Guyenne, former region of southwestern France, merged with Gascony for the last centuries before the French Revolution in the gouvernement of Guyenne and Gascony (Guyenne-et-Gascogne). The Guyenne region corresponds to the modern département of Gironde and to most of the départements of

Lake Guier, lake, northwestern Senegal. It is situated 40 miles (64 km) east of the city of Saint-Louis. Lake Guier is fed by the Bounoum (Ferlo) tributary from the south and empties into the Sénégal River to the north. Its water is fresh, and a dam, built in 1916, prevents salt from entering the

Giuseppe Giusti: …satire, written in 1833, was La guigliottina a vapore (“The Steam Guillotine”), which announced that the Chinese had invented a steam guillotine that would make decapitation much more efficient for dictators. Other satires defended Italy or bemoaned its political and social state.

Guignol, most prominent puppet character in France, where his name became synonymous with puppet theatre. The hand puppet was created by the puppeteer Laurent Mourguet of Lyons in the early 19th century and was supposedly named for an actual canut, or Lyonnais silk worker. Guignol was performed

Dauphiné: …the countship was enfeoffed to Guigues I, count of Albon, who extended his domain to include other parts of the kingdom of Arles. His great-grandson Guigues IV, count from 1133 to 1142, was the first to bear the name Dauphin, which was to distinguish his successors. The domain passed from…

Dauphiné: His great-grandson Guigues IV, count from 1133 to 1142, was the first to bear the name Dauphin, which was to distinguish his successors. The domain passed from the house of Albon to that of Burgundy in 1162 and to the La Tour du Pin family in 1282.…

Saint Gilbert of Sempringham ; canonized 1202; feast day February 4, feast day in Northampton and Nottingham February 16) was an English priest, prelate, and founder of the Ordo Gilbertinorum Canonicorum or Ordo Sempringensis (Order of Gilbertine Canons, or Sempringham Order), commonly called

Yvette Guilbert was a French singer, reciter, and stage and film actress, who had an immense vogue as a singer of songs drawn from Parisian lower-class life. Her ingenuous delivery of songs charged with risqué meaning made her famous. As a child Guilbert attended recitation school and was

Yvette Guilbert was a French singer, reciter, and stage and film actress, who had an immense vogue as a singer of songs drawn from Parisian lower-class life. Her ingenuous delivery of songs charged with risqué meaning made her famous. As a child Guilbert attended recitation school and was

guild, in ecology, a group of species that exploits the same kinds of resources in comparable ways. The name “guild” emphasizes the fact that these groups are like associations of craftsmen who employ similar techniques in plying their trade. They often are composed of groups of closely related

rocket and missile system: Surface-to-air: Beginning with the SA-1 Guild, developed in the immediate postwar period, the Soviets steadily fielded SAMs of growing sophistication. These fell into two categories: systems such as the Guild, the SA-3 Goa, the SA-5 Gammon, and the SA-10 Grumble, which were deployed in defense of fixed installations; and…

guild, an association of craftsmen or merchants formed for mutual aid and protection and for the furtherance of their professional interests. Guilds flourished in Europe between the 11th and 16th centuries and formed an important part of the economic and social fabric in that era. The medieval

metalwork: Middle Ages: Large guild flagons of a characteristic polygonal design, only 11 of them have been preserved. Their facetted surfaces are engraved with figures of saints surrounded by interlaced foliage scrolls, arches, arcades, and other late Gothic decorative motifs. Hidden among these motifs, one sometimes finds secular scenes,…

Nikolay Stepanovich Gumilyov: …the group known as the Guild of Poets. Among the group’s members were Akhmatova and Osip Mandelshtam, who together with Gumilyov soon formed the nucleus of the emerging Acmeist movement in Russian poetry. Gumilyov’s poetry collection entitled Cuzoe nebo (1912; “Foreign Sky”) established his reputation as a leading Russian poet.

Guild Socialism, a movement that called for workers’ control of industry through a system of national guilds operating in an implied contractual relationship with the public. The Guild Socialist movement developed in England and had its main impact there in the first two decades of the 20th

Hamlet: …Hamlet’s onetime friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy on him. Hamlet quickly sees through the scheme and begins to act the part of a madman in front of them. To the pompous old courtier Polonius, it appears that Hamlet is lovesick over Polonius’s daughter Ophelia. Despite Ophelia’s loyalty to him,…

guilder, former monetary unit of the Netherlands. In 2002 the guilder ceased to be legal tender after the euro, the monetary unit of the European Union, became the country’s sole currency. The guilder was adopted as the Netherlands’ monetary unit in 1816, though its roots trace to the 14th century,

Guildford, town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Surrey, England, at a ford across the River Wey on the north side of the gap by which its valley breaches the chalk ridge of the North Downs. The town of Guildford was already a manor in Saxon times, and its church tower

Guildford: Guildford, town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Surrey, England, at a ford across the River Wey on the north side of the gap by which its valley breaches the chalk ridge of the North Downs.

Guildhall, administrative centre of the City of London. Within its halls are the offices and meeting rooms of the Corporation of London and its Court of Common Council, which is the body responsible for governing the City and for defending its interests throughout the London metropolitan area. The

guild: Structure and social role: …built and maintained residences, called guildhalls, in which the membership would hold banquets and conduct official business.

Museum of London: …of two well-established museums, the Guildhall Museum and the London Museum. The former, founded by the Corporation of London in 1826, housed many archaeological discoveries of the previous two centuries from Roman and medieval London, the Hanbury Beaufoy collection of tradesmen’s tokens, and material relating to the city guilds and…

Guilford, town (township), New Haven county, southern Connecticut, U.S., on Long Island Sound. Settled by Puritans in 1639 as Menunketuck, it was admitted to New Haven colony as a town in 1643 and probably renamed for Guildford, England. The village of Guilford was incorporated as a borough in

Guilford College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Greensboro, North Carolina, U.S., affiliated with the Society of Friends (Quakers). Guilford is a liberal arts college and offers bachelor’s degree programs only. Campus facilities include an observatory, a

Battle of Guilford Courthouse, battle in the American Revolution fought in South Carolina on March 15, 1781, a battlefield loss but strategic victory for the Americans in North Carolina over the British, who soon afterward were obliged to abandon control of the Carolinas. After the American victory

Frederick North, Lord North was the prime minister from 1770 to 1782, whose vacillating leadership contributed to the loss of Great Britain’s American colonies in the American Revolution (1775–83). The son of a Tory nobleman, the 1st earl of Guilford, North was educated at Eton and Trinity College,

Joy Paul Guilford was an American psychologist and practitioner of psychophysics—the quantitative measurement of subjective psychological phenomena—exemplified by his studies of the relative affectiveness of colour, hue, brightness, and saturation for men and women. Guilford taught at the

William IX was a medieval troubadour, count of Poitiers and duke of Aquitaine and of Gascony (1086–1127), son of William VIII and grandfather of the famous Eleanor of Aquitaine. William IX spent most of his life in warfare, including leading an unsuccessful Crusade to the Holy Land (1101–02) and

peach palm, (Bactris gasipaes), species of palm (family Arecaceae), that is grown extensively for its edible fruits. The peach palm is cultivated from Central America as far south as Ecuador. Known as palm chestnuts, the fruits are commonly stewed and flavoured with salt or honey. The somewhat dry

Guilin, city, northeastern Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, southern China. The natural route centre of the Gui River basin, Guilin lies along the easiest of all the routes leading from central China to Guangdong province—that between the headwaters of the Xiang River in Hunan province and the

Somalia: Early activity on the coasts: …had previously been visited by Charles Guillain, captain of the brig Ducouedid, between 1846 and 1848. Guillain also sailed down the Indian Ocean coast and went ashore at Mogadishu, Marca, and Baraawe, penetrating some distance inland and collecting valuable geographic and ethnographic information. In 1865 the German explorer Karl Klaus…

Guillain-Barré syndrome: Historical developments: In 1916, French neurologists Georges Guillain, Jean-Alexandre Barré, and André Strohl found that patients with symptoms of a condition resembling Landry paralysis had elevated concentrations of protein in their cerebrospinal fluid. In 1919, Guillain and Barré acknowledged Landry paralysis in a report describing a fatal case of the syndrome…

Guillain-Barré syndrome, rare autoimmune condition of the peripheral nervous system. Guillain-Barré syndrome can range from mild to severe. Severe cases typically involve muscle paralysis and potentially life-threatening difficulties in breathing and swallowing. The condition affects individuals of

Guillain-Barré syndrome, rare autoimmune condition of the peripheral nervous system. Guillain-Barré syndrome can range from mild to severe. Severe cases typically involve muscle paralysis and potentially life-threatening difficulties in breathing and swallowing. The condition affects individuals of

World War I: The Western Front, June–December 1917: …French 2nd Army under General M.-L.-A. Guillaumat fought the last battle of Verdun, winning back all the remainder of what had been lost to the Germans in 1916. In October General P.-A.-M. Maistre’s 10th Army, in the Battle of Malmaison, took the ridge of the Chemin des Dames, north of…

William the Aetheling was an Anglo-Norman prince, the only son of Henry I of England and recognized duke of Normandy (as William IV, or as William III if the earlier claim of his uncle, William Rufus, is not acknowledged). He succeeded his uncle, the imprisoned Duke Robert II Curthose. In

William de Hauteville was a Norman adventurer, the eldest of 12 Hauteville brothers, a soldier of fortune who led the first contingent of his family from Normandy to southern Italy. He undertook its conquest and quickly became count of Apulia. William and his brothers Drogo and Humphrey responded

William Clito was the count of Flanders and titular duke of Normandy (as William IV, or as William III if England’s William Rufus’ earlier claim to the duchy is not acknowledged). Son of Duke Robert II Curthose (and grandson of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders), William Clito was

Chrétien de Troyes: The non-Arthurian tale Guillaume d’Angleterre, based on the legend of St. Eustace, may also have been written by Chrétien.

William of Auvergne was the most prominent French philosopher-theologian of the early 13th century and one of the first Western scholars to attempt to integrate Classical Greek and Arabic philosophy with Christian doctrine. William became a master of theology at the University of Paris in 1223 and

William of Auxerre was a French philosopher-theologian who contributed to the adaptation of classical Greek philosophy to Christian doctrine. He is considered the first medieval writer to develop a systematic treatise on free will and the natural law. Probably a student of the Parisian canon and

Guillaume d’Orange, central hero of some 24 French epic poems, or chansons de geste, of the 12th and 13th centuries. The poems form what is sometimes called La Geste de Guillaume d’Orange and together tell of a southern family warring against the Spanish Muslims. Modern research suggests that at

French literature: The chansons de geste: Dominating the Geste de Garin de Monglane is Garin’s great-grandson, Guillaume d’Orange, whose historical prototype was the count of Toulouse and Charlemagne’s cousin. His dogged loyalty to an unworthy monarch (Charlemagne’s son Louis) is the subject of a group of poems that include the Chanson de Guillaume…

William of Champeaux was a French bishop, logician, theologian, and philosopher who was prominent in the Scholastic controversy on the nature of universals (i.e., words that can be applied to more than one particular thing). After studies under the polemicist Manegold of Lautenbach in Paris, the

William Of Conches was a French Scholastic philosopher and a leading member of the School of Chartres. A pupil of the philosopher Bernard of Chartres, he taught at Chartres and Paris and was tutor to Henry (later Henry II of England), son of Geoffrey Plantagenet. William, a realist whose ideas

French literature: Allegory: …Pilgrimage of Human Life”) by Guillaume de Deguileville, Dante’s contemporary and a precursor of John Bunyan. But the most influential allegorical work in French was the Roman de la rose (The Romance of the Rose), where courtly love is first celebrated, then undermined. The first 4,058 lines were written about…

Jean Renart: …children who flee to France; Guillaume de Dôle, the story of a calumniated bride who cunningly defends her reputation; and the Lai de l’ombre, about a knight who presses a ring on his lady and, when she refuses it, throws it to her reflection in a well—a gesture that persuades…

Blessed Urban V ; beatified March 10, 1870) ; feast day December 19) was the pope from 1362 to 1370. Of noble birth, he joined the Benedictines, later teaching law at Avignon. He became abbot of Saint-Germain, Auxerre, in 1352 and of Saint-Victor, Marseille, in 1361. On Sept. 28, 1362, he was

Guillaume de Lorris was a French author of the first and more poetic part of the medieval verse allegory the Roman de la rose, started by him c. 1225–30 but continued only some 40–50 years later by Jean de Meun. Little is known of Guillaume de Lorris except that he was clearly an aristocrat and

Guillaume de Machaut was a French poet and musician, greatly admired by contemporaries as a master of French versification and regarded as one of the leading French composers of the Ars Nova (q.v.) musical style of the 14th century. It is on his shorter poems and his musical compositions that his

William of Moerbeke was a Flemish cleric, archbishop, and classical scholar whose Latin translations of the works of Aristotle and other early Greek philosophers and commentators were important in the transmission of Greek thought to the medieval Latin West. William entered the Dominican priory at

William I was a noble who made himself the mightiest in France and then changed the course of England’s history through his conquest of that country in 1066. One of the greatest soldiers and rulers of the Middle Ages, he was duke of Normandy from 1035 and king of England, as William I, from 1066

romance: The theme of separation and reunion: …the highly esteemed and influential Guillaume de Palerne (c. 1200) combines the theme of escaping lovers with that of the “grateful animal” (here a werewolf, which later resumes human shape as a king’s son) assisting the lovers in their successful flight. The popular Partenopeus de Blois (c. 1180), of which…

William of Auvergne was the most prominent French philosopher-theologian of the early 13th century and one of the first Western scholars to attempt to integrate Classical Greek and Arabic philosophy with Christian doctrine. William became a master of theology at the University of Paris in 1223 and

William Of Saint-amour was a French philosopher and theologian who led the opposition at the University of Paris to the 13th-century rise of the newly formed mendicant religious orders. A protégé of the Count of Savoy, who supported his doctoral studies in canon law and theology at the University

William of Saint-Thierry was a French monk, theologian, and mystic, and a leading adversary of early medieval rationalistic philosophy. William studied under Anselm of Laon, a supporter of the philosophical theology (later called scholasticism) advanced by St. Anselm of Canterbury. After entering a

William Of Sens was a French master-mason who built the first structure in the Early Gothic style in England. William is one of the first cathedral architects to be known by name. Exact knowledge of his contribution was preserved in the report of an eyewitness, the monk Gervase, who described the

Philip II: Territorial expansion: Guillaume des Roches, the powerful seneschal of Anjou, who had taken John’s side, came to terms with Philip in March 1203.

William I was a noble who made himself the mightiest in France and then changed the course of England’s history through his conquest of that country in 1066. One of the greatest soldiers and rulers of the Middle Ages, he was duke of Normandy from 1035 and king of England, as William I, from 1066

William I was a noble who made himself the mightiest in France and then changed the course of England’s history through his conquest of that country in 1066. One of the greatest soldiers and rulers of the Middle Ages, he was duke of Normandy from 1035 and king of England, as William I, from 1066

William II was the son of William I the Conqueror and king of England from 1087 to 1100; he was also de facto duke of Normandy (as William III) from 1096 to 1100. He prevented the dissolution of political ties between England and Normandy, but his strong-armed rule earned him a reputation as a

William I was the son of Rollo and second duke of Normandy (927–942). He sought continually to expand his territories either by conquest or by exacting new lands from the French king for the price of homage. In 939 he allied himself with Hugh the Great in the revolt against King Louis IV; through

Gioachino Rossini: …the most widely heard is William Tell (1829).

Charles Édouard Guillaume was a French physicist whose exhaustive studies of ferronickel alloys culminated in the discovery of invar (a nickel–steel alloy) and gained him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1920. In 1883 Guillaume joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Sèvres, and from

serpent: …probably invented in 1590 by Edme Guillaume, a French canon of Auxerre, as an improvement on bass versions of the closely related cornett. It is made of wood in a serpentine curve 7 to 8 feet (2 to 2.5 m) long, and it has a conical bore and six finger…

art market: Paris: One pioneer was the dealer Paul Guillaume. An important promoter of African sculpture, he organized the Art Nègre exhibition in 1919 at the Galerie Devambez. He also helped to form the Barnes collection of Impressionist pictures originally located in Merion, Pennsylvania, outside Philadephia.

Armand Guillaumin was a French landscape painter and lithographer who was a member of the Impressionist group. Guillaumin was a close friend of the painter Camille Pissarro, whom he met while studying at the Académie Suisse. Together they found employment painting blinds, and Guillaumin portrayed

Armand Guillaumin was a French landscape painter and lithographer who was a member of the Impressionist group. Guillaumin was a close friend of the painter Camille Pissarro, whom he met while studying at the Académie Suisse. Together they found employment painting blinds, and Guillaumin portrayed

Pancho Villa was a Filipino professional boxer and world flyweight (112 pounds) champion. Villa began his boxing career in 1919, winning various titles in the Philippines. Within a few months of his arrival in the United States, he knocked out the American flyweight champion, Johnny Buff (John

Sylvie Guillem is a French ballet dancer who in 1984 became the youngest person in the history of the Paris Opéra Ballet at that time to hold the rank of étoile (“star”), traditionally the highest position of dancer within a ballet company. When she was very young, Guillem began receiving

punctuation: Punctuation in French, Spanish, German, and Russian: In French, guillemets (<< >>) or dashes are used to mark quotations. In Spanish, since the middle of the 18th century, an inverted mark of interrogation or exclamation has stood at the beginning of sentences as well as the normal mark at the end; and quotations may…

Roger Guillemin was a French-born American physiologist whose research into the hormones produced by the hypothalamus gland resulted in his being awarded a share (along with Andrew Schally and Rosalyn Yalow) of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1977. Guillemin was educated at the

Roger Guillemin was a French-born American physiologist whose research into the hormones produced by the hypothalamus gland resulted in his being awarded a share (along with Andrew Schally and Rosalyn Yalow) of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1977. Guillemin was educated at the

guillemot, any of three species of black and white seabirds of the genus Cepphus, in the auk family, Alcidae. The birds have a pointed, black bill and red legs. In British usage, the name guillemot also refers to birds that in America are called murres. Guillemots are deep divers that feed on the

Joseph Guillemot: Life After War: French runner Joseph Guillemot was not favoured to win the 5,000-metre race at the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. Given his personal history, it was amazing that he was even able to compete. A veteran of World War I, Guillemot had survived a poison gas…

Ozzie Guillen is a Venezuelan-born American professional baseball player, coach, and manager, known for being outspoken and unpredictable and, as manager of the American League (AL) Chicago White Sox, for leading the team to the World Series championship in 2005. Guillen was the first Venezuelan to

Nicolás Guillén was a Cuban poet of social protest and a leader of the Afro-Cuban movement in the late 1920s and ’30s. His commitment to social justice and membership in the Communist Party made him the national poet of revolutionary Cuba. Guillén read widely during his youth and abandoned law

Subcomandante Marcos is a Mexican professor who was the leader of the Zapatista National Liberation Army (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional; EZLN, also called the Zapatistas), which launched a rebellion in 1994 in the state of Chiapas and later functioned as a political movement defending

Jorge Guillén was a Spanish lyric poet who experimented with different metres and used verbs rarely but whose work proved more accessible than that of other experimental poets. The son of a newspaper publisher, Guillén studied in Switzerland and at the University of Granada before graduating from

Nicolás Guillén was a Cuban poet of social protest and a leader of the Afro-Cuban movement in the late 1920s and ’30s. His commitment to social justice and membership in the Communist Party made him the national poet of revolutionary Cuba. Guillén read widely during his youth and abandoned law

Ozzie Guillen is a Venezuelan-born American professional baseball player, coach, and manager, known for being outspoken and unpredictable and, as manager of the American League (AL) Chicago White Sox, for leading the team to the World Series championship in 2005. Guillen was the first Venezuelan to

Gabriel-Joseph de Lavergne, viscount of Guilleragues was a French author and diplomat, considered by most modern authorities to be the author of the Lettres portugaises (1669; “Portuguese Letters”). Guilleragues was educated at the Collège de Navarre and subsequently remained in Paris to study law.

Gabriel-Joseph de Lavergne, viscount of Guilleragues was a French author and diplomat, considered by most modern authorities to be the author of the Lettres portugaises (1669; “Portuguese Letters”). Guilleragues was educated at the Collège de Navarre and subsequently remained in Paris to study law.

Violette Verdy was a French ballerina and dance director who was an admired star of New York City Ballet for nearly 20 years (1958–77). Her exceptional charm and musicality inspired George Balanchine and other choreographers to create roles that showcased her eloquent and buoyant dancing. Guillerm

French literature: Poetry: important group including Maurice Scève, Pernette du Guillet, and Louise Labé were writing Neoplatonist and Petrarchan love poetry, highly stylized in form, in which desire for an earthly Beauty inflames the poet with an inspirational frenzy that elevates his creative powers and draws him toward the spiritual Beauty, Truth, and…

Chile: The second presidency of Sebastián Piñera (2018–22): …the second round, along with Alejandro Guillier, the candidate of Bachelet’s New Majority (Nueva Mayoría) coalition, who tallied some 23 percent of the vote. (Bachelet was constitutionally prohibited from running for a consecutive term.) Beatriz Sánchez of the Broad Front (Frente Amplio), a coalition of leftist political parties and grassroots…

heraldry: Early writers: …Accedens of Armorie (1562), and John Guillim, A Display of Heraldrie (1610), not only perpetuate the nonsensical natural history of olden days but are largely responsible for erroneous beliefs about heraldic charges having definite symbolic meanings and their being granted as rewards for valorous deeds—beliefs that today are perpetuated by…

children’s literature: The 20th century: The death of René Guillot removed a deeply conscientious and responsible artist. Guillot, though probably not of the first rank, was not far below it. He left more than 50 widely translated novels for the young and about 10 nonfiction works. For his entire body of work, he…

guillotine: …of the National Assembly named Joseph-Ignace Guillotin was instrumental in passing a law that required all sentences of death to be carried out by “means of a machine.” This was done so that the privilege of execution by decapitation would no longer be confined to the nobles and the process…

guillotine, instrument for inflicting capital punishment by decapitation, introduced into France in 1792. The device consists of two upright posts surmounted by a crossbeam and grooved so as to guide an oblique-edged knife, the back of which is heavily weighted to make it fall forcefully upon (and

Roman Catholicism: The nature of the church: …1965 the Roman Catholic theologian Marie-Joseph Le Guillou defined the church in these terms:

Louis Guilloux was a French novelist who portrayed the social struggles of the people of his native Brittany. His work gave a harsh, disillusioned picture of the desolate lives of working men who sometimes achieved tragic grandeur. Guilloux was no stranger to the life depicted in his novels, as his

arraignment: …usually enters a plea of guilt or innocence. If the accused chooses not to plead, a plea of not guilty will be entered for him or her. A guilty plea will usually result in the case’s being handed over for judgment. Sometimes the court will permit a guilty plea to…

emotion: The variety and complexity of emotions: …family,” which includes shame, embarrassment, guilt, remorse, and regret. The great variety and abundance of emotions suggest that the category of emotion may not be a single class of psychological phenomena but a large family of loosely related mental states and processes.

Seth Rogen: …Streisand) in the road comedy The Guilt Trip (2012). With Goldberg he then cowrote and codirected This Is the End (2013), a zany take on the apocalypse in which he and an ensemble of other young actors (many of whom he had previously collaborated with) played exaggerated versions of themselves.…

Hollywood blacklist: …the blacklist in films like Guilty by Suspicion (1991) and The Front (1976). Those movies reinforce the popular notion of the blacklist as a blight on the history of American entertainment, a time when the film industry pandered to the hysteria of both the HUAC and private anticommunist organizations. As…

American literature: Realism and metafiction: … (1968), City Life (1970), and Guilty Pleasures (1974).

Guimarães, city and concelho (municipality), northwestern Portugal. Guimarães lies at the foot of the Serra de Santa Catarina (2,018 feet [615 metres]), northeast of the city of Porto. Guimarães was founded in the 4th century and in the 12th century became the first capital of Portugal. Its

João Guimarães Rosa was a novelist and short-story writer whose innovative prose style, derived from the oral tradition of the sertão (hinterland of Brazil), revitalized Brazilian fiction in the mid-20th century. His portrayal of the conflicts of the Brazilian backlanders in his native state of

Bernardo Guimarães was a poet, dramatist, and regional novelist whose works marked a major transition toward greater realism in Brazilian literature and who was popular in his time as a minor Romantic novelist. After a youthful bohemian life in São Paulo, Guimarães retired to his native Minas