hull was playing organized hockey on a

Kingston upon Hull: The University of Hull (1927) occupies a more open site in the north.

William Hull was a U.S. soldier and civil governor of Michigan Territory (including present Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota) who was the subject of a celebrated court martial. A graduate of Yale College, Hull joined the American army during the Revolutionary War, serving in campaigns in

Panama: Early years: …modified in 1936 by the Hull-Alfaro Treaty. In addition, the United States increased the annuity paid for the use of the Canal Zone and agreed to build a transisthmian highway. The Arias brothers soon fell out, however, and Arnulfo began his own quest for the presidency, which he won in…

Hull House: The publication of The Hull-House Maps and Papers (1895); 12 books by Jane Addams, including Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910); and works by such distinguished residents as Alice Hamilton, Florence Kelley, and Julia Lathrop brought widespread attention to the settlement. Eventually, Hull House attracted visitors from all over…

Kiran Desai: …to write her first novel, Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard (1998), about a young man in provincial India who abandons an easy post office job and begins living in a guava tree, where he makes oracular pronouncements to locals. Unaware that he knows of their lives from having read their…

Johann Adam Hiller was a German composer and conductor, regarded as the creator of the German singspiel, a musical genre combining spoken dialogue and popular song. Hiller learned to play several instruments and to sing and also briefly studied law while developing wide intellectual and literary

Jonathan Hulls was a British inventor, possibly the first person ever to devise detailed plans for a steam-propelled ship. In 1736, Hulls obtained a patent for a machine to carry “ships and vessels out of and into any harbour, port, or river against wind and tide or in a calm.” This steam tugboat

Keri Hulme was a New Zealand novelist, poet, and short-story writer, chiefly known for her first novel, The Bone People (1983), which won the Booker Prize in 1985. Much of Hulme’s writing deals with the language and culture of the Maori people of New Zealand. Although Hulme was born of mostly mixed

T.E. Hulme was an English aesthetician, literary critic, and poet, one of the founders of the Imagist movement and a major 20th-century literary influence. Hulme was educated at Newcastle-under-Lyme grammar school and went to St. John’s College, Cambridge, but was expelled for rowdyism in 1904.

T.E. Hulme was an English aesthetician, literary critic, and poet, one of the founders of the Imagist movement and a major 20th-century literary influence. Hulme was educated at Newcastle-under-Lyme grammar school and went to St. John’s College, Cambridge, but was expelled for rowdyism in 1904.

dictionary: From Classical times to 1604: More important still was Richard Huloet’s work of 1552, Abecedarium Anglo-Latinum, for it contained a greater number of English words than had before appeared in any similar dictionary. In 1556 appeared the first edition by John Withals of A Short Dictionary for Young Beginners, which gained greater circulation (to…

Russell Alan Hulse is an American physicist who in 1993 shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with his former teacher, the astrophysicist Joseph H. Taylor, Jr., for their joint discovery of the first binary pulsar. Hulse studied at Cooper Union College in New York City (B.S., 1970) and earned a Ph.D.

Raoul Hausmann: …until 1917, when he met Richard Hülsenbeck, who introduced him to the principles and philosophy of Dada, a new visual and literary art movement that had already taken off in other cities in Europe. Dada artists and writers created provocative works that questioned capitalism and conformity, which they believed to…

Annette, Freiin von Droste-Hülshoff was a poet and prose writer, among the most important poets of 19th-century Germany and the author of a novella considered a forerunner of 19th-century realistic fiction. Born into a family of Roman Catholic aristocracy, she was educated by tutors and lived most

radar: Early experiments: …issued in several countries to Christian Hülsmeyer, a German engineer. Hülsmeyer built his invention and demonstrated it to the German navy but failed to arouse any interest. There was simply no economic, societal, or military need for radar until the early 1930s, when long-range military bombers capable of carrying large…

Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst was a Dutch astronomer who predicted theoretically the 21-cm (8.2-inch) radio waves produced by interstellar hydrogen atoms. His calculations later proved valuable in mapping the Milky Way Galaxy and were the basis for radio astronomy during its early development.

Sir Edward George Warris Hulton was a British publisher and creator (1938) of the Picture Post, a weekly magazine that exerted widespread influence over a generation of Britons during World War II with its dramatic use of candid photographs and vigorous text. Hulton followed in the footsteps of his

Hulu, Internet streaming service, launched in 2007, that provides advertiser-supported videos of television shows and films. Access is limited to viewers in the United States because of international licensing restrictions. On March 22, 2007, NBC Universal (owner of NBC and Universal Studios) and

Jinzhou: …up a new port at Huludao, on the coast southwest of Jinzhou. The port was still incomplete, however, when the Japanese seized Manchuria in 1931. Under Japanese rule, Huludao became a coal export port. The Japanese also discovered molybdenum in the area and constructed a refinery at Huludao in 1941–42,…

Hailar, city, northeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. It lies on the south bank of the Hailar River, at its junction with the Yimin River. Since 2001 Hailar has served as the urban district of the newly created Hulunbuir city. The area was occupied by the Chinese in the 7th century ce

Lake Hulun, large lake in the Hulun Buir Plain, northern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, northern China. The lake is fed by two rivers that rise in Mongolia: the Kerulen (Kelulun), which flows from the west, and the Orxon (Orshun), which flows from the south. The surface area of Lake

Lake Hulun, large lake in the Hulun Buir Plain, northern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, northern China. The lake is fed by two rivers that rise in Mongolia: the Kerulen (Kelulun), which flows from the west, and the Orxon (Orshun), which flows from the south. The surface area of Lake

Lake Hulun, large lake in the Hulun Buir Plain, northern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, northern China. The lake is fed by two rivers that rise in Mongolia: the Kerulen (Kelulun), which flows from the west, and the Orxon (Orshun), which flows from the south. The surface area of Lake

Feng-yüan, former municipality (shih, or shi), T’ai-chung (Taijong) special municipality, west-central Taiwan. Until 2010 it was the seat of T’ai-chung county, but, when the county was amalgamated administratively with T’ai-chung municipality to form the special municipality, Feng-yüan became a

Ḥulwān, ancient settlement, now a southern suburb of Cairo, Al-Qāhirah (Cairo) muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Egypt. It lies near the right (east) bank of the Nile River. After Egypt gained independence in 1952, it grew into an industrial suburb linked to Cairo by highway and electric railway. Ḥulwān was

Ḥulwān: …74-inch (188-cm) reflecting telescope, and Ḥulwān (Helwan) University (1975) are in the city. The meteorologic station (1904) was one of the first in Egypt.

pepino hill, conical hill of residual limestone in a deeply eroded karst region. Pepino hills generally form on relatively flat-lying limestones that are jointed in large rectangles. In an alternating wet and dry climate, high areas become increasingly hard and resistant while low areas are

Amitabh Bachchan: …movies included the crime drama Hum (1991); Mohabbatein (2000; Love Stories), a musical that was a major box-office success; and Black (2005), which was inspired by Helen Keller’s life story. For the latter film Bachchan won another National Film Award, and he also received that honour for his performance in…

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ancient and medieval periods: …1380s and crossed into Bosnian-ruled Hum (Herzegovina) in 1388. King Tvrtko I sent a large force to fight against them alongside the Serbian army at the Battle of Kosovo Polje in the following year. Tvrtko’s successor, Stjepan Ostoja, struggled for possession of the crown against his brother Tvrtko II, who…

Salman Khan: Career and movies: …1994 release of the film Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!, which reached blockbuster status that year. Khan capitalized on the film’s success to take a wide variety of new roles.

Heilongjiang: Climate: Huma, on the Amur River, has a mean temperature of −18 °F (−28 °C) in January. The July mean temperature is 75 °F (24 °C). There are only four months with mean temperatures over 50 °F (10 °C), and frost-free days annually range from 100…

Humacao, town, eastern Puerto Rico. It is located in the Sierra de Cayey foothills along the Humacao River. Founded in 1793 as a town, Humacao received the royal title villa in 1881. The modern town has light industry, including textiles, plastic products, and castor-oil extracting. It lies 5 miles

Jujuy: The Humahuaca Gorge, in the northwestern part of the system, is a scenic canyon running northward 100 miles (160 km) along the Río Grande from San Salvador de Jujuy. The gorge was historically important as a trade route up through the Atacama Plateau to Bolivia and…

Ollanta Humala was a former Peruvian army commander and politician who led an unsuccessful military coup against Peruvian Pres. Alberto Fujimori in 2000 and later served as president himself (2011–16). Humala joined the army in 1982 and received training at the U.S. Army-run School of the Americas,

human being, a culture-bearing primate classified in the genus Homo, especially the species H. sapiens. Human beings are anatomically similar and related to the great apes but are distinguished by a more highly developed brain and a resultant capacity for articulate speech and abstract reasoning.

Ludwig von Mises: … (1947), concerning socialist totalitarianism, and Human Action (1949; rev. ed. 1966), a treatise on economics.

English literature: Anglo-American Modernism: Pound, Lewis, Lawrence, and Eliot: …powerful sequence of politico-theological novels The Human Age (The Childermass, 1928; Monstre Gai and Malign Fiesta, both 1955) are sharply divided.

human aging, physiological changes that take place in the human body leading to senescence, the decline of biological functions and of the ability to adapt to metabolic stress. In humans the physiological developments are normally accompanied by psychological and behavioral changes, and other

Émile Zola: Les Rougon-Macquart: In La Bête humaine (1890; The Human Beast) he analyzes the hereditary urge to kill that haunts the Lantier branch of the family, set against the background of the French railway system, with its powerful machinery and rapid movement. La Débâcle (1892; The Debacle) traces both the defeat of the…

Jean Renoir: Early years: …war; La Bête humaine (1938; The Human Beast, or Judas Was a Woman), an admirable free interpretation of Zola; and especially La Règle du jeu (1939; The Rules of the Game), his masterpiece. Cut and fragmented by the distributors, this classic film was also regarded as a failure until it…

human behaviour, the potential and expressed capacity for physical, mental, and social activity during the phases of human life. Humans, like other animal species, have a typical life course that consists of successive phases of growth, each of which is characterized by a distinct set of physical,

human being, a culture-bearing primate classified in the genus Homo, especially the species H. sapiens. Human beings are anatomically similar and related to the great apes but are distinguished by a more highly developed brain and a resultant capacity for articulate speech and abstract reasoning.

therapeutics: Blood and blood cells: Blood transfusions were not clinically useful until about 1900, when the blood types A, B, and O were identified and cross-matching of the donor’s blood against that of the recipient to prove compatibility became

human body, the physical substance of the human organism, composed of living cells and extracellular materials and organized into tissues, organs, and systems. Human anatomy and physiology are treated in many different articles. For detailed discussions of specific tissues, organs, and systems, see

The human body is an incredibly complex structure, with cells, tissues, and organs assembled into highly organized systems that work together to perform an astonishing array of functions—from seeing and hearing to breathing and digesting food to running, playing a musical instrument, and

bot fly: The human bot fly (Dermatobia hominis) attacks livestock, deer, and humans. The female attaches her eggs to mosquitoes, stable flies, and other insects that carry the eggs to the actual host. Body warmth causes the eggs to hatch, and the tiny larvae penetrate the skin. In…

cannibalism, eating of human flesh by humans. The term is derived from the Spanish name (Caríbales, or Caníbales) for the Carib, a West Indies tribe well known for its practice of cannibalism. A widespread custom going back into early human history, cannibalism has been found among peoples on most

human capital, intangible collective resources possessed by individuals and groups within a given population. These resources include all the knowledge, talents, skills, abilities, experience, intelligence, training, judgment, and wisdom possessed individually and collectively, the cumulative total

Gary S. Becker: In Human Capital (1964), he argued that an individual’s investment in education and training is analogous to a company’s investment in new machinery or equipment. In studies such as A Treatise on the Family (1981), Becker analyzed the household as a sort of factory, producing goods…

human cardiovascular system, organ system that conveys blood through vessels to and from all parts of the body, carrying nutrients and oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. It is a closed tubular system in which the blood is propelled by a muscular heart. Two circuits, the

Seamus Heaney: The poetry in Human Chain (2010) reflects on death, loss, regret, and memory.

cancer: Molecular evaluation: …gastrointestinal cancers; and alpha-fetoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin, which can indicate testicular cancer. The diagnostic tests that are necessary to identify genetic alterations and tumour markers and thereby predict the efficacy of a drug are sometimes referred to as companion diagnostics.

cloning: Ethical controversy: …United Nations passed a nonbinding Declaration on Human Cloning that calls upon member states “to adopt all measures necessary to prohibit all forms of human cloning inasmuch as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life.” This does provide leeway for member countries to pursue therapeutic…

human intelligence: Psychometric theories: Carroll, in Human Cognitive Abilities (1993), proposed a “three-stratum” psychometric model of intelligence that expanded upon existing theories of intelligence. Many psychologists regard Carroll’s model as definitive, because it is based upon reanalyses of hundreds of data sets. In the first stratum, Carroll identified narrow abilities (roughly…

The Human Comedy, a vast series of some 90 novels and novellas by Honoré de Balzac, known in the original French as La Comédie humaine. The books that made up the series were published between 1829 and 1847. Balzac’s plan to produce a unified series of books that would comprehend the whole of

Clarence Brown: The 1940s and ’50s: Brown next directed The Human Comedy (1943), a drama about the war’s effects on the inhabitants of a small town. Rooney, Frank Morgan, and Donna Reed starred, and William Saroyan won an Oscar for his original story. The film was also nominated for an Academy Award for best…

The Human Comedy, sentimental novel of life in a small California town by William Saroyan, published in 1943. The narrator of the story, 14-year-old Homer Macauley, lives with his widowed mother, his sister Bess, and his little brother Ulysses; his older brother has left home to fight in World War

human composting, type of burial rite in which human remains are treated so as to turn into soil or compost. This process usually involves covering the body with plant matter in a special chamber to create an environment in which the corpse is decomposed to base organic soil over a period of 60 to

Kobayashi Masaki: …trilogy, Ningen no joken (The Human Condition: No Greater Love, 1959; Road to Eternity, 1959; A Soldier’s Prayer, 1961), a monumental criticism of war, constitutes the best example of his films of social concern.

Hannah Arendt: The Human Condition, published in 1958, was a wide-ranging and systematic treatment of what Arendt called the vita activa (Latin: “active life”). She defended the classical ideals of work, citizenship, and political action against what she considered a debased obsession with mere welfare. Like most…

Kate Atkinson: In her second novel, Human Croquet (1997), Atkinson employed nonchronological flashbacks and magic realism to bring a mythical quality to the main character, Isobel Fairfax, and her family’s past. Atkinson’s inclination to experiment with literary device featured prominently in her next novel, Emotionally Weird (2000), in which she assigned…

human development, the process of growth and change that takes place between birth and maturity. Human growth is far from being a simple and uniform process of becoming taller or larger. As a child gets bigger, there are changes in shape and in tissue composition and distribution. In the newborn

developmental psychology, the branch of psychology concerned with the changes in cognitive, motivational, psychophysiological, and social functioning that occur throughout the human life span. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, developmental psychologists were concerned primarily with child

Human Development Index (HDI), measure used by the United Nations (UN) to evaluate countries in terms of the well-being of their citizens. Before the creation of the Human Development Index (HDI), a country’s level of development was typically measured using economic statistics, particularly gross

human security: Origins and development: Human Development Report. Beyond territorial and military concerns, the report argued that human security is fundamentally concerned with human life and dignity. For analytical purposes, UNDP disentangled its four main characteristics: it is universal, its components are interdependent, it is best ensured through prevention, and…