La Fontaine was a French ballerina and the first woman professional ballet dancer. Before La Fontaine’s debut in 1681 at the Paris Opéra as première danseuse in Jean-Baptiste Lully’s ballet Le Triomphe de l’amour, girls’ roles on the public stage had been taken by young men. Although hampered by

Western architecture: France: …Paris were Charles Percier and Pierre-François Fontaine, who were responsible for the extensive planning scheme at the beginning of the 19th century that included the rue de Castiglione, the rue and Place des Pyramides, and the rue de Rivoli. The Arc du Carrousel was built to their designs in 1806–08…

Western architecture: France: …Paris were Charles Percier and Pierre-François Fontaine, who were responsible for the extensive planning scheme at the beginning of the 19th century that included the rue de Castiglione, the rue and Place des Pyramides, and the rue de Rivoli. The Arc du Carrousel was built to their designs in 1806–08…

Fontainebleau, town, Seine-et-Marne département, Île-de-France région, northern France, 40 miles (65 km) south-southeast of Paris by road. The town is situated in the Forest of Fontainebleau, 2 miles from the left bank of the Seine. The famous château southeast of the town is one of the largest

Fontainebleau: …situated in the Forest of Fontainebleau, 2 miles from the left bank of the Seine. The famous château southeast of the town is one of the largest residences built by the kings of France. Originally a medieval royal hunting lodge enlarged by Louis IX, or St. Louis (1214–70), it was…

20th-century international relations: Hammering out the treaty: …late March Lloyd George’s eloquent Fontainebleau Memorandum warned that vindictiveness in the hour of victory would serve not justice and reconciliation but German revanchism and Bolshevik propaganda. Nevertheless Clemenceau, under attack from President Poincaré, Marshal Foch, and the parliament for “giving up the Rhine,” dared not compromise further. On April…

school of Fontainebleau, the vast number of artists, both foreign and French, whose works are associated with the court of Francis I at Fontainebleau during the last two-thirds of the 16th century. There is both a first and a second school of Fontainebleau. The earlier works are the more important.

house of Bourbon: Solidarity and discord: …treaty and the similarly conceived Treaty of Fontainebleau (1743) are sometimes called the First and the Second Family Compact, and the term Family Compact, or Pacte de Famille, was actually used in a third treaty, signed in Paris in 1761, during the Seven Years’ War. By this last treaty France…

Ignazio Silone: …Silone produced his first novel, Fontamara, which was published in Zürich (1930; Eng. trans., 1934). It is a realistic and compassionate story of the exploitation of peasants in a southern Italian village, brutally suppressed as they attempt to obtain their rights. Fontamara became an international sensation and was translated into…

Fontana, city, San Bernardino county, southwestern California, U.S. Lying just west of the city of San Bernardino, the site was once part of the Rancho San Bernardino land grant (1813). The community, then known as Rosena, was developed in 1903 after it was bought by Fontana Development Company. It

Benito Pérez Galdós: …success of his first novel, La fontana de oro (1870; “The Fountain of Gold”), he began a series of novels retelling Spain’s history from the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) to the restoration of the Bourbons in Spain (1874). The entire cycle of 46 novels would come to be known as…

Trevi Fountain, fountain in Rome that is considered a late Baroque masterpiece and is arguably the best known of the city’s numerous fountains. It was designed by Nicola Salvi and completed by Giuseppe Pannini in 1762. According to legend, those who toss coins into its waters will return to Rome.

Carlo Fontana was an Italian architect, engineer, and publisher whose prolific studio produced widely imitated designs for fountains, palaces, tombs, and altars, as well as the curved facade on the S. Marcello al Corso (1682–83). His many international students included M.D. Poppelmann of Germany,

Elvis Presley: From Tupelo to Sam Phillips and Sun Records: …musical change came when drummer D.J. Fontana was added, first for the Hayride shows but also on records beginning with “Mystery Train.”)

Domenico Fontana was an Italian architect who worked on St. Peter’s Basilica and other famous buildings of Rome and Naples. Fontana went to Rome in 1563, where he was employed by Cardinal Montalto (later Pope Sixtus V) to design a chapel in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore (1585). When Cardinal

history of photography: Developments from the 1970s to the 1990s: …Stephen Shore, Barbara Kasten, and Franco Fontana were among the other prominent photographers of the period who used colour expressively in landscapes, interiors, still lifes, and street scenes.

Lavinia Fontana was an Italian painter of the Mannerist school and one of the most important portraitists in Bologna during the late 16th century. She was one of the first women to execute large, publicly commissioned figure paintings. Fontana studied with her father, Prospero Fontana (c. 1512–97),

Italy: Visual arts: Argentinian-born Lucio Fontana’s work exemplifies the modern artist’s quest for form, expressed, for example, by a blank canvas slashed open by a knife. Modern additions to the Italian tradition of sculpture include the works of Giacomo Manzù, Gio Pomodoro, Marino Marini, Luciano Minguzzi, Alberto Viani, Harry…

Theodor Fontane was a writer who is considered the first master of modern realistic fiction in Germany. He began his literary career in 1848 as a journalist, serving for several years in England as correspondent for two Prussian newspapers. From this position he wrote several books on English life,

fontanel, soft spot in the skull of an infant, covered with tough, fibrous membrane. There are six such spots at the junctions of the cranial bones; they allow for molding of the fetal head during passage through the birth canal. Those at the sides of the head are irregularly shaped and located at

fontanel, soft spot in the skull of an infant, covered with tough, fibrous membrane. There are six such spots at the junctions of the cranial bones; they allow for molding of the fetal head during passage through the birth canal. Those at the sides of the head are irregularly shaped and located at

Louis, marquis de Fontanes was a French man of letters who represented Catholic and conservative opinion during the First Empire and was appointed grand master of the University of Paris by Napoleon. As a young man, Fontanes lived in Paris and associated with the important literary figures of the

Japanese art: Western-style painting: Most influential among them was Antonio Fontanesi. Active as an instructor in Japan for only a year, Fontanesi, a painter of the Barbizon school, established an intensely loyal following among his Japanese students. His influence is seen in the works of Asai Chū, who later studied in Europe. Asai’s contemporary…

dress: Europe, 1500–1800: Ladies wore a tall headdress—the fontange—consisting of tiers of wired lace decorated by ribbons and lappets.

Tianjin Massacre: …June 21 the French consul, Henri Fontanier, fired into a crowd of locally prominent representatives, missing the district magistrate but killing his servant; immediately the consul and some 20 others, mostly French, were killed and mutilated by the mob.

Lunt and Fontanne: Meanwhile, Fontanne had studied under Ellen Terry in England, made her road-show debut in 1905, and won her first London role in 1909 in the Drury Lane Pantomime and her first New York City role in 1910. In 1916 she returned to New York at the…

Lunt and Fontanne: Meanwhile, Fontanne had studied under Ellen Terry in England, made her road-show debut in 1905, and won her first London role in 1909 in the Drury Lane Pantomime and her first New York City role in 1910. In 1916 she returned to New York at the…

Jacopo della Quercia: …received the commission for the Fonte Gaia in the Piazza del Campo at Siena, now replaced by a copy; the original is in the loggia of the town hall. The scheme of this celebrated and highly original fountain seems to have been repeatedly modified, the most effective work being done…

feminism: The ancient world: …broadside by another Venetian author, Moderata Fonte, was published posthumously. Defenders of the status quo painted women as superficial and inherently immoral, while the emerging feminists produced long lists of women of courage and accomplishment and proclaimed that women would be the intellectual equals of men if they were given…

Fontéchevade, a cave site in southwestern France known for the 1947 discovery of ancient human remains and tools probably dating to between 200,000 and 120,000 years ago. The fossils consist of two skull fragments. Unlike Neanderthals and Homo sapiens of the time, the frontal skull fragment lacks

Fontéchevade: The fossils consist of two skull fragments.

Western architecture: Burgundy: Fontenay Abbey (1139 and later) represented the personal preference of St. Bernard, and it is almost Roman, with its very simple and substantial scheme of pointed barrel vaulting. In general, however, the Cistercian churches came more and more to approximate Gothic designs. In the ground…

Bernard Le Bovier, sieur de Fontenelle was a French scientist and man of letters, described by Voltaire as the most universal mind produced by the era of Louis XIV. Many of the characteristic ideas of the Enlightenment are found in embryonic form in his works. Fontenelle was educated at the Jesuit

Battle of Fontenoy, (May 11, 1745), confrontation that led to the French conquest of Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession. It was the most famous victory of the French marshal Maurice, Count de Saxe. The battle was fought 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Tournai (in modern Belgium),

Johann Friedrich Böhmer: He also published Fontes Rerum Germanicarum (1843–68), a valuable collection of original authorities for German history during the 13th and 14th centuries, and he edited many other collections. On his death he left many manuscripts, some of which were subsequently published.

Fontevrault-l’Abbaye, village near Saumur, Maine-et-Loire département, Pays de la Loire région, western France. It lies near the confluence of the Vienne and Loire rivers and is surrounded by fields and woods. Fontevrault-l’Abbaye is the site of the great abbey of Notre-Dame de Fontevrault, which,

Fontevrault-l’Abbaye, village near Saumur, Maine-et-Loire département, Pays de la Loire région, western France. It lies near the confluence of the Vienne and Loire rivers and is surrounded by fields and woods. Fontevrault-l’Abbaye is the site of the great abbey of Notre-Dame de Fontevrault, which,

Dame Margot Fonteyn was an outstanding ballerina of the English stage whose musicality, technical perfection, and precisely conceived and executed characterizations made her an international star. She was the first homegrown English ballerina, and she became an iconic and much-loved figure,

James Wyatt: …which the most sensational was Fonthill Abbey (1796–1807), Wiltshire. Initially this was built as a landscape feature, and it eventually developed into an extraordinary home for the arch-Romantic William Beckford, who supervised its design and construction. The great central tower (270 feet [82 metres]) collapsed in 1807, and after Beckford…

Fontina, semihard cow’s-milk cheese that originated in the Valle d’Aosta region of northern Italy. Made in wheels 13 to 15 inches (33 to 38 cm) in diameter and 3 to 4 inches (about 8 to 10 cm) thick, Fontina has a tough beige natural rind, sometimes coated in wax, and a pale gold interior with a

water moss, (Fontinalis), genus of mosses belonging to the subclass Bryidae, often found in flowing freshwater streams and ponds in temperate regions. Of the 20 species of water moss, 18 are native to North America. A brook moss may have shoots 30 to 100 (rarely up to 200) cm (12 to 40 inches) long

water moss: The most common species, F. antipyretica, has long, slender branches covered with glossy, yellowish green or dark green phyllids (leaves), 4 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.25 inch) long and arranged in three ranks. Male and female reproductive organs are borne on separate plants.

Eugénio de Andrade was a Portuguese poet who, influenced by Surrealism, used concrete images that include earth, water, and the human body to explore such themes as love, nature, and death. His work is widely translated. Andrade, who began publishing poetry as a teenager, worked as a civil servant

Monaco: …and the newer zone of Fontvieille, in which various light industries have developed.

Haʿapai Group: Fonuafoʿou (Falcon Island), 19 miles (30 km) west of Nomuka, is the peak of a submarine volcano, the emergent portion of which is alternately raised by eruptions and completely eroded by waves and wind. The island grew to as high as 1,050 feet (320 metres)…

Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin was a playwright who satirized the cultural pretensions and privileged coarseness of the nobility; he is considered his nation’s foremost 18th-century dramatist. Fonvizin was educated at the University of Moscow and worked as a government translator until 1769. His wit and

baobab: perrieri, A. rubrostipa, A. suarezensis, and A. za) are endemic to Madagascar, two (A. digitata and A. kilima) are native to mainland Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, and one (A. gregorii) is native to northwestern Australia. They have unusual barrel-like trunks and are known for their

dentistry: Dentistry in 19th-century Europe: …for dentures by Italian dentist Giuseppangelo Fonzi. Fonzi’s porcelain teeth provided an appealing alternative to traditional tooth replacement with the repugnant teeth from corpses.

Happy Days: …Fonzarelli (Henry Winkler)—known as “Fonzie”—whose greaser style and love for motorcycles clashed with the show’s cast of wholesome, all-American characters. But under his leather jacket, Fonzie was anything but rebellious. His reputation as an outsider and a ladies’ man and his cachet of “cool” could be used to mitigate…

Foo Fighters, American alternative rock band, one of the world’s most popular rock bands of the 21st century. Foo Fighters appeal to a wide audience, owing to their likable blend of heavy guitars and arena-ready anthems, which make for exciting live performances. By the early 2020s, the band had

Fuzhou, city and capital of Fujian sheng (province), southeastern China. It is situated in the eastern part of the province on the north bank of the estuary of Fujian’s largest river, the Min River, a short distance from its mouth on the East China Sea. The Min gives the city access to the interior

food, substance consisting essentially of protein, carbohydrate, fat, and other nutrients used in the body of an organism to sustain growth and vital processes and to furnish energy. The absorption and utilization of food by the body is fundamental to nutrition and is facilitated by digestion.

food additive, any of various chemical substances added to foods to produce specific desirable effects. Additives such as salt, spices, and sulfites have been used since ancient times to preserve foods and make them more palatable. With the increased processing of foods in the 20th century, there

World Food Programme: In addition to distributing food aid in emergencies, the WFP provides food assistance to meet longer-term needs. The WFP focuses particularly on assisting vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant and nursing women, and the elderly. To stimulate their economies, the WFP purchases more goods and services from developing countries…

food allergy, immunological response to a food. Although the true prevalence of food allergy is unclear, studies have indicated that about 1 to 5 percent of people have a clinically proven allergy to a food. More than 120 foods have been reported as causing food allergies, though the majority of

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), oldest permanent specialized agency of the United Nations, established in October 1945 with the objective of eliminating hunger and improving nutrition and standards of living by increasing agricultural productivity. The FAO coordinates the efforts of

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), agency of the U.S. federal government authorized by Congress to inspect, test, approve, and set safety standards for foods and food additives, drugs, chemicals, cosmetics, and household and medical devices. First known as the Food, Drug, and Insecticide

abortion: …agreed to review the case, Food and Drug Administration v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine, the first major abortion-related case on its docket since Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization. On June 13, 2024, the Court unanimously reversed and remanded the Fifth’s Circuit’s decision, holding that the original plaintiffs in the…

Pure Food and Drug Act, in U.S. history, legislation passed in 1906 to ensure the sanitary preparation of consumable goods. The Pure Food and Drug Act required accurate ingredient labeling and prohibited the sale of adulterated and misbranded food and drugs in interstate commerce. As the first

food chain, in ecology, the sequence of transfers of matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis,

food colouring, any of numerous dyes, pigments, or other additives used to enhance the appearance of fresh and processed foods. Colouring ingredients include natural colours, derived primarily from vegetable sources and sometimes called vegetable dyes; inorganic pigments; combinations of organic

biosphere: Nutrient cycling: The cells of all organisms are made up primarily of six major elements that occur in similar proportions in all life-forms. These elements—hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur—form the core protoplasm of organisms, and the

food desert, an impoverished area where residents lack access to healthy foods. Food deserts may exist in rural or urban areas and are associated with complex geographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as with poor diet and health disorders such as obesity. Most knowledge of food deserts has

Philadelphia: Research of Philadelphia: The unique Food Distribution Center, a nonprofit corporation managed by a board of directors representing city government and private enterprise, is a prime example of how Philadelphia has joined the work of the private and public sectors to serve the best interests of both. Covering more than…

food colouring, any of numerous dyes, pigments, or other additives used to enhance the appearance of fresh and processed foods. Colouring ingredients include natural colours, derived primarily from vegetable sources and sometimes called vegetable dyes; inorganic pigments; combinations of organic

human nutrition: Adapting guidelines to culture: The Food Guide Pagoda, a graphic display intended to help Chinese consumers put the dietary recommendations into practice, rested on the traditional cereal-based Chinese diet. Those who could not tolerate fresh milk were encouraged to consume yogurt or other dairy products as a source of calcium.…

human nutrition: Food guide pyramids and other aids: Different formats for dietary goals and guidelines have been developed over the years as educational tools, grouping foods of similar nutrient content together to help facilitate the selection of a balanced diet. In the United States, the four food-group…

food insecurity, the limited or uncertain access to nutritious food, which also includes limitations on the ability to obtain nutritious food in ways that are socially acceptable. Approximately 2.4 billion people worldwide (some 29.6 percent of the human population) experience moderate or severe

daily reference value: …played an important role in food labeling. In the United States the DRV is one of two types of reference values, the second being the reference daily intake (RDI) for vitamins and minerals. RDI and DRV are combined under daily value (DV) on food labels. The fat content in a…

microbiology: Food microbiology: Microorganisms are of great significance to foods for the following reasons: (1) microorganisms can cause spoilage of foods, (2) microorganisms are used to manufacture a wide variety of food products, and (3) microbial diseases can be transmitted by foods.

Paula Deen: …more cooking shows for the Food Network: Paula’s Party (2006–08) and Paula’s Best Dishes (2008–13).

H.G. Wells: Early writings: …satire and sometimes, as in The Food of the Gods, destroying its credibility. Eventually, Wells decided to abandon science fiction for comic novels of lower middle-class life, most notably in Love and Mr. Lewisham (1900), Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul (1905), and The History of Mr. Polly (1910).…

food poisoning, acute gastrointestinal illness resulting from the consumption of foods containing one or more representatives of three main groups of harmful agents: natural poisons present in certain plants and animals, chemical poisons, and microorganisms (mainly bacteria) and their toxic

food preservation, any of a number of methods by which food is kept from spoilage after harvest or slaughter. Such practices date to prehistoric times. Among the oldest methods of preservation are drying, refrigeration, and fermentation. Modern methods include canning, pasteurization, freezing,

food processing, any of a variety of operations by which raw foodstuffs are made suitable for consumption, cooking, or storage. A brief treatment of food processing follows. For fuller treatment of storage methods, see food preservation. Food processing generally includes the basic preparation of

food processor, electric appliance developed in the late 20th century, used for a variety of food-preparation functions including kneading, chopping, blending, and pulverizing. The food processor was invented by Pierre Verdon, whose Le Magi-Mix, a compact household version of his own earlier

food pyramid, a visual representation (in the shape of a pyramid) of the optimal number of servings of food a person should eat daily from each basic food group. The food pyramid first evolved in Sweden in the 1970s and was adapted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1992. The USDA

rationing, government policy consisting of the planned and restrictive allocation of scarce resources and consumer goods, usually practiced during times of war, famine, or some other national emergency. Rationing may be of several types. Informal rationing, which precedes the imposition of formal

amoeba: The endoplasm contains food vacuoles, a granular nucleus, and a clear contractile vacuole. The amoeba has no mouth or anus; food is taken in and material excreted at any point on the cell surface. During feeding, extensions of cytoplasm flow around food particles, surrounding them and forming a…

food web, a complex network of interconnecting and overlapping food chains showing feeding relationships within a community. A food chain shows how matter and energy from food are transferred from one organism to another, whereas a food web illustrates how food chains intertwine in an ecosystem.

food desert: Improving access to healthy foods: …to healthy foods, introducing the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, which was followed by an evaluation of the prevalence of food deserts in the country. In 2010 U.S. Pres. Barack Obama proposed the Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI), which encouraged retailers to bring healthy foods to impoverished urban…

e-cigarette: …and drug-delivery devices under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA, FDCA, or FD&C), the organization initiated action against the import of e-cigarettes. In January 2010, following a lawsuit by an e-cigarette distributor, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that e-cigarettes did not meet the…

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), agency of the U.S. federal government authorized by Congress to inspect, test, approve, and set safety standards for foods and food additives, drugs, chemicals, cosmetics, and household and medical devices. First known as the Food, Drug, and Insecticide

John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns: …fame with the publication of Food, Health and Income (1936), a report of a dietary survey by income groups made during 1935 that showed that the cost of a diet fulfilling basic nutritional requirements was beyond the means of half the British population and that 10 percent of the population…

famine: Entitlement failure: …hypothesis,” the assumption that total food-availability decline (FAD) is the central cause of all famines. Sen argued that the more proximate cause is so-called “entitlement failure,” which can occur even when there is no decline in aggregate food production.

foodborne illness, any sickness that is caused by the consumption of foods or beverages that are contaminated with certain infectious or noninfectious agents. Most cases of foodborne illness are caused by agents such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Other agents include mycotoxins (fungal

inland water ecosystem: Population and community development and structure: …photosynthesis occurs, also called the trophogenic zone. In this zone the production of biochemical energy through photosynthesis is greater than its consumption through respiration and decomposition. Animals and decomposers are found in both the photic and aphotic zones. In the aphotic zone, also called the tropholytic zone, the consumption of…

foodborne illness, any sickness that is caused by the consumption of foods or beverages that are contaminated with certain infectious or noninfectious agents. Most cases of foodborne illness are caused by agents such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Other agents include mycotoxins (fungal

foodborne illness, any sickness that is caused by the consumption of foods or beverages that are contaminated with certain infectious or noninfectious agents. Most cases of foodborne illness are caused by agents such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Other agents include mycotoxins (fungal

fufu, a popular dish in western and central African countries and, due to African migration, in the Caribbean as well. It consists of starchy foods—such as cassava, yams, or plantains—that have been boiled, pounded, and rounded into balls; the pounding process, which typically involves a mortar and

King Lear: …about accompanied by his faithful Fool. He is aided by the Earl of Kent, who, though banished from the kingdom for having supported Cordelia, has remained in Britain disguised as a loyal follower of the king. Cordelia, having married the king of France, is obliged to invade her native country…

fool, a comic entertainer whose madness or imbecility, real or pretended, made him a source of amusement and gave him license to abuse and poke fun at even the most exalted of his patrons. Professional fools flourished from the days of the Egyptian pharaohs until well into the 18th century, finding

D.W. Griffith: Early life and influences: …engagement, Griffith completed a play, A Fool and a Girl, based on his personal experiences in the California hop fields, which was produced in Washington, D.C., in the fall of 1907. The play was a failure despite the presence of Fannie Ward in the leading role. After the closing of…

Robert Altman: 1980s and ’90s of Robert Altman: of Sam Shepard’s claustrophobic play Fool for Love in 1985, with Shepard playing one of the leading roles; and adapted Christopher Durang’s play Beyond Therapy in 1987. The teen comedy O.C. & Stiggs had marked a brief return to work for a major studio (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), but it lingered long on…

Fool for Love, one-act play by Sam Shepard, produced and published in 1983. It is a romantic tragedy about the tumultuous love between a rodeo performer and his half sister. The father they have in common, a character called Old Man, acts as narrator and

Henry Brooke: …and dramatist, best known for The Fool of Quality, one of the outstanding English examples of the novel of sensibility—a novel in which the characters demonstrate a heightened emotional response to events around them. After attending Trinity College, Dublin, Brooke went to London in 1724 to study law. There he…

Theda Bara: A Fool There Was (1915), her first important picture, was released with an intense publicity campaign that made her an overnight success. She was billed as the daughter of an Eastern potentate, her name an anagram for “Arab Death.”

pyrite, a naturally occurring iron disulfide mineral. The name comes from the Greek word pyr, “fire,” because pyrite emits sparks when struck by metal. Pyrite is called fool’s gold; to the novice its colour is deceptively similar to that of a gold nugget. Nodules of pyrite have been found in

Matthew McConaughey: … (2003), Failure to Launch (2006), Fool’s Gold (2008), and Ghosts of Girlfriends Past (2009). Starring opposite leading ladies that included Jennifer Lopez, Kate Hudson, and Sarah Jessica Parker, McConaughey proved to be a reliable box-office draw and attracted as much attention for his toned physique and rakish smile as for…

fool’s literature, allegorical satires popular throughout Europe from the 15th to the 17th century, featuring the fool (q.v.), or jester, who represented the weaknesses, vices, and grotesqueries of contemporary society. The first outstanding example of fool’s literature was Das Narrenschiff (1494;