cupellation, separation of gold or silver from impurities by melting the impure metal in a cupel (a flat, porous dish made of a refractory, or high-temperature-resistant, material) and then directing a blast of hot air on it in a special furnace. The impurities, including lead, copper, tin, and

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Cupesidae (Cupedidae; reticulated beetles) Small and little-known; found under bark; about 30 species widely distributed. Family Jurodidae 1 species, Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae. Family Micromalthidae Rare; 1 to 2

Clusiaceae: Scotch attorney, or cupey (C. rosea), which is native to the Caribbean area, grows to about 10 metres (30 feet) and is often planted as a beach shrub in areas exposed to salt spray. It has leaves 10 cm (4 inches) long, flatly open flowers…

Cuphea, genus of more than 200 species of chiefly tropical American herbs or shrubs of the family Lythraceae. Four species—native to Mexico and Central America—are commonly grown indoors for their attractive flowers. Cuphea hyssopifolia, elfin herb, is a small hairy shrub with many branches. The

Cuphea: Cuphea hyssopifolia, elfin herb, is a small hairy shrub with many branches. The small stalkless leaves are crowded and narrow; the flowers are tubular and violet white. C. llavea grows to a height of 60 centimetres (2 feet), is covered with stiff hairs, and has nearly stalkless,…

Cuphea: ignea), commonly called the cigar flower, grows 20–37 cm tall and has lance-shaped leaves. The tubular flowers are reddish, with a dark ring near the tip and an ashy-white mouth.

Cuphea: C. llavea grows to a height of 60 centimetres (2 feet), is covered with stiff hairs, and has nearly stalkless, oval, rough leaves. The tubular flowers are red. C. micropetala grows 30–120 cm tall, with oblong leaves; its tubular yellow flowers are scarlet near the…

Cuphea: C. micropetala grows 30–120 cm tall, with oblong leaves; its tubular yellow flowers are scarlet near the base. C. platycentra (sometimes C. ignea), commonly called the cigar flower, grows 20–37 cm tall and has lance-shaped leaves. The tubular flowers are reddish, with a dark ring…

Cuphea: ignea), commonly called the cigar flower, grows 20–37 cm tall and has lance-shaped leaves. The tubular flowers are reddish, with a dark ring near the tip and an ashy-white mouth.

Cupid, ancient Roman god of love in all its varieties, the counterpart of the Greek god Eros and the equivalent of Amor in Latin poetry. According to myth, Cupid was the son of Mercury, the winged messenger of the gods, and Venus, the goddess of love. He often appeared as a winged infant carrying a

Matthew Locke: …music for James Shirley’s masque Cupid and Death (1653), possibly the most elaborate masque of the period. He also wrote part of the music for Sir William Davenant’s The Siege of Rhodes (1656), which is usually considered the first English opera. Other stage works were music for Thomas Shadwell’s Psyche…

François Gérard: …and Gérard’s famed salon entry Cupid and Psyche (1798) were among the pictures that established a style that became widely imitated at the turn of the 18th century. Gérard’s painting was closely related to David’s in its intellectualism, cool classicism, highly finished surfaces, and sculptural definition of form. Gérard’s works,…

wandering spider: Cupiennius salei, found in rainforests in Central and South America, has a characteristic banding pattern on its upper legs.

pre-Columbian civilizations: The pottery of Chavín and Paracas: …coast, where it is called Cupisnique. Until the end of the period, the ware was monochrome—dull red, brown, or gray—and hard and stonelike. Vessels were massive and heavy, especially in the early part of the period. The main forms are open bowls with vertical or slightly expanding sides and flat…

cupola, in architecture, small dome, often resembling an overturned cup, placed on a circular, polygonal, or square base or on small pillars or a glassed-in lantern. It is used to crown a turret, roof, or larger dome. The inner vault of a dome is also a cupola. Cupolas, usually bulbous or pointed,

cupola furnace, in steelmaking, a vertical cylindrical furnace used for melting iron either for casting or for charging in other furnaces. René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur built the first cupola furnace on record, in France, about 1720. Cupola melting is still recognized as the most economical

bloodletting: The history of bloodletting: Cupping, another approach, involved scraping the skin and then placing a cup over the scraped skin. Applying heat or suction to the cup created a vacuum that allowed blood to be drawn out. Leeches continued to be used as well. A 15th-century Welsh manuscript records…

rayon: …process for making fibres from cuprammonium rayon. This material was based on the Swiss chemist Matthias Eduard Schweizer’s discovery in 1857 that cellulose could be dissolved in a solution of copper salts and ammonia and, after extrusion, be regenerated in a coagulating bath. In 1908 the German textile firm J.-P.…

Cupressaceae, the cypress family (order Pinales), 30 genera with 133 species of evergreen ornamental and timber shrubs and trees, distributed throughout the world. The leaves of these plants are opposite or whorled and usually paired or in threes. Adult leaves are narrow, scalelike, and pressed

cypress: The hybrid or Leyland cypress (Cupressocyparis leylandii) is an ornamental windbreak developed by crossing the Monterey cypress with the yellow cypress (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis).

cypress, any of 12 species of ornamental and timber evergreen conifers constituting the genus Cupressus of the family Cupressaceae, distributed throughout warm-temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Many resinous, aromatic evergreen trees called cypress belong to

conifer: Diversity of size and structure: …are also conifers: the natural bonsai cypresses (Cupressus goveniana) and lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) of the pygmy forests (adjacent to the towering redwood forests) of the northern California coasts. On the sterile hardpan soils of those astounding forests, the trees may reach full maturity at under 0.2 metre (0.7 foot)…

cypress: …from the Bhutan, Italian, and Monterey cypresses (C. torulosa, C. sempervirens, and C. macrocarpa, respectively). Their wood is light, moderately hard, and very durable in contact with the soil but is usually knotty and has an odour sometimes considered offensive. These three trees, together with the Arizona (C. arizonica and…

cypress: …is obtained from the Bhutan, Italian, and Monterey cypresses (C. torulosa, C. sempervirens, and C. macrocarpa, respectively). Their wood is light, moderately hard, and very durable in contact with the soil but is usually knotty and has an odour sometimes considered offensive. These three trees, together with the Arizona (C.…

cypress: …wood is obtained from the Bhutan, Italian, and Monterey cypresses (C. torulosa, C. sempervirens, and C. macrocarpa, respectively). Their wood is light, moderately hard, and very durable in contact with the soil but is usually knotty and has an odour sometimes considered offensive. These three trees, together with the Arizona…

copper: Principal compounds: Other important copper(II) compounds include cupric carbonate, Cu2(OH)2CO3, which is prepared by adding sodium carbonate to a solution of copper sulfate and then filtering and drying the product. It is used as a colouring agent. With arsenic it forms cupric acetoarsenite (commonly known as Paris green), a wood preservative and…

copper: Principal compounds: Cupric chloride is a yellowish to brown powder that readily absorbs moisture from the air and turns into the greenish blue hydrate, CuCl2∙2H2O. The hydrate is commonly prepared by passing chlorine and water in a contacting tower packed with metallic copper. The anhydrous salt is…

copper: Principal compounds: …compounds of commercial value include cupric oxide (CuO), cupric chloride (CuCl2), and cupric sulfate (CuSO4). Cupric oxide is a black powder that occurs as the minerals tenorite and paramelaconite. Large amounts are produced by roasting mixed copper oxide ores in a furnace at a temperature below 1,030 °C (1,900 °F).…

copper: Principal compounds: Cupric sulfate is a salt formed by treating cupric oxide with sulfuric acid. It forms as large, bright blue crystals containing five molecules of water (CuSO4∙5H2O) and is known in commerce as blue vitriol. The anhydrous salt is produced by heating the hydrate to 150…

cuprite, soft, heavy, red oxide mineral (Cu2O) that is an important ore of copper. A secondary mineral often formed by the weathering of copper sulfide minerals, cuprite is widespread as brilliant crystals, grains, or earthy masses in the oxidized zone of copper lodes. Deposits have been found at

cupronickel, any of an important group of alloys of copper and nickel; the alloy containing 25 percent nickel is used by many countries for coins. Because copper and nickel mix readily in the molten state, the useful range of alloys is not confined within any definite limits. Additions of from 2

magnesium processing: Electrochemical applications: …cathode of silver chloride or cuprous chloride. When activated by water, they rapidly build up voltages of 1.3 to 1.8 volts and operate at a constant potential between −55 and 95 °C (−67 and 200 °F).

copper processing: Oxides: …accordance with its two valences: cuprous oxide, Cu2O, and cupric oxide, CuO. Cuprous oxide, a red crystalline material, can be produced by electrolytic or furnace methods. It is reduced readily by hydrogen, carbon monoxide, charcoal, or iron to metallic copper. It imparts a red colour to glass and is used…

copper: Principal compounds: Cuprous sulfide occurs in the form of black powder or lumps and is found as the mineral chalcocite. Large quantities of the compound are obtained by heating cupric sulfide (CuS) in a stream of hydrogen. Cuprous sulfide is insoluble in water but soluble in ammonium…

copper (Cu), chemical element, a reddish, extremely ductile metal of Group 11 (Ib) of the periodic table that is an unusually good conductor of electricity and heat. Copper is found in the free metallic state in nature. This native copper was first used (c. 8000 bce) as a substitute for stone by

cups and balls trick, oldest and most popular of the tricks traditionally performed by a conjurer. To begin the trick, the performer places a bead or ball under one of three inverted cups. The ball is then made to “jump” invisibly from one cup to another or to “multiply.” The basis for the illusion

cupstone, in prehistoric European religion, an altar stone, megalithic tomb, or isolated stone slab incised with small cuplike markings. They are found mainly in Scandinavia and northern and central Germany. Dating primarily to Neolithic times, cupstones have also been discovered that were carved

senses: Mechanical senses: …jellylike cap known as a cupula. The cupula is displaced by water movement, thus bending the hairs beneath it, resulting in activity in the nerve. In the inner ear of higher vertebrates there are three variants of this basic design, responsible for detecting the direction of gravity, angular rotation, and…

senses: Mechanical senses: …jellylike cap known as a cupula. The cupula is displaced by water movement, thus bending the hairs beneath it, resulting in activity in the nerve. In the inner ear of higher vertebrates there are three variants of this basic design, responsible for detecting the direction of gravity, angular rotation, and…

Fagales: Characteristic morphological features: …feature of Fagales is the cupule (hull) subtending or surrounding the fruit. The structure is believed to be of a different origin in most of the families. For example, in Fagaceae it is derived from a highly modified and reduced branch system with its associated modified leaves or bracts, at…

beech: …timber trees in the family Fagaceae native to temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The pale red-brown wood is durable underwater and is valued for indoor use, tool handles, and shipping containers. The nuts provide forage for game animals, are used in fattening poultry, and yield an edible…

Kukenaam Falls, high waterfalls on the Guyana-Venezuelan border. They spring from a table mountain, Kukenaam (8,620 feet [2,627 m]), to the northwest of Mount Roraima (9,094 feet) and are the beginning of the Cuquenán River, a tributary of the Caroni River. The falls have a 2,000-foot (600-metre)

Jesus: The medieval development: …Atonement, summarized in his book, Cur Deus homo? According to that doctrine, sin was a violation of the honour of God. God offered human beings life if they rendered satisfaction for that violation, but the longer a person lived, the worse the situation became. Only a life that was truly…

Curaçao, island in the Caribbean Sea and a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is situated some 37 miles (60 km) north of the coast of Venezuela. Although physiographically part of the South American continental shelf, Curaçao and neighbouring islands off the northern coast of South

Netherlands territorial flag consisting of three unequal horizontal stripes of blue, yellow, and blue (of relative widths 5:1:2, respectively) and in the upper hoist corner two differently sized white five-pointed stars. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 2:3.Curaçao, as a Dutch possession, had

curare, drug belonging to the alkaloid family of organic compounds, derivatives of which are used in modern medicine primarily as skeletal muscle relaxants. Often, curare is administered concomitantly with general anesthesia for certain types of surgeries, particularly those of the chest and the

drug: Drugs that affect skeletal muscle: The action of competitive neuromuscular blocking drugs can be reversed by anticholinesterases, which inhibit the rapid destruction of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and thus enhance its action on the muscle fibre. Normally this has little effect, but, in the presence of a competitive neuromuscular blocking agent, transmission can…

drug: Drugs that affect skeletal muscle: The action of competitive neuromuscular blocking drugs can be reversed by anticholinesterases, which inhibit the rapid destruction of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and thus enhance its action on the muscle fibre. Normally this has little effect, but, in the presence of a competitive neuromuscular blocking agent, transmission can…

curassow, any of numerous tropical American birds of the family Cracidae (order Galliformes). Strictly, it refers to 7–12 species in which the male is glossy black (often with a white belly) and has a curled crest of feathers and a brightly coloured bill ornament; the female, lacking the ornament,

galliform: Annotated classification: Family Cracidae (chachalacas, guans, and curassows) Tail moderately long and broad. Plumage black or brown, duller in female. Most species with bare skin between eyes and beak (lores), some with fleshy wattles or other ornaments on face or crown. Medium to large; length 52–99 cm (20–39…

vicar, (from Latin vicarius, “substitute”), an official acting in some special way for a superior, primarily an ecclesiastical title in the Christian Church. In the Roman Empire as reorganized by Emperor Diocletian (reigned 284–305), the vicarius was an important official, and the title remained in

pear: History and types: Common Italian varieties include Curato, Coscia, and Passe Crassane, the latter also being popular in France. In Asian countries the pear crop comprises primarily local varieties of native species, such as the Asian, or Chinese, pear (P. pyrifolia).

museum: Management: …to museum collections (normally designated curators or keepers), information scientists involved in the documentation of collections and related scientific information (sometimes known as registrars), and conservators concerned with the scientific examination and treatment of collections to prevent deterioration. Another group is involved more actively with the public functioning of the…

NYSE Amex Equities, major U.S. stock exchange that also handles trades in options, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), corporate bonds, and other investment vehicles. Trading on NYSE Amex Equities—originally known as the “Curb” (because its transactions took place outdoors during much of its

Larry David: Curb Your Enthusiasm: …an ongoing series simply called Curb Your Enthusiasm. David’s new show took the ethos of Seinfeld—described by David as “no hugging, no learning”—and amplified it to include plot points that were even more socially awkward and characters that were even less redeemable (but still strangely likable). It debuted in 2000…

solid-waste management: Separation: Source separation, also called curbside separation, is done by individual citizens who collect newspapers, bottles, cans, and garbage separately and place them at the curb for collection. Many communities allow “commingling” of nonpaper recyclables (glass, metal, and plastic). In either case, municipal collection of source-separated…

Suzanne Necker was a Swiss hostess of a brilliant Parisian salon and the wife of Jacques Necker, the finance minister under King Louis XVI of France. At first she was engaged to the English historian Edward Gibbon, but his father broke off the match. In 1764 she married Necker, then a banker, and

Suzanne Necker was a Swiss hostess of a brilliant Parisian salon and the wife of Jacques Necker, the finance minister under King Louis XVI of France. At first she was engaged to the English historian Edward Gibbon, but his father broke off the match. In 1764 she married Necker, then a banker, and

Red Brigades: …of the Red Brigades was Renato Curcio, who in 1967 set up a leftist study group at the University of Trento dedicated to figures such as Karl Marx, Mao Zedong, and Che Guevara. In 1969 Curcio married a fellow radical, Margherita Cagol, and moved with her to Milan, where they…

Carpathian Mountains: Physiography of the Carpathian Mountains: The highest peak is Curcubăta (6,067 feet).

curculio, any of various stout-bodied weevils of the beetle family Curculionidae (order Coleoptera). Among the best known is the plum curculio (q.v.), which attacks plums, apples, peaches, and other fruits. Adult curculios hibernate in trash piles; in the spring the female deposits eggs into holes

acorn and nut weevil: rectus and C. baculi feed on acorns.

acorn and nut weevil: Different species prefer certain nuts: Curculio proboscides attacks large chestnuts, for example, and C. rectus and C. baculi feed on acorns.

acorn and nut weevil: …large chestnuts, for example, and C. rectus and C. baculi feed on acorns.

weevil, (family Curculionidae), true weevil of the insect order Coleoptera (beetles and weevils). Curculionidae is one of the largest coleopteran families (about 40,000 species). Most weevils have long, distinctly elbowed antennae that may fold into special grooves on the snout. Many have no wings,

acorn and nut weevil, (subfamily Curculioninae), any of approximately 45 species of weevils in the family Curculionidae (order Coleoptera) that have extremely long and slender snouts, which in females can be almost twice the length of the body. The mandibles are located at the tip of the snout.

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Superfamily Curculionoidea (snout beetles) One of the largest and most highly evolved groups of coleopterans; head prolonged into beak or snout; mouthparts small; antennae usually clubbed and geniculate; larvae C-shaped; mostly plant feeders; of economic importance as pests. 6 families described below; others often included. Family…

turmeric, (Curcuma longa), perennial herbaceous plant of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae), the tuberous rhizomes, or underground stems, of which have been used from antiquity as a condiment, a textile dye, and medically as an aromatic stimulant. Native to southern India and Indonesia, turmeric is

turmeric: The colouring matter is curcumin, which is also an antioxidant.

cheese: …food consisting primarily of the curd, the semisolid substance formed when milk curdles, or coagulates. Curdling occurs naturally if milk is not used promptly: it sours, forming an acid curd, which releases whey, a watery fluid containing the soluble constituents; and it leaves semisolid curd, or fresh cheese. In some…

dairy product: Inoculation and curdling: Milk for cheese making must be of the highest quality. Because the natural microflora present in milk frequently include undesirable types called psychrophiles, good farm sanitation and pasteurization or partial heat treatment are important to the cheese-making process. In addition, the milk must be…

rubber: The cure package: The most important ingredients are those, known as the cure package, that cause interlinking reactions to take place when the mix is “cured.” In order to minimize the risk of premature cure, they are usually added at the end of mixing. The cure…

Émile Zola: Les Rougon-Macquart: La Curée (1872; The Kill), for example, explores the land speculation and financial dealings that accompanied the renovation of Paris during the Second Empire. Le Ventre de Paris (1873; The Belly of Paris) examines the structure of the Halles, the vast central market-place of Paris, and its influence…

François, vicomte de Curel was a French dramatist and novelist, one of the brightest lights of André Antoine’s famous Théâtre-Libre, which was founded, in reaction to the established French commercial theatre, as a forum for original dramatic art. Curel, a member of an old noble family, studied

Curepipe, town (township) on the island of Mauritius, in the western Indian Ocean. It lies in the western highlands region of the country, about 11 miles (18 km) south of Port Louis, the national capital. The town, named after a similar township in France, developed quickly after a malaria epidemic

curettage: Curettage is performed with the curette (or curet), a scoop- or hoe-shaped instrument, scalpel-sized, which may be blunt or sharp.

Corybantes: …or confused with the Cretan Curetes (who protected the infant Zeus from detection by his father, Cronus) and were distinguished only by their Asiatic origin and by the more pronouncedly orgiastic nature of their rites. Accounts of the origin of the Corybantes vary, and their names and number differ from…

disparate impact: Application beyond Title VII: In another case, Cureton v. National Collegiate Athletic Association (1999), the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that a bylaw of the NCAA that required prospective student athletes to achieve a score of at least 820 on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) in order to receive…

curettage, surgical scraping, usually of the lining of a body cavity, to clean it of foreign matter, to remove tumours or other growths or diseased tissue (as in the curetting out of diseased bone tissue in osteomyelitis), or to obtain a sample of tissue for diagnosis. Typically, the term refers to

curettage: Curettage is performed with the curette (or curet), a scoop- or hoe-shaped instrument, scalpel-sized, which may be blunt or sharp.

curfew, a signal, as by tolling a bell, to warn the inhabitants of a town to extinguish their lights and fires or cover them up and retire to rest. This was a common practice throughout Europe during the Middle Ages. The word, from the Old French cuevrefu (“cover fire”), originated in the fear of

house arrest: Curfew generally refers to restricting an offender to his home during specified times, usually during the evening hours. Under home confinement or home detention, the offender is confined to the home for most hours, with stated exceptions for school, work, religious services, medical or drug…

curia, in European medieval history, a court, or group of persons who attended a ruler at any given time for social, political, or judicial purposes. Its composition and functions varied considerably from time to time and from country to country during a period when executive, legislative, and

curia, in ancient Rome, a political division of the people. According to tradition Romulus, the city’s founder, divided the people into 3 tribes and 30 curiae, each of which in turn was composed of 10 families (gentes). They were the units that made up the primitive assembly of the people, the

court baron, (“baron’s court”), medieval English manorial court, or halimoot, that any lord could hold for and among his tenants. By the 13th century the steward of the manor, a lawyer, usually presided; originally, the suitors of the court (i.e., the doomsmen), who were bound to attend, acted as

curia: … Curia, also known as the Curia Regis, or Aula Regis (“King’s Court”). It was introduced at the time of the Norman Conquest (1066) and lasted to about the end of the 13th century. The Curia Regis was the germ from which the higher courts of law, the Privy Council, and…

Roman Curia, the group of various Vatican bureaus of the Holy See that assist the pope in the day-to-day exercise of his primatial jurisdiction over the Roman Catholic Church. The result of a long evolution from the early centuries of Christianity, the Roman Curia was given its modern form by Pope

Roman Curia, the group of various Vatican bureaus of the Holy See that assist the pope in the day-to-day exercise of his primatial jurisdiction over the Roman Catholic Church. The result of a long evolution from the early centuries of Christianity, the Roman Curia was given its modern form by Pope

curia, in ancient Rome, a political division of the people. According to tradition Romulus, the city’s founder, divided the people into 3 tribes and 30 curiae, each of which in turn was composed of 10 families (gentes). They were the units that made up the primitive assembly of the people, the

curia, in European medieval history, a court, or group of persons who attended a ruler at any given time for social, political, or judicial purposes. Its composition and functions varied considerably from time to time and from country to country during a period when executive, legislative, and

Horatii and Curiatii, in Roman legend, two sets of triplet brothers whose story was probably fashioned to explain existing legal or ritual practices. The Horatii were Roman and the Curiatii Alban, although the Roman historian Livy wrote that some earlier accounts had reversed this order. During the

Curicó, city, Maule región, central Chile. It is located in the Central Valley near the Mataquito River. Founded in 1743 as San José de Buena Vista de Curicó, it was given city status in 1830. In 1928 it was devastated by an earthquake, but the fine Plaza de Armas (central square) survived. An

Krk, island, the largest and most northern of Croatia’s Adriatic islands. It reaches maximum elevation at Obzova, 1,824 feet (556 metres). Archaeological findings suggest that Krk has been continuously inhabited since the Neolithic Period. Roman influence, beginning in the 1st century bce, was

curie, in physics, unit of activity of a quantity of a radioactive substance, named in honour of the French physicist Pierre Curie. (Even though the committee that named the unit in 1910 said it honoured Pierre Curie, some committee members later said the unit was in honour of both Pierre and Marie

magnetism: Magnetic properties of matter: …the constant C as the Curie constant. A more accurate equation is obtained in many cases by modifying the above equation to χ = C/(T − θ), where θ is a constant. This equation is called the Curie–Weiss law (after Curie and Pierre-Ernest Weiss, another French physicist). From the form…

Curie point, temperature at which certain magnetic materials undergo a sharp change in their magnetic properties. In the case of rocks and minerals, remanent magnetism appears below the Curie point—about 570 °C (1,060 °F) for the common magnetic mineral magnetite. This temperature is named for the

Curie point, temperature at which certain magnetic materials undergo a sharp change in their magnetic properties. In the case of rocks and minerals, remanent magnetism appears below the Curie point—about 570 °C (1,060 °F) for the common magnetic mineral magnetite. This temperature is named for the

magnetism: Magnetic properties of matter: …approximate relationship is known as Curie’s law and the constant C as the Curie constant. A more accurate equation is obtained in many cases by modifying the above equation to χ = C/(T − θ), where θ is a constant. This equation is called the Curie–Weiss law (after Curie and…

Ève Curie was a French and American concert pianist, journalist, and diplomat, a daughter of Pierre Curie and Marie Curie. She is best known for writing a biography of her mother, Madame Curie (1937). Ève Curie was born a year after her parents received (together with Henri Becquerel) a Nobel Prize

Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie: Irène Curie from 1912 to 1914 prepared for her baccalauréat at the Collège Sévigné and in 1918 became her mother’s assistant at the Institut du Radium of the University of Paris. In 1925 she presented her doctoral thesis on the alpha rays of polonium. In…