Jimmy Cliff is a Jamaican singer and songwriter who was instrumental in introducing reggae to an international audience, largely through his performance in the landmark film The Harder They Come (1972). Just into his teens, Cliff began recording soon after moving from the countryside to Kingston,

Whittaker Chambers was an American journalist, Communist Party member, Soviet agent, and a principal figure in the Alger Hiss case, one of the most publicized espionage incidents of the Cold War. Chambers grew up on Long Island, N.Y., and attended Columbia University in New York City, where he

Planet of the Apes: John Chambers’s pioneering special effects and prosthetics makeup techniques earned him a special Academy Award. The movie benefited from a notable cast that included Shakespearean actor Maurice Evans, who was particularly impressive as the ape leader, Dr. Zaius. (Edward G. Robinson was originally cast for…

John Graham Chambers was a British sportsman and journalist who in 1867 devised the Marquess of Queensberry rules, which helped to define the rules in boxing. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) After a distinguished college career rowing for Cambridge, Chambers coached the

John T. Chambers is an American business executive who, as CEO (1995–2015) of Cisco Systems, Inc., elevated the technology company into one of the largest corporations in the world in the early 21st century. Chambers grew up in Charleston, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, from

John T. Chambers is an American business executive who, as CEO (1995–2015) of Cisco Systems, Inc., elevated the technology company into one of the largest corporations in the world in the early 21st century. Chambers grew up in Charleston, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, from

the Pretenders: …16, 1982, London), and drummer Martin Chambers (b. September 4, 1951, Hereford). Later members included guitarists Robbie McIntosh (b. October 25, 1957, Sutton, Surrey, England), Adam Seymour, and James Walbourne and bassists Malcolm Foster (b. January 13, 1956, Gosport, Hampshire, England) and Nick Wilkinson (b. 1971, Suffolk, England).

Robert Chambers was a Scottish author, publisher, and, with his brother William, founder of the firm of W. & R. Chambers, Ltd., and of Chambers’s Encyclopaedia. In 1818 Robert began business as a bookstall keeper in Edinburgh and befriended many literary figures, including Sir Walter Scott, who

William Chambers was a British eclectic architect of the Georgian period who was one of the leading Palladian-style architects of his day. He was the son of a merchant of Scottish descent living in Sweden. At age 16, after education in England, Chambers entered the service of the Swedish East India

Phoenix Suns: …and signed free agent forward Tom Chambers in the offseason. The two would form the core of a reinvigorated team that advanced to the conference finals in both 1989 and 1990, the first 2 of 13 consecutive playoff berths for the franchise. In 1992 Phoenix traded for perennial All Star…

Whittaker Chambers was an American journalist, Communist Party member, Soviet agent, and a principal figure in the Alger Hiss case, one of the most publicized espionage incidents of the Cold War. Chambers grew up on Long Island, N.Y., and attended Columbia University in New York City, where he

history of publishing: General periodicals: …Cyclopaedia (1833–58); the Chambers brothers, William and Robert, with Chambers’s (Edinburgh) Journal (1832–1956), which reached a circulation of 90,000 in 1845; and teetotaler John Cassell, with his Working Man’s Friend and Family Instructor (1850–53) and the Quiver (1861). Besides popular magazines, many standard works appeared serially, often with illustrations. Typical…

William Chambers was a British eclectic architect of the Georgian period who was one of the leading Palladian-style architects of his day. He was the son of a merchant of Scottish descent living in Sweden. At age 16, after education in England, Chambers entered the service of the Swedish East India

Chambersburg, borough (town), seat (1784) of Franklin county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the Cumberland Valley, 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Harrisburg. The site was settled in 1730 by Benjamin Chambers, who built sawmills and gristmills and a stockade (Fort Chambers) there for protection

Chambéry, town, capital of Savoie département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, southeastern France. It lies in the Leysse Valley between the massifs of Beauges and La Grande Chartreuse, northeast of Grenoble. The Roman station of Lemincum gave its name to the Rock of Lémenc, which overlooks the town

Chambeshi River, river in northeastern Zambia. It rises in hills on the Tanzanian border and flows 300 miles (480 km) southwest to the Lake Bangweulu swamps. The swamps act as a check to the annual flooding, releasing the flood waters slowly through a myriad of channels and lagoons, to issue as the

Chambeshi River, river in northeastern Zambia. It rises in hills on the Tanzanian border and flows 300 miles (480 km) southwest to the Lake Bangweulu swamps. The swamps act as a check to the annual flooding, releasing the flood waters slowly through a myriad of channels and lagoons, to issue as the

Mount Ash-Shaʿnabī, mountain (5,066 feet [1,544 m]) that is the highest in Tunisia. It is part of a spur of the Tebéssa (Tabassah) Mountains, which are part of the Saharan Atlas Mountains. The mountain lies near the Algerian border, 6 miles (10 km) west-northwest of Al-Qaṣrayn

Chambly, city, Montérégie region, southern Quebec province, Canada. The city lies along the Chambly Basin—a widening of the Richelieu River. Its site, 14 miles (23 km) east of Montreal city, was first occupied by Fort-Chambly, a wooden stockade built in 1665 by Captain Jacques de Chambly, a French

Chambly Canal, navigational waterway bypassing a series of rapids on the Richelieu River between the Chambly Basin and Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, in Quebec province, Canada. Built between 1833 and 1843 and improved in 1850, it is nearly 20 km (12 miles) long and has nine hydraulic locks, a lift of

Le Chambon-Feugerolles, town, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, south-central France, on the Ondaine River, just southwest of Saint-Étienne. It is overlooked (southeast) by the castle of the Feugerolles (11th–14th centuries). The town is a former centre of the coal-mining and metallurgical industries.

Jacques Champion de Chambonnières was the first of the great 17th-century school of French harpsichord players and composers (clavecinistes). Chambonnières came from an old and distinguished family of musicians and succeeded his father as a musician to Louis XIII, a position he retained under Louis

Chambord, village, Loir-et-Cher département, Centre région, central France. It lies on the left bank of the Cosson River, east of Blois. The only commune in France owned entirely by the state (since 1932), it lies in the 13,600-acre (5,500-hectare) National Hunting Reserve and Breeding Park, which

Henri Dieudonné d’Artois, count de Chambord was the last heir of the elder branch of the Bourbons and, as Henry V, pretender to the French throne from 1830. The posthumous son of the assassinated Charles-Ferdinand, Duke de Berry, and grandson of King Charles X, he was forced to flee France in 1830

Charles V: Imperialist goals, rivalry with Francis I, and fight against Protestantism: After a secret treaty was signed in October 1551 between Henry II, Albert II Alcibiades, margrave of Brandenburg, and Maurice, elector of Saxony, Maurice in January 1552 ceded to France the cities of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, thus

Western painting: The hallmarks of Mannerism: …French writer on architectural theory Fréart de Chambray coined the word Maniériste (translated six years later as “Mannerist” by the English diarist John Evelyn), he applied it in disparaging fashion to Vasari and his contemporaries, the practitioners of the maniera. If, therefore, Mannerism is identified with the maniera, it can…

theatre: Developments in France and Spain: …comedy the typical scene was chambre à quatre portes (“room with four doors”), an informal interior. By 1700 Paris had two types of theatres, epitomized by the Opéra, with its Baroque scenery and machines, and the Comédie-Française, which did not rely on spectacle.

Henry II: In 1547 he created the Chambre Ardente in the Parlement of Paris for trying heretics. His Edict of Écouen (1559) laid the ground for systematic persecution of the Protestants.

Chambre des Enquêtes: …conducting investigations ordered by the Grand Chambre of the Parlement. The Chambre des Enquêtes grew out of sessions or enquiries that were conducted at the place of the crime or suit.

procedural law: Pretrial matters: … a special panel called the chambre d’accusation determines whether there is enough evidence for the case to proceed; in England the Magistrate’s Court makes the decision on “binding over” the defendant for trial; and in Germany the trial court itself (sitting without lay assessors) decides whether there is sufficient evidence.…

France: Henry IV: …the king—a new chamber, the Chambre de l’Édit, containing a number of Protestant magistrates who would judge all cases involving Huguenots. Although the problem of religion was not finally settled by the Edict of Nantes, Henry did succeed in effecting an extended truce during which he could apply himself to…

Chambre des Comptes, (French: Chamber of Accounts), in France under the ancien régime, sovereign court charged with dealing with numerous aspects of the financial administration of the country. Originally part of the king’s court (Parlement), it was established in 1320 as a separate, independent

Chambre des Enquêtes, (French: Chamber of Inquiries), in France under the ancien régime, a chamber of the Parlement, or supreme court, of Paris that was responsible for conducting investigations ordered by the Grand Chambre of the Parlement. The Chambre des Enquêtes grew out of sessions or

Chambre des Requêtes, (French: Chamber of Petitions), in France under the ancien régime, a chamber of the Parlement of Paris with responsibilities for examining the petitions of parties desiring to bring a case before the Parlement and for acting as a court of first instance for those with

Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, baron de l’Aulne: Early career: …upon to serve in the Royal Chamber, which acted as a supreme court in 1753–54, when the Parlement was exiled for defying the crown. He combined his duties with other forms of intellectual activity. In 1753 he translated into French Josiah Tucker’s Reflections on the Expediency of a Law for…

Lunéville faience: The first factory, established by Jacques Chambrette, became the Manufacture Royale du Roi de Pologne (“Royal Factory of the King of Poland”) in 1749, when the exiled king Stanisław I (Louis XV’s father-in-law) became duke of Lorraine and settled in the town.

waxplant: Unrelated plants: The Geraldton waxplant (Chamelaucium uncinatum), in the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), from Australia, is a heathlike shrub with waxy white, pink, or lilac flowers. Plants sometimes called wax flower include Anthurium and Stephanotis.

chameleon, (family Chamaeleonidae), any of a group of primarily arboreal (tree-dwelling) Old World lizards best known for their ability to change body colour. Other characteristics of chameleons include zygodactylous feet (with toes fused into opposed bundles of two and three), acrodont dentition

molding: Flat or angular: (3) A bevel, or chamfer, molding is an inclined band, fascia, or fillet. (4) A splay is a large bevel.

Sébastien-Roch Nicolas Chamfort was a French playwright and conversationalist, famous for his wit, whose maxims became popular bywords during the French Revolution. Soon after his birth—the date of which differs between sources—Chamfort was adopted by a grocer and his wife. He later was educated as

Chamic languages, group of languages spoken in Vietnam and Cambodia, classified as West Indonesian languages in the Hesperonesian group of the Austronesian language family. Of the nine Chamic languages, Jarai and Cham (including Western and Eastern) are the largest, with about 230,000 and 280,000

Michel Chamillart was the controller general who, under King Louis XIV, directed the financing and provisioning of the French army during the first half of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). After serving as intendant at Rouen, Chamillart was made intendant of the finances of the kingdom

Cécile Chaminade was a French composer and pianist known chiefly for her piano music, which she performed on numerous concert tours, particularly in England. Chaminade’s earliest music studies were with her mother, a pianist and singer. Because her father forbade her enrollment in a conservatory,

Cécile Chaminade was a French composer and pianist known chiefly for her piano music, which she performed on numerous concert tours, particularly in England. Chaminade’s earliest music studies were with her mother, a pianist and singer. Because her father forbade her enrollment in a conservatory,

Marianist: …Roman Catholic church founded by William Joseph Chaminade at Bordeaux, Fr., in 1817. The Marianists, including the Brothers of Mary, developed from the sodality (a devotional association of the laity) of the Blessed Mother organized in 1800 by Chaminade. The Institute of the Daughters of Mary, or Marianist Sisters, was…

Zimbabwe: Succession: …of the MDC-T party, with Nelson Chamisa and Thokozani Khupe—two of the party’s three deputy presidents—splitting the party into two factions. The internecine squabbles led to fears that the opposition would not be strong enough to successfully challenge ZANU-PF in the upcoming elections.

saltbush: …of western North America, especially four-wing saltbush, or chamiso (A. canescens), and spiny saltbush (A. confertifolia).

Adelbert von Chamisso was a German-language lyricist best remembered for the Faust-like fairy tale Peter Schlemihls wundersame Geschichte (1814; Peter Schlemihl’s Remarkable Story). When he was nine, Chamisso’s family escaped the terrors of the French Revolution by taking refuge in Berlin. After

Thailand: Partial democracy and the search for a new political order: Chamlong Srimuang—who also was a former army general, as well as a former mayor of Bangkok and the leading lay supporter of a Buddhist fundamentalist movement—assumed the leadership of these protests. In May the army met the escalating antigovernment demonstrations with bloody repression. The king…

artiodactyl: Scent glands: …goat, the pronghorn, and the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), supraorbital ones in muntjacs (several species of Muntiacus). There are jaw glands in the pronghorn; neck glands in camels; dorsal glands on the back of peccaries, pronghorn, and springbok; and preputial glands (in front of the genital region) in several pigs, grysbok…

chamois, (genus Rupicapra), either of two species of goatlike animal, belonging to the family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), that are native to the mountains of Europe and the Middle East. The two species are the Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica), which is found in the Cantabrian Mountains,

dress: Native Americans: …made from the tanned or chamois skins of local animals, such as deer, elk, buffalo, moose, beaver, otter, wolf, fox, and squirrel. Native Americans employed animal oils, particularly those found in the brains of the animal, to produce a softly textured material that they then dyed in brilliant colours. They…

artiodactyl: Scent glands: …goat, the pronghorn, and the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), supraorbital ones in muntjacs (several species of Muntiacus). There are jaw glands in the pronghorn; neck glands in camels; dorsal glands on the back of peccaries, pronghorn, and springbok; and preputial glands (in front of the genital region) in several pigs, grysbok…

chamomile, any of various daisylike plants of the aster family (Asteraceae). Chamomile tea, used as a tonic and an antiseptic and in many herbal remedies, is made from English, or Roman, chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) or German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Several species are cultivated as

chamomile: Chamomile tea, used as a tonic and an antiseptic and in many herbal remedies, is made from English, or Roman, chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) or German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Several species are cultivated as garden ornamentals, especially golden marguerite, or yellow chamomile (Cota tinctoria).

Chamonix 1924 Olympic Winter Games, athletic festival held in Chamonix, France, that took place Jan. 25–Feb. 5, 1924. The Chamonix Games were the first occurrence of the Winter Olympic Games. The Chamonix Games were originally staged as International Winter Sports Week, a meet sponsored by the

Chamonix–Mont-Blanc, internationally known mountain resort in the French Alps, Haute-Savoie département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, west of Annecy. It is situated at an elevation of 3,402 feet (1,037 metres) on both sides of the Arve River, which rises in the Mer de Glace (“Sea of Ice”), the

Chamorro, indigenous people of Guam. The ancestors of the Chamorro are thought to have come to the Mariana Islands from insular Southeast Asia (Indonesia and the Philippines) about 1600 bce. It is estimated that in the early 17th century there were between 50,000 and 100,000 Chamorro in the

Nicaragua: The Somoza years: … and the organization founded by Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, editor and publisher of La Prensa (“The Press”) of Managua, called the Democratic Union of Liberation (Unión Democrática de Liberación; UDEL). In December 1974 the Sandinistas staged a successful kidnapping of Somoza elites, for which ransom and the release of political prisoners…

Austronesian languages: Nuclear Micronesian: Palauan, Chamorro (Mariana Islands), and Yapese (western Micronesia) are not Nuclear Micronesian languages; the former two appear to be products of quite distinct migrations out of Indonesia or the Philippines, and, while Yapese probably is Oceanic, it has a complex history of borrowing and does not…

Emiliano Chamorro Vargas was a prominent diplomat and politician, president of Nicaragua (1917–21). Born to a distinguished Nicaraguan family, Chamorro early became an opponent of the regime of José Santos Zelaya. From 1893 on, Chamorro organized and was active in many of the revolts against this

Agrihan: …was the site of the last stand the indigenous Chamorro people made against the Spaniards, who had occupied the Marianas late in the 17th century. In 1810 colonists from the United States and Hawaii established plantations there, but they were expelled by the Spanish administration. Agrihan has some fertile highlands…

Daniel Ortega: …November presidential election, most notably Cristiana Chamorro, the daughter of Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. Among the others arrested were a pair of Ortega’s former revolutionary comrades in arms, Dora María Téllez and Hugo Torres, along with presidential candidates Juan Sebastián Chamorro and Félix Maradiaga. The actions brought widespread international criticism,…

Nicaragua: The Somoza years: … and the organization founded by Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, editor and publisher of La Prensa (“The Press”) of Managua, called the Democratic Union of Liberation (Unión Democrática de Liberación; UDEL). In December 1974 the Sandinistas staged a successful kidnapping of Somoza elites, for which ransom and the release of political prisoners…

Violeta Barrios de Chamorro is a Nicaraguan newspaper publisher and politician who served as president of Nicaragua from 1990 to 1997. She was Central America’s first woman president. Chamorro, who was born into a wealthy Nicaraguan family (her father was a cattle rancher), received much of her

chamosite, mineral of the chlorite group. See

Camille Chamoun was a political leader who served as president of Lebanon in 1952–58. Chamoun spent his early political years as a member of a political faction known as the Constitutional Bloc, a predominantly Christian group that emphasized its Arabic heritage in an attempt to establish a rapport

Camille Chamoun was a political leader who served as president of Lebanon in 1952–58. Chamoun spent his early political years as a member of a political faction known as the Constitutional Bloc, a predominantly Christian group that emphasized its Arabic heritage in an attempt to establish a rapport

postal system: Growth of the post as a government monopoly: …postal system; but its originator, Claude-Humbert Piarron de Chamousset, was paid compensation. Thus, the state monopolies expanded their scope, happily combining an improved service to the public with greater profitability.

Jon Voight: …starred in the sports melodrama The Champ (1979) and earned another Oscar nomination for best actor for his turn as an escaped convict in the thriller Runaway Train (1985).

King Vidor: Early sound features: Vidor’s success continued with The Champ (1931), an unabashedly maudlin—but wildly popular—tale of father-son love. Beery starred as a washed-up boxer who looks to make a comeback in order to keep custody of his son (Jackie Cooper). The film received an Academy Award nomination for outstanding production, and Beery…

Marquis de Lafayette: The French Revolution: …of petitioners gathered on the Champ de Mars in Paris (July 17, 1791) to demand the abdication of the king, Lafayette’s guards opened fire, killing or wounding about 50 demonstrators. The incident greatly damaged his popularity, and in October he resigned from the guard.

Champa, city of ancient India, the capital of the kingdom of Anga (a region corresponding with the eastern part of present-day Bihar state). It is identified with two villages of that name on the south bank of the Ganges (Ganga) River east of Munger. Champa is often mentioned in early Buddhist

Himalayas: People of the Himalayas: The Champa, Ladakhi, Balti, and Dard peoples live to the north of the Great Himalaya Range in the Kashmir Himalayas. The Dard speak Indo-European languages, while the others are Tibeto-Burman speakers. The Champa traditionally lead a nomadic pastoral life in the upper Indus valley. The Ladakhi…

Champa, ancient Indochinese kingdom lasting from the 2nd to the 17th century ce and extending over the central and southern coastal region of Vietnam from roughly the 18th parallel in the north to Point Ke Ga (Cape Varella) in the south. Established by the Cham, a people of Malayo-Polynesian stock

origins of agriculture: Land use: …and relatively drought-resistant rice from Champa, a kingdom in what is now Vietnam. In 1012, when there was a drought in the lower Yangtze and Huai River regions, 30,000 bushels of Champa seeds were distributed. Usually a summer crop, the native rice plant of these locales required 150 days to…

joy perfume tree, (Magnolia champaca), tree native to tropical Asia that is best known for its pleasant fragrance. The species, which is classified in the magnolia family (Magnoliaceae), is also characterized by its lustrous evergreen elliptical leaves. The tree grows to about 50 metres (164 feet)

joy perfume tree, (Magnolia champaca), tree native to tropical Asia that is best known for its pleasant fragrance. The species, which is classified in the magnolia family (Magnoliaceae), is also characterized by its lustrous evergreen elliptical leaves. The tree grows to about 50 metres (164 feet)

Champagne, historical and cultural region encompassing the present-day northeastern French département of Marne and parts of Ardennes, Meuse, Haute-Marne, Aube, Yonne, Seine-et-Marne, and Aisne départements. The region is coextensive with the former province of Champagne, which was bounded on the

champagne, classic sparkling wine named for the site of its origin and exclusive production, the traditional region of Champagne in northeastern France. The term champagne is also applied generically, with restrictions, outside France, to many white or rosé wines that are characterized by

Champagne: …King Louis X in 1314, Champagne was united to the crown of France.

wine: Bottle fermentation: …in classic bottle fermentation, or méthode champenoise (“champagne method”), the wine remains in the bottle, in contact with the yeast, for one to three years. During this period of aging under pressure, a series of complex reactions occurs, involving compounds from autolyzed yeast and from the wine, resulting in a…

Secretariat: Breeding and early years: …the Hopeful Stakes, Futurity Stakes, Champagne Stakes, Laurel Futurity, and Garden State Stakes. The winner of those races, or at least the majority of them, is considered to have won the “title” of best two-year-old. Secretariat had wins in the first two of the five races, and he consequently approached…

Champagne-Ardenne, former région of France, incorporated since January 2016 into the région of Grand Est. As an administrative entity, it encompassed the northern départements of Haute-Marne, Aube, Marne, and Ardennes and was roughly coextensive with the historical province of Champagne. In the

Jean-Baptiste Nompère de Champagny, duke de Cadore was a French statesman and diplomat, foreign minister under Napoleon I. Elected deputy to the States General by the noblesse of Forez in 1789, he was later a member of the Constituent Assembly’s committee for the Navy and took part in the

Champaign, city, Champaign county, east-central Illinois, U.S. Lying about 135 miles (220 km) southwest of Chicago, it adjoins Urbana (east), with which it shares the main campus of the University of Illinois. The cities are often called Champaign-Urbana. In 1854 Illinois Central Railroad tracks

Philippe de Champaigne was a Flemish-born Baroque painter and teacher of the French school who is noted for his restrained and penetrating portraits and his religious paintings. Champaigne was trained in Brussels by Jacques Fouquier and others and arrived in Paris in 1621. He was employed in 1625

joy perfume tree, (Magnolia champaca), tree native to tropical Asia that is best known for its pleasant fragrance. The species, which is classified in the magnolia family (Magnoliaceae), is also characterized by its lustrous evergreen elliptical leaves. The tree grows to about 50 metres (164 feet)

Champasak, town, southern Laos. It lies on the west bank of the Mekong River, within an agricultural region of rolling plains and alluvial lowlands whose mountainous core is an eastern outlier of the Dângrêk Mountains. The town lies some 30 miles (48 km) east of the Laos-Thailand border and about

Champasak, town, southern Laos. It lies on the west bank of the Mekong River, within an agricultural region of rolling plains and alluvial lowlands whose mountainous core is an eastern outlier of the Dângrêk Mountains. The town lies some 30 miles (48 km) east of the Laos-Thailand border and about

Laos: Lan Xang: …set itself up as the kingdom of Champassak (1713). Split into three rival kingdoms, Lan Xang ceased to exist.

Bid, city, central Maharashtra state, western India, on a tributary of the Krishna River near a gap in a range of low hills. Bid was known earlier as Champavatinagar. Its other name, Bir or Bhir, probably was derived from the Persian bhir (“water”). In its early history it belonged to the Chalukya

Champerico, town and port, southwestern Guatemala, on the Pacific Ocean. Linked by paved highway with Retalhuleu, Champerico is one of the country’s most important ports on the Pacific, though ships have to anchor about 1 mile (1.6 km) offshore. It handles chiefly coffee, timber, and sugar.

Champfleury was a French novelist and journalist, theoretician of the Realist movement, which he analyzed in Le Réalisme (1857). Although his reputation has declined, he was an influential figure whose writings helped to popularize the work of the painter Gustave Courbet, then controversial for his

Geoffroy Tory: …and his famous philological work Champfleury (1529). In this work Tory put forward the idea of accents, the apostrophe, the cedilla, and simple punctuation marks. He was appointed imprimeur du roi (“printer to the king”) by Francis I in about 1530.

Champigny-sur-Marne, town, a southeastern suburb of Paris, in Val-de-Marne département, Île-de-France région, north-central France, on the Marne River. It is a large and growing residential area of the city with some industry, including food processing and optical instruments. It has a 12th-century

Painesville, city, seat (1840) of Lake county, northeastern Ohio, U.S., near the mouth of the Grand River and Lake Erie, 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Cleveland. The site, first settled permanently by Gen. Edward Paine with a party of 66, was laid out around 1805; it was known variously as The

Champion, American film noir, released in 1949, that was one of the first movies to expose the brutality and corruption in the sport of boxing. It garnered six Academy Award nominations and is often cited as one of the best boxing movies ever made. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film

champion, one who fights in behalf of another. During the Middle Ages a feature of Anglo-Norman law was trial by battle, a procedure in which guilt or innocence was decided by a test of arms. Clergy, children, women, and persons disabled by age or infirmity had the right to nominate champions to

John Dunstable: …Franc, who wrote in his Champion des dames (c. 1440) that the leading composers of the day, Guillaume Dufay and Gilles Binchois, owed their superiority to what they learned from Dunstable’s “English manner.”