Daniel Guggenheim was an American industrialist and philanthropist who oversaw the expansion of his family’s vast mining empire in the early 20th century. In 1891 his father, Meyer Guggenheim, consolidated about a dozen of the family’s mining operations into a trust known as the Colorado Smelting

An Inconvenient Truth: Production notes and credits:

Peggy Guggenheim was an American art collector who was an important patron of the Abstract Expressionist school of artists in New York City. Peggy’s father was Benjamin Guggenheim, a son of the wealthy mining magnate Meyer Guggenheim, and one of her uncles was Solomon R. Guggenheim, who founded the

Meyer Guggenheim was an American industrialist and philanthropist who developed worldwide mining interests that, when merged with the American Smelting and Refining Company in 1901, dominated the industry for the next three decades and laid the foundation for the present U.S. mining industry. After

Peggy Guggenheim was an American art collector who was an important patron of the Abstract Expressionist school of artists in New York City. Peggy’s father was Benjamin Guggenheim, a son of the wealthy mining magnate Meyer Guggenheim, and one of her uncles was Solomon R. Guggenheim, who founded the

Meyer Guggenheim: …sixth son of Meyer Guggenheim, Simon Guggenheim (1867–1941), established in memory of his son the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to award fellowships to aid artists and scholars studying abroad.

Solomon Guggenheim was a businessman and art collector. He became a partner in his father’s Swiss embroidery import business. He also worked in the family mining industry and was a director of many family companies. After retiring from business in 1919, he devoted his time to collecting modernist

Solomon Guggenheim was a businessman and art collector. He became a partner in his father’s Swiss embroidery import business. He also worked in the family mining industry and was a director of many family companies. After retiring from business in 1919, he devoted his time to collecting modernist

children’s literature: Heritage and fairy tales: …multitalented James Krüss, and especially Josef Guggenmos, whose lyric simplicity at times recalls Blake. Guggenmos also has to his credit a translation of A Child’s Garden of Verses, in itself an original work of art.

British West Africa: Sir Gordon Guggisberg, who served as governor from 1919 to 1929, introduced indirect rule by restoring the Asante king to his title.

Domenico Guglielmini was a mathematician and hydrologist, considered a founder of the Italian school of hydraulics, which dominated the science in the 17th and early 18th centuries. His field observations of the flow of rivers resulted in the earliest qualitative understanding of the equilibrium

William de Hauteville was a Norman adventurer, the eldest of 12 Hauteville brothers, a soldier of fortune who led the first contingent of his family from Normandy to southern Italy. He undertook its conquest and quickly became count of Apulia. William and his brothers Drogo and Humphrey responded

William II was the last Norman king of Sicily; under a regency from 1166, he ruled in person from 1171. He became known as William the Good because of his policy of clemency and justice toward the towns and the barons, in contrast with his father, William I the Bad. After the regency of his mother,

William I was the Norman king of Sicily, an able ruler who successfully repressed the conspiracies of the barons of his realm. His epithet was bestowed on him by his hapless enemies. He patronized science and letters and showed religious tolerance; among those who frequented his court were many

William of Champeaux was a French bishop, logician, theologian, and philosopher who was prominent in the Scholastic controversy on the nature of universals (i.e., words that can be applied to more than one particular thing). After studies under the polemicist Manegold of Lautenbach in Paris, the

Palace Museum, in Beijing, museum housed in the main buildings of the former Imperial Palaces (see also Forbidden City). It exhibits valuable objects from Chinese history. The palace consists of many separate halls and courtyards. The outer buildings of the palace became a museum in 1914, although

African art: Nupe: The gugu masquerader wears a cloth mask decorated with cowrie shells, but sometimes Yoruba masks are used. The ndako gboya appears to be indigenous; a spirit that affords protection from witches, it is controlled by a small secret society that cleanses communities by invitation. The mask…

India: Successor states: The Rajput dynasty of the Guhilla had its center in Mewar (with Chitor as its base). The Capa family was associated with the city of Anahilapataka (present-day Patan) and are involved in early Rajput history. In the Haryana region the Tomara Rajputs (Tomara dynasty), originally feudatories of the Gurjara-Pratiharas, founded…

diatomaceous earth, light-coloured, porous, and friable sedimentary rock that is composed of the siliceous shells of diatoms, unicellular aquatic plants of microscopic size. It occurs in earthy beds that somewhat resemble chalk, but it is much lighter than chalk and will not effervesce in acid.

Xie He: The “Six Principles” introduce Xie’s Gu Huapin Lu (“Classified Record of Painters of Former Times”), which rates 27 painters in three classes of descending merit, each with three subdivisions. The “Six Principles” have inevitably acquired new and even different meanings through the ages, but generally they may be paraphrased as…

Vajrayana, form of Tantric Buddhism that developed in India and neighbouring countries, notably Tibet. Vajrayana, in the history of Buddhism, marks the transition from Mahayana speculative thought to the enactment of Buddhist ideas in individual life. The term vajra (Sanskrit: “thunderbolt,” or

Guhyasamāja-tantra, (“The Mystery of Tathāgatahood [Buddhahood]”), oldest and one of the most important of all Buddhist Tantras. These are the basic texts of the Tantric—an esoteric and highly symbolic—form of Buddhism, which developed in India and became dominant in Tibet. The Tantric form stands,

Khoisan languages: Phonology: The | Gui system of 90 consonants, the Ju system of 105 consonants, and the !Xóõ system of 126 consonants are the largest in the world. By contrast, Nama—which, like | Gui, is a Khoe language—has only 32 consonants, and Hadza has a modest 54. While…

San: …groups, the !Kung and the |Gui, seem to be similar, in that both groups believe in two supernatural beings, one of which is the creator of the world and of living things whereas the other has lesser powers but is partly an agent of sickness and death. The !Kung and…

guei, in indigenous Chinese religion, a troublesome spirit that roams the world causing misfortune, illness, and death. Guei are spirits of individuals who were not properly buried or whose families neglected the proper memorial offerings; they lack the means to ascend to the spirit world, hence

graphical user interface (GUI), a computer program that enables a person to communicate with a computer through the use of symbols, visual metaphors, and pointing devices. Best known for its implementation in Apple Inc.’s Macintosh and Microsoft Corporation’s Windows operating system, the GUI has

gui, type of Chinese vessel produced during the Shang (18th–12th century bc) and Zhou (c. 1111–255 bc) dynasties. There were many varieties of the gui, which was a wide-mouthed container for food, but the typical bronze form consisted of a ring base and an ample, bowl-shaped body with slightly

Chinese jade: The earliest examples: …the Longshan culture, are ceremonial gui and zhang blades and axes, as well as an increasing variety of ornamental arc-shaped and circular jade pendants, necklaces, and bracelets (often in animal form), together with the significant appearance of mask decoration; all these forms link the Neolithic jades to those of the…

Callixtus II was the pope from 1119 to 1124. A son of Count William I of Burgundy, he was appointed archbishop of Vienne, in Lower Burgundy, in 1088. He became well known as a spokesman of a reform party within the church and as a foe of the policy of the Holy Roman emperor Henry V. When Pope

Guy II was a duke of Spoleto, who was claimant to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire in the chaotic end of the Carolingian era. His father, Guy I, duke of Spoleto, had come to Italy in the entourage of Lothar I and had successfully expanded his family’s power in central and southern Italy.

romance: The theme of separation and reunion: …and the anonymous mid-13th-century Anglo-Norman Gui de Warewic. Finally, there are many examples of the “persecuted heroine” theme; in one variety a person having knowledge of some “corporal sign”—a birthmark or mole—on a lady wagers with her husband that he will seduce her and offer proof that he has done…

linglong ware, Chinese porcelain made in the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911/12) dynasties and characterized by pierced ornamentation. Linglong ware was generally limited to small objects such as cups, brush pots, and covered jars. The decoration was sometimes biscuit (unglazed porcelain),

Gui River, northern tributary of the Xi River, southern China. Its upper course is also called the Li River. The Gui River rises in the Mao’er Mountains to the north of Guilin in the northern part of the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and flows southward to join the Xi at Wuzhou on the border

Zhang Yimou: Gui lai (2014; Coming Home) featured Gong as a woman whose marriage is destroyed when her husband is imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution. Zhang later codirected Wang chao de nu ren: Yang Guifei (2015; Lady of the Dynasty), about the tragic love affair between concubine Yang Guifei and…

Gui River, northern tributary of the Xi River, southern China. Its upper course is also called the Li River. The Gui River rises in the Mao’er Mountains to the north of Guilin in the northern part of the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and flows southward to join the Xi at Wuzhou on the border

China: Literature and scholarship: …the most admired master was Gui Youguang, whose most famous writings are simple essays and anecdotes about everyday life—often rather loose and formless but with a quietly pleasing charm, evoking character and mood with artless-seeming delicacy. The iconoclasm of the final Ming decades was mirrored in a literary movement of…

Zhu Youlang was a claimant to the Ming throne after the Manchu forces of Manchuria had captured the Ming capital at Beijing and established the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). A grandson of the Ming emperor Shenzong (reigned 1572–1620, reign name Wanli), Zhu was given the title of the prince of Gui.

Nélida Piñon: Her first novel, Guia-mapa de Gabriel Arcanjo (1961; “Guide Map of Archangel Gabriel”), examines themes that are consistent throughout the rest of her works. In an extended dialogue between the female protagonist, Mariella, and the archangel Gabriel, they speak about her longing to live outside the Christian dogma.…

bush dog, (Speothos venaticus), small stocky carnivore of the family Canidae found in the forests and savannas of Central and South America. The bush dog has short legs and long hair and grows to a shoulder height of about 30 cm (12 inches). It is 58–75 cm long (22.8–29.5 inches), exclusive of its

Guiana Current, surface oceanic current, a northwest-flowing branch of the Atlantic South Equatorial Current along the northern coast of South America. North of the Equator, the Atlantic North Equatorial Current and Amazon and Orinoco rivers contribute to the Guiana Current. As a result of river

Guiana Highlands, plateau and low-mountain region of South America located north of the Amazon and south of the Orinoco River. Comprising a heavily forested plateau, they cover the southern half of Venezuela, all of the Guianas except for the low Atlantic coastal plain, the northern part of Brazil,

Colombia: Relief: …eroded rocks of the ancient Guiana Shield are exposed, producing a broken topography of low, isolated mountains, tablelands, and buttes with rapids in the streams. This slightly higher ground forms the watershed between the Amazon and Orinoco systems. Some 60 miles (100 km) south of Villavicencio the elongated, forested La…

European Space Agency: ESA also operates the Guiana Space Centre (CSG), a launch base in French Guiana.

The Guianas, region of South America, located on the continent’s north-central coast and covering an area of about 181,000 square miles (468,800 square km). It includes the independent nations of Guyana and Suriname and French Guiana, an overseas département of France. The region is bounded on the

French Guiana: Government and society: …principal political parties are the Guianese Socialist Party and the Union for a Popular Movement. Other political parties include the Movement for Decolonization and Social Emancipation, the Guiana Democratic Forces, and Walwari, a leftist party whose founder Christiane Taubira served as minister of justice in the administration of French President…

Clement (III) was an antipope from 1080 to 1100. Of noble birth, Guibert served at the German court (c. 1054–55) and became imperial chancellor for Italy (1058–63). As such he supported the election of Bishop Peter Cadalus of Parma as antipope Honorius II (1061). His appointment by Henry IV of

French literature: Prose fiction: …Claire (1980; Camera Lucida) and Hervé Guibert’s Vice (1991). Gay writing, already becoming more political and more polemic, found an important collective focus in the AIDS crisis, most notably in Guibert’s best-selling A l’ami qui ne m’a pas sauvé la vie (1990; To the Friend Who Did Not Save My…

Clement (III) was an antipope from 1080 to 1100. Of noble birth, Guibert served at the German court (c. 1054–55) and became imperial chancellor for Italy (1058–63). As such he supported the election of Bishop Peter Cadalus of Parma as antipope Honorius II (1061). His appointment by Henry IV of

Anselm Of Saint Mary was a genealogist and friar whose history of the French royal family and nobility is a valuable source of detailed and unusual information. Anselm entered the order of the Discalced Hermits of St. Augustine in 1644 and, remaining in their monastery (Couvent des Petits Pères),

Francesco Guicciardini was a Florentine statesman, diplomat, and historian, author of the most important contemporary history of Italy, Storia d’Italia. Guicciardini was born of an aristocratic Florentine family that played a prominent role under Lorenzo de’ Medici (the Magnificent). From 1498 to

Lord Byron: Life and career: But a chance meeting with Countess Teresa Gamba Guiccioli, who was only 19 years old and married to a man nearly three times her age, reenergized Byron and changed the course of his life. Byron followed her to Ravenna, and she later accompanied him back to Venice. Byron returned to…

guidance counseling, the process of helping individuals discover and develop their educational, vocational, and psychological potentialities and thereby to achieve an optimal level of personal happiness and social usefulness. The concept of counseling is essentially democratic in that the

guidance counseling, the process of helping individuals discover and develop their educational, vocational, and psychological potentialities and thereby to achieve an optimal level of personal happiness and social usefulness. The concept of counseling is essentially democratic in that the

morality police, law enforcement body in Iran created in 2005 to enforce regulations on modest dress (ḥijāb) and chaste behaviour (ʿifāf). The enforcement of a public moral code in Iran began after the 1979 revolution, when the new Islamic republic sought to assert its ideology and principles in

rocket and missile system: Tactical guided missiles: But it was in their guidance systems that these missiles gained their distinction, since the ability to make down-course corrections in order to seek or “home” onto a target separated guided missiles from purely ballistic weapons such as free-flight rockets and artillery shells.

Judaism: Other Jewish thinkers, c. 1050–c. 1150: …al-hidāyah ilā farā’iḍ alqulūb (“Guidance to the Duties of the Heart”), which combines a theology influenced by Saʿadia with a moderate mysticism inspired by the teachings of the Sufis. The commandments of the heart—that is, those relating to thoughts and sentiments—are contrasted with the commandments of the limbs—that is,…

rocket and missile system: Design principles: …generally expressed as launch-point errors, guidance/en-route errors, or aim-point errors. Both launch- and aim-point errors can be corrected by surveying the launch and target areas more accurately. Guidance/en-route errors, on the other hand, must be corrected by improving the missile’s design—particularly its guidance. Guidance/en-route errors are usually measured by a…

Youssou N’Dour: …release of his solo album The Guide (Wommat) (1994) that N’Dour was catapulted to global stardom.

gastronomy: The great French chefs: … (1924), Ma Cuisine (1934), and Le Guide culinaire (1921), written in collaboration with Gilbert—in which he codified the French cuisine in its modern form, setting down thousands of menus and clarifying the principles of French gastronomy. With the great hotel entrepreneur César Ritz, he established a string of the world’s…

guide dog, dog that is professionally trained to guide, protect, or aid its master. Systematic training of guide dogs originated in Germany during World War I to aid blinded veterans. Seeing Eye dog, a moniker often used synonymously with guide dog, refers to a guide dog trained by The Seeing Eye,

Alonso Carrió de Lavandera: …ciegos caminantes (1775; El Lazarillo: A Guide for Inexperienced Travellers Between Buenos Aires and Lima) was originally attributed to Don Calixto Bustamente, Carrió’s Indian guide and traveling companion. Investigation revealed that Carrió had used a pseudonym to avoid punishment for having been critical of the Spanish regime. Critics have praised…

Gene Kelly: Films of the 1960s and beyond: Kelly also directed the comedy A Guide for the Married Man (1967), which starred Walter Matthau as the title character being tutored on how to efficiently cheat on his wife. That same year Kelly returned to France to play an American piano player in Jacques Demy’s tribute to Hollywood musicals…

Salomon Maimon: …an unorthodox commentary on Maimonides’ Moreh nevukhim (The Guide for the Perplexed) that earned him the hostility of fellow Jews. At 25 he traveled to Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), and wandered over Europe until he settled in Posen, Pol., as a tutor. His material insecurity ended in 1790, when…

index fossil, any animal or plant preserved in the rock record of the Earth that is characteristic of a particular span of geologic time or environment. A useful index fossil must be distinctive or easily recognizable, abundant, and have a wide geographic distribution and a short range through

restaurant: French restaurants in the 20th century: …are evaluated annually by the Guide Michelin, a publication devoted to surveying eating establishments and hotels in more than 3,400 towns and cities and awarding one, two, or three stars, based upon quality.

technology of photography: Flash exposures: …determined by measurement or by guide-number calculation.

Salomon Maimon: …an unorthodox commentary on Maimonides’ Moreh nevukhim (The Guide for the Perplexed) that earned him the hostility of fellow Jews. At 25 he traveled to Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), and wandered over Europe until he settled in Posen, Pol., as a tutor. His material insecurity ended in 1790, when…

road: Traffic control: …clearances, and slippery surfaces); and guide signs, which give route information (e.g., numbers or designations, distances, directions, and points of interest).

map: Greek maps and geography: His monumental work, the Guide to Geography (Geōgraphikē hyphēgēsis), was produced in eight volumes. The first volume discussed basic principles and dealt with map projection and globe construction. The next six volumes carried a list of the names of some 8,000 places and their approximate latitudes and longitudes. Except…

Phoebe Worrall Palmer: …a regular contributor to the Guide to Holiness, the chief periodical of the perfectionist movement, and she wrote a number of books, including The Way of Holiness (1845).

Guide to Kulchur, prose work by Ezra Pound, published in 1938. A brilliant but fragmentary work, it consists of a series of apparently unrelated essays reflecting his thoughts on various aspects of culture and

Oregon Trail: Guidebooks and other practicalities: Travel guidebooks became available to the emigrants shortly after use of the trail became widespread. One of the earliest and most popular of these was Landsford Hastings’s The Emigrant’s Guide to Oregon and California (1845). For Mormons, there was The Latter-day…

Indonesia: Introduction of Guided Democracy: Against a background of geographically scattered yet salient dissent, Sukarno, resentful of his circumscribed position as figurehead president, began to interfere more frequently in the constitutional processes. In 1956 Vice President Hatta, who had been considered Sukarno’s partner in leadership, announced his resignation,…

music therapy: Approaches in music therapy: Guided imagery and music (GIM), originally devised by American music therapist Helen Lindquist Bonny in the 1960s and early ’70s, is a music-based psychotherapeutic practice that aims to integrate emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual components of well-being. During a session, the therapist guides the patient…

guided missile, projectile provided with means for altering its direction after leaving its launching device. See

artillery: Nuclear shells, guided projectiles, and rocket assistance: …step was the development of guided projectiles. With the 155-millimetre Copperhead, a U.S. system, a forward observer could “illuminate” a target with laser light, a portion of which would be reflected and picked up by sensors in the approaching shell. The greater part of the shell’s flight would be entirely…

warship: Cruisers: …the keel up as a guided-missile cruiser and the first surface warship to steam under atomic energy. This 14,000-ton ship was followed by a series of nuclear-powered U.S. cruisers that ended, in the 1970s, with the 10,400-ton Virginia class. This class has been supplemented since the 1980s and ’90s by…

rocket and missile system: Surface-to-air: The SA-2 Guideline, introduced in 1958, was the most widely deployed of the early SAMs and was the first surface-to-air guided-missile system used in combat. This two-stage missile with a solid booster and a liquid-propellant (kerosene and nitric acid) sustainer, could engage targets at ranges of…

government economic policy: Conflicts among goals: …most moderate is the so-called guideposts system, under which the government announces the need for restraints on wage increases and perhaps also sets targets to guide unions and management; this was attempted in the United States in the early 1960s. In Sweden, responsibility for limiting wage increases has been assigned…

Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, worldwide organizations for girls, dedicated to training them in good citizenship, good conduct, and outdoor activities. Robert (later Lord) Baden-Powell and his sister Agnes Baden-Powell founded the Girl Guides in Great Britain in 1910 in response to the requests of

mass transit: Growth in the 19th century: …limited to operations on fixed guideways (rails), and extending the service required installing more rails, a large and semipermanent investment. This inflexibility of a rail-based system was balanced by its low rolling resistance, which permitted the connection of several vehicles into trains where the demand for travel in the corridor…

Guidi Family, an Italian family that originated in the Romagna in the 10th century and came to dominate by the mid-12th century the Florentine contado (district), with possessions in its eastern region and in Tuscan Romagna, the contadi of Bologna, Faenza, Forlì, and Ravenna, and in the hilly

Italian literature: Poetry and prose: …sonneteer, Vincenzo da Filicaia, and Alessandro Guidi, who wrote exalted odes, were hailed as major poets and reformers of the excesses of the Baroque. Though they retained much of the earlier bombast, their consciousness of the need for rational reform led to the foundation of the Accademia dell’Arcadia.

Masaccio was an important Florentine painter of the early Renaissance whose frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel of the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence (c. 1427) remained influential throughout the Renaissance. In the span of only six years, Masaccio radically transformed Florentine

plasma: Methods of describing plasma phenomena: …the orbit is called the guiding centre. The particle may also have a component of velocity parallel to the magnetic field and so traces out a helix in a uniform magnetic field. If a uniform electric field (E) is applied at right angles to the direction of the magnetic field,…

radio: Soap operas: The Guiding Light, which debuted over NBC in January 1937, was originally about a minister and his family, and it stands as the longest-running soap opera in history, broadcasting on both radio and television from 1952 to 1956 and finally airing its last television episode…

Guido d’Arezzo was a medieval music theorist whose principles served as a foundation for modern Western musical notation. Educated at the Benedictine abbey at Pomposa, Guido evidently made use of the music treatise of Odo of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés and apparently developed his principles of staff

Paschal (III) was an antipope from 1164 to 1168. Against Pope Alexander III, he was one of the original supporters of the antipope Victor IV, whom he succeeded on April 22, 1164, becoming the second antipope set up by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. Elected through the influence of

Guido da Siena was one of the first Italian painters to break with the centuries-old conventions of Byzantine painting, such as rigid compositional balance and frontality. Although the precise dating of his work has not been established, it is clear that he introduced more spontaneous gestures and

Celestine II was the pope from 1143 to 1144. A scholar of noble birth, he studied under Peter Abélard, with whom he remained on friendly terms even after Abélard’s condemnation at the Council of Sens (1140). He was made cardinal deacon in 1127 by Pope Honorius II and cardinal priest (c. 1134) by

Guido Delle Colonne was a jurist, poet, and Latin prose writer whose poetry was praised by Dante and whose Latin version of the Troy legend was important in bringing the story to Italians and, through various translations, into English literature. Guido delle Colonne apparently was a learned man, a

Celestine (II) was a pope who was elected in December 1124 but resigned a few days later and is not counted in the official list of popes. After the death of Calixtus II, the rival houses of Frangipani and Pierleoni struggled for the papal throne. The Pierleonis’ candidate, Theobald (who would have

Fra Angelico was an Italian painter, one of the greatest 15th-century painters, whose works within the framework of the early Renaissance style embody a serene religious attitude and reflect a strong Classical influence. A great number of works executed during his career are altarpieces and

Guy II was a duke of Spoleto, who was claimant to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire in the chaotic end of the Carolingian era. His father, Guy I, duke of Spoleto, had come to Italy in the entourage of Lothar I and had successfully expanded his family’s power in central and southern Italy.

Guido d’Arezzo was a medieval music theorist whose principles served as a foundation for modern Western musical notation. Educated at the Benedictine abbey at Pomposa, Guido evidently made use of the music treatise of Odo of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés and apparently developed his principles of staff

Callixtus II was the pope from 1119 to 1124. A son of Count William I of Burgundy, he was appointed archbishop of Vienne, in Lower Burgundy, in 1088. He became well known as a spokesman of a reform party within the church and as a foe of the policy of the Holy Roman emperor Henry V. When Pope

Polenta Family: The family’s ascendancy began with Guido da Polenta (d. 1310), known as Guido Minore, or Guido the Old, who led the Guelf, or pro-papal, faction in Ravenna against the Ghibelline, or pro-emperor, faction. Ravenna, traditionally Ghibelline, had fallen to the Guelfs in 1239. When the emperor Frederick II reconquered the…

Argentina: Attempts to restore constitutionalism, 1955–66: …government in the name of José María Guido, president pro tempore of the Senate. Guido’s 18-month administration was one of confusion as two military factions fought for control. The Colorados (“Reds”) sought a dictatorship that would deal strongly with the Peronists and extreme leftists. The Azules (“Blues”), who prevailed, favoured…

flag: Forms and functions: The guidon (a word derived from the French guyd-homme) was similar to the standard but was rounded in the fly or had two swallow tails, both rounded. Guidons were borne by leaders in battle who were of no more than knightly rank and so not entitled…

Guido d’Arezzo: …is no evidence that the Guidonian hand, a mnemonic device associated with his name and widely used in the Middle Ages, had any connection with Guido d’Arezzo.