hooded shrimp, any member of the order Cumacea (superorder Peracarida), a group of small, predominantly marine crustaceans immediately recognizable by their unusual body shape. The head and thorax are wide and rounded, in sharp contrast to the slender, cylindrical, flexible abdomen from which

Cumae, ancient city about 12 miles (19 km) west of Naples, probably the oldest Greek mainland colony in the west and home of a sibyl (Greek prophetess) whose cavern still exists. Founded about 750 bce by Greeks from Chalcis, Cumae came to control the most fertile portions of the Campanian plain.

Necati Cumalı was a Turkish writer and translator whose notable contributions to his native literature include poetry, short fiction, essays, and plays. He was one of the best-known Turkish writers of the 20th century. At the age of 18 Cumalı began publishing poetry. After graduating from what is

Cuman, member of a nomadic Turkish people, comprising the western branch of the Kipchak confederation until the Mongol invasion (1237) forced them to seek asylum in Hungary. During the 12th century the Cumans acted as auxiliary troops for the Russian princes and in that capacity clashed with

Cumaná, city, capital of Sucre estado (state), northeastern Venezuela. It lies on the Manzanares River 1 mile (1.6 km) inland from its port—Puerto Sucre, on the Caribbean Sea at the mouth of the river. In the language of the Cumanagoto people, who lived in the region until the 17th century, Cumaná

Cumanagoto, Indians of northeastern Venezuela at the time of the Spanish conquest. Since the 17th century they have not existed as a tribal or cultural unit. The Cumanagoto spoke a Cariban language, related to that of the Palenque. They were agricultural, growing corn (maize), manioc, sweet

Dublin: Cultural life: …with the establishment of the Gaelic Athletic Association (Cumann Lúthchleas Gael) for the revival of historically Irish games. It was broadened in 1893 with the foundation of the Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge), which promotes the Irish language and Irish folklore. The National Gallery, the Irish Museum of Modern Art,…

William Thomas Cosgrave: …helped found the political party Cumann na nGaedheal (“Party of the Irish”) in April 1923 and became its leader—represented Ireland at the Imperial Conference in October 1923. A month earlier he had been welcomed as Ireland’s first spokesman at the assembly of the League of Nations.

Bay of Naples, semicircular inlet of the Tyrrhenian Sea (an arm of the Mediterranean Sea), southwest of the city of Naples, southern Italy. It is 10 miles (16 km) wide and extends southeastward for 20 miles (32 km) from Cape Miseno to Campanella Point. The bay is noted for its scenic beauty, which

Benedict Cumberbatch is an acclaimed British motion-picture, theater, and television actor known for his portrayals of intelligent, often upper-crust characters, for his deep resonant voice, and for his distinctive name. He gained widespread popularity playing a modern Sherlock Holmes in the

Benedict Cumberbatch is an acclaimed British motion-picture, theater, and television actor known for his portrayals of intelligent, often upper-crust characters, for his deep resonant voice, and for his distinctive name. He gained widespread popularity playing a modern Sherlock Holmes in the

Claudia Jones was a Trinidadian social and political activist and journalist who advocated for Black individuals, women, and workers in both the United States and England. Her early experience of racism in the United States shaped her thinking as an adult, and she often asserted that for a

Cumberland, county, southwestern Maine, U.S. It largely consists of a coastal region, facing Casco Bay to the southeast, that includes many islands, although the terrain rises to the northwest. The centre of the county is dominated by Sebago Lake. The principal waterways are the Fore, Presumpscot,

Blackstone River: …settler in what is now Cumberland, Rhode Island.

Cumberland, city, seat (1789) of Allegany county, northwestern Maryland, U.S. It lies in a bowl-shaped valley in the narrow panhandle region between Pennsylvania (north) and West Virginia (south), bounded by the Potomac River to the south. It is situated at the entrance to Cumberland Narrows, a

Cumberland, county, south-central Pennsylvania, U.S. It consists of a hilly region in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley physiographic province bounded to the north by Blue Mountain, to the east by the Susquehanna River, to the southeast by Yellow Breeches Creek, and to the south by the Blue Ridge

Cumberland, county, southwestern New Jersey, U.S. It consists of a coastal lowland bounded by the Delaware River and Bay to the south, Stow Creek to the west, the Maurice River to the north, the Tuckahoe River to the northeast, and West Creek to the southeast. Other waterways include Union Lake and

Cumberland, historic county, extreme northwestern England, bounded on the north by Scotland, on the east by the historic counties of Northumberland and Durham, and on the south by the historic counties of Westmorland and Lancashire. Cumberland is presently part of the administrative county of

Nashville: History: …credited with having written the Cumberland Compact, the articles of self-government adopted by the settlers. The community was renamed Nashville in 1784.

Cumberland Gap, natural pass (elevation 1,640 feet [500 metres]) that was cut through the Cumberland Plateau in the eastern United States by former stream activity. It is located near the point where Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee meet between Middlesboro, Kentucky, and the town of Cumberland

Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, National historical park, Tennessee, U.S. Created in 1940 to preserve the Cumberland Gap, a natural pass at 1,640 feet (500 meters) through the Cumberland Plateau, it includes the Wilderness Road, blazed by Daniel Boone, which became the main artery that

Cumberland House, unincorporated settlement and historic site on the south shore of Cumberland Lake (formerly Pine Island Lake, part of the Saskatchewan River system), eastern Saskatchewan, Canada. It lies near the Manitoba boundary, 85 miles (137 km) northeast of Nipawin. The house, built in 1774

Sea Islands: …family also secured most of Cumberland Island for the same purpose. Jekyll Island was bought by the state of Georgia and since 1947 has been the site of a state park, and Cumberland Island National Seashore was established in 1972.

Cumberland Island National Seashore, barrier island of saltwater marshes, mud flats, beaches, and forests in southeastern Georgia, U.S., just north of the Florida state line. It was made a national seashore in 1972 and covers an area of 57 square miles (147 square km). Cumberland Island lies in the

Cumberland Islands, archipelago in the Great Barrier Reef, off the eastern coast of Queensland, Australia. The group comprises more than 70 inner continental islands (land, not coral), including Whitsunday, Lindeman, Brampton, Molle, Long, Hook, Dent, and Hayman. The high-cliffed wooded chain, once

Cumberland Plateau: …and northeastern Tennessee; the name Cumberland Mountains is generally applied to this area. These mountains vary in elevation from 2,000 feet (600 metres) to 4,145 feet (1,263 metres) at Big Black Mountain, the highest point in Kentucky. The plateau is underlain by large deposits of coal, limestones used for cement,…

Cumberland Narrows, scenic gorge 1,000 feet (305 metres) deep in Allegany county, northwestern Maryland, U.S., just northwest of Cumberland city. Cut by Wills Creek, it provides a natural east-west gateway, located between Wills and Haystack mountains, across the Allegheny Mountains. The gap, which

Cumberland Plateau, westernmost of three divisions of the Appalachian Mountains, U.S., extending southwestward for 450 miles (725 km) from southern West Virginia to northern Alabama. The plateau is 40 to 50 miles (65 to 80 km) wide and lies between the Appalachian Ridge and Valley region to the

Cumberland Presbyterian Church, denomination organized in 1810 by a group of Presbyterians on the Kentucky–Tennessee frontier who left the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. The immediate cause of the separation was a religious revival in the Kentucky area (1799–1802) that brought many converts into

Cumberland Presbyterian Church: This group, now called the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America, in 1996 reported more than 15,000 members and about 150 congregations and is headquartered in Huntsville, Ala.

Cumberland Presbyterian Church, denomination organized in 1810 by a group of Presbyterians on the Kentucky–Tennessee frontier who left the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. The immediate cause of the separation was a religious revival in the Kentucky area (1799–1802) that brought many converts into

Cumberland River, river formed on the Cumberland Plateau by the confluence of Poor and Clover forks in Harlan county, southern Kentucky, U.S. Looping through northern Tennessee, it joins the Ohio River after a course of 687 miles (1,106 km) at Smithland, Kentucky, 12 miles (19 km) upstream from the

National Road, first federal highway in the United States and for several years the main route to what was then the Northwest Territory. Built (1811–37) from Cumberland, Maryland (western terminus of a state road from Baltimore and of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal), to Vandalia, Illinois, it forms

Cumberland Sound, inlet (170 miles [270 km] long, 100 miles [160 km] wide) of Davis Strait and the Atlantic Ocean, indenting the southeast coast of Baffin Island, in southeastern Baffin region, Nunavut territory, Canada. John Davis, an English navigator, sailed into the sound in 1585 in search of

United States: The Appalachian Mountain system: …it forms the Shenandoah and Cumberland valleys, and has been one of the main paths through the Appalachians since pioneer times. In New England it is floored with slates and marbles and forms the Valley of Vermont, one of the few fertile areas in an otherwise mountainous region.

Cumberland wrestling, form of wrestling developed in northern England and southern Scotland, also called the North Country style. The wrestlers stand chest to chest, each grasping the other with locked hands around the body, each opponent’s chin on the other’s right shoulder. The right arm is

Ernest Augustus was the only son of George V of Hanover and pretender to the Hanoverian throne from 1878 to 1913. After his father was deposed as a result of the Seven Weeks’ War between Prussia and Austria (in which Hanover had sided with losing Austria), Ernest Augustus lived mainly in Austria.

Puerto Rico: Early settlement: …years later the British soldier George Clifford, 3rd earl of Cumberland, captured the city but was soon forced to abandon it after his troops fell victim to disease (probably dysentery). In 1625 the Dutchman Bowdoin Hendrik captured and burned the town but failed to subdue El Morro, where the governor…

Kentucky: Drainage of Kentucky: …on the Cumberland has created Lake Cumberland. It is the state’s largest lake, spanning an area of more than 50,000 acres (20,000 hectares). In the southwest the Cumberland has been impounded to form Lake Barkley, which is connected by a canal to Kentucky Lake, which was created by a dam…

Richard Cumberland was an English dramatist whose plays were in tune with the sentimental spirit that became an important literary force during the latter half of the 18th century. He was a master of stagecraft, a good observer of men and manners, but today perhaps is chiefly famous as the model

Richard Cumberland was an English theologian, Anglican bishop, and philosopher of ethics. In 1658 Cumberland left the study of medicine at the University of Cambridge to serve in the rectory of Brampton House in Northamptonshire and three years later became one of the 12 official preachers at

William Augustus, duke of Cumberland was a British general, nicknamed “Butcher Cumberland” for his harsh suppression of the Jacobite rebellion of 1745. His subsequent military failures led to his estrangement from his father, King George II (reigned 1727–60). During the War of the Austrian

Cumbernauld, “new town,” North Lanarkshire council area, historic county of Dunbartonshire, central Scotland. Cumbernauld was designated a new town in 1956 to accommodate overspill population from Glasgow and has grown to become the largest town in the council area. The town is 14 miles (22 km)

Latin American dance: Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela: …area gave birth to the cumbia, a hybridization of the Spanish fandango and African cumbé. The first written account of cumbia (1840) described it as a dance performed by slaves for the feast of Our Lady of Candlemas (la Virgen de la Candelaria). The women carried candles to light the…

the Cumbraes, two islands in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland. They lie between the island of Bute to the west and the coast of the Scottish mainland to the east. Administratively, the islands are part of the North Ayrshire council area on the mainland, but they belong to the historic county of

Cumbres de Monterrey National Park, park in the Sierra Madre Oriental, in Nuevo León state, northeastern Mexico. Established in 1939, it has a total area of 952 square miles (2,465 square km). Among the attractions within the park are the mountains of the Sierra Madre Oriental, many of which are

Cumbria, administrative county in the northwest of England. It comprises six districts: Allerdale, Eden, and South Lakeland, the boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness and Copeland, and the city of Carlisle. The administrative county comprises the historic counties of Cumberland and Westmorland and parts of

Eden: The Cumbrian Mountains are in the west, the Pennines in the east, and other high moorlands in the south, all rising to elevations of 2,000 to 3,000 feet (600 to 900 metres) above sea level. The Cumbrians of Eden make up the northeastern part of Lake…

Celtic languages: Insular Celtic: A British dialect, now labeled Cumbric, lingered on in the western borderlands between England and Scotland until perhaps the 10th century, but almost nothing is known about it. In what is now Wales, British survived as the dominant language until a century or so ago; it is now known as…

Kamloops, city, southern British Columbia, Canada. It lies astride the confluence of the North and South Thompson rivers near their expansion into Kamloops Lake and adjacent to the Kamloops Indian Reserve, 220 miles (355 km) by road northeast of Vancouver. It originated as a trading settlement,

phenol: Oxidation of isopropylbenzene: Benzene is converted to isopropylbenzene (cumene) by treatment with propylene and an acidic catalyst. Oxidation yields a hydroperoxide (cumene hydroperoxide), which undergoes acid-catalyzed rearrangement to phenol and acetone. Although this process seems more complicated than the Dow

peroxide: One category is represented by cumene hydroperoxide, an organic compound used as a polymerization initiator and as a source of phenol and acetone, and peroxysulfuric acid, an inorganic compound used as an oxidizing agent. The other category includes di-tert-butyl peroxide and ammonium peroxydisulfate, both used as initiators.

Turkey: Government: …own party, which became the Republican People’s Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi; CHP), dominated all assemblies until 1950; in this period the assemblies included a heavy preponderance of urban professional men and of officials with a university education. With an outlook different from that of the illiterate Turkish peasants, they carried…

Cyprus: Political process: … (Toplumcu Kurtuluș Partisi), and the Republican Turkish Party (Cumhuriyetc̦i Türk Partisi).

Comilla, city, eastern Bangladesh. It is situated just south of the Gumti River, which is a tributary of the Meghna River. Connected by road and rail with Dhaka and Chittagong, Comilla has been a centre for the collection of hides and skins; it also has jute and cotton mills as well as a thermal

cumin, (Cuminum cyminum), annual plant of the parsley family (Apiaceae) and the spice made of its seedlike fruits. Native to the Mediterranean region, cumin is also cultivated in India, China, and Mexico and is used to flavour a variety of foods. See also list of herbs and spices. The cumin plant

black cumin, (Nigella sativa), annual plant of the ranunculus family (Ranunculaceae) grown for its pungent seeds, which are used as a spice and in herbal medicine. The black cumin plant is found in southwestern Asia and parts of the Mediterranean and Africa, where it has a long history of use in

cumin, (Cuminum cyminum), annual plant of the parsley family (Apiaceae) and the spice made of its seedlike fruits. Native to the Mediterranean region, cumin is also cultivated in India, China, and Mexico and is used to flavour a variety of foods. See also list of herbs and spices. The cumin plant

girdle: The cummerbund, a similar item, originated in India, where it was worn by men; it was widely adapted for men’s dress clothes and also for women’s wear. The belt or girdle is frequently a conspicuous part of traditional dress and is often decorated with embroidery and…

cumin, (Cuminum cyminum), annual plant of the parsley family (Apiaceae) and the spice made of its seedlike fruits. Native to the Mediterranean region, cumin is also cultivated in India, China, and Mexico and is used to flavour a variety of foods. See also list of herbs and spices. The cumin plant

Cumming v. Board of Education of Richmond County, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on December 18, 1899, ruled (9–0) that a Georgia county board of education did not violate any constitutional rights when it decided to discontinue high-school services for 60 African American students in order

MI6: …1912 by Commander (later Sir) Mansfield Cumming as part of Britain’s attempt to coordinate intelligence activities prior to the outbreak of World War I. In the 1930s and ’40s it was considered the most effective intelligence service in the world. Following the rise to power of Adolf Hitler in Germany,…

The Bulletin, daily newspaper published in Philadelphia from 1847 to 1982, long considered one of the most influential American newspapers. Founded by Alexander Cummings as Cummings Telegraphic Evening Bulletin, the newspaper became The Daily Evening Bulletin in 1856 and then the Evening Bulletin

ex post facto law: In 1867, in Cummings v. Missouri and Ex parte Garland, the United States Supreme Court condemned as both bills of attainder and ex post facto laws the passage of post-American Civil War loyalty-test oaths, which were designed to keep Confederate sympathizers from practicing certain professions.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: History: …to impose a non-Mormon governor, Alfred Cummings, on the territory. Fearing that the purpose of the expedition was to persecute their faith, Young called on the Utah militia to prepare to defend the territory. A negotiated settlement was reached in 1858, and Cummings eventually became popular with members of the…

Bruce Frederick Cummings was an English author who wrote The Journal of a Disappointed Man (1919), extracts from diaries that he had kept between 1903 and 1917. The book was immediately acclaimed upon publication, not only for providing a vivid insight into his passion for zoology and music but

Burton Cummings is a Canadian singer-songwriter who was the keyboardist and lead singer of Canada’s first rock superstars, the Guess Who. As a solo artist, he had several popular albums and a string of hits through the late 1970s and early 1980s. Cummings was raised by his mother and grandparents

Burton Cummings is a Canadian singer-songwriter who was the keyboardist and lead singer of Canada’s first rock superstars, the Guess Who. As a solo artist, he had several popular albums and a string of hits through the late 1970s and early 1980s. Cummings was raised by his mother and grandparents

Navajo National Monument: Byron Cummings, an archaeologist, and John Wetherill, a local rancher and trader, explored the ruins of Keet Seel, the largest of the sites, in 1907. Two years later Cummings and Wetherill discovered the ruins of Betatakin and Inscription House. The 135 rooms of Betatakin are…

Robert Cummings was an American actor who starred in motion pictures and television. Cummings studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and Drury College before assuming false identities in order to become an actor. He won his first Broadway stage role in 1931 by acquiring a British accent

E.E. Cummings was an American poet and painter who first attracted attention, in an age of literary experimentation, for his unconventional punctuation and phrasing. Cummings’s name is often styled “e.e. cummings” in the mistaken belief that the poet legally changed his name to lowercase letters

E.E. Cummings was an American poet and painter who first attracted attention, in an age of literary experimentation, for his unconventional punctuation and phrasing. Cummings’s name is often styled “e.e. cummings” in the mistaken belief that the poet legally changed his name to lowercase letters

Irving Cummings was an American film director best known for his musicals, many of which featured Betty Grable or Shirley Temple. While a teenager, Cummings began appearing onstage, and he became a sought-after actor, frequently cast in productions that starred Lillian Russell. In the early 1910s

Robert Cummings was an American actor who starred in motion pictures and television. Cummings studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and Drury College before assuming false identities in order to become an actor. He won his first Broadway stage role in 1931 by acquiring a British accent

Rob Zombie is an American heavy metal musician and filmmaker whose work is known for its motifs of horror and science fiction. Zombie earned fame initially through his role as frontman of the heavy metal band White Zombie in the 1980s and ’90s, and he later gained prominence through his solo career

Milwaukee Bucks: Moncrief and forward Terry Cummings were the Bucks’ star players in 1985–86, when Milwaukee made its third Eastern Conference finals appearance in four years only to again be denied an NBA finals berth at the hands of the Celtics.

Henry Inman: …his own portrait studio with Thomas Geir Cummings in 1822. The pair usually split their commissions, with Inman painting the oil portraits and Cummings doing the miniatures. Throughout the 1820s Inman was active in the New York City art world and was one of the founders of the National Academy…

cummingtonite, an amphibole mineral, an iron and magnesium silicate that occurs in metamorphic rocks. For chemical formula and detailed physical properties, see amphibole

amphibole: Chemical composition: The monoclinic cummingtonite-grunerite series exists from about Fe2Mg2Si8O22(OH)2 to Fe7Si8O22(OH)2. Intermediate amphibole compositions do not exist between anthophyllite and the tremolite-actinolite series. Compositional gaps also exist between the cummingtonite-grunerite series and other calcic amphiboles. Consequently,

Albert Baird Cummins was an American lawyer, state governor, and U.S. senator, a noted progressive during the first quarter of the 20th century. Educated at Waynesburg (Pa.) College, Cummins studied surveying, worked in railroad construction, and then studied law in Chicago, practicing there for

George David Cummins was a dissident American clergyman who founded and became the first bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church. After three years in charge of the Bladensburg, Md., circuit of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Cummins began study for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

Maria Susanna Cummins was an American author, most remembered for her sentimental first novel, The Lamplighter, which achieved enormous popular success but met with much withering critical scorn. Cummins was educated at home and at a fashionable girls’ school in Lenox, Massachusetts. She thereafter

philosophy of biology: Teleology: …developed by the American philosophers Robert Cummins and Larry Wright, respectively.

Cumnock, small burgh (town) and agricultural centre in East Ayrshire council area, historic county of Ayrshire, Scotland. The town was formerly a coal-mining hub, and its regeneration as a retail centre became a priority in East Ayrshire’s economic development plans. James Keir Hardie, the father

Franz Cumont was a Belgian archaeologist and philologist who strongly influenced the modern Protestant school of the history of religions through his fundamental studies, particularly on Roman pagan cults. After studying at Ghent, Bonn, Berlin, Vienna, and Paris, Cumont was from 1892 to 1910

John Dillinger: …the FBI, Indiana police, and Anna Sage (alias of Ana Cumpanas), a brothel madam who knew Dillinger’s girlfriend. Sage informed law officers that she and the couple would be seeing a movie on the night of July 22, 1934. The trio ultimately went to the Biograph Theater. Although Sage was…

Mario Benedetti: …as was his allegorical novel El cumpleaños de Juan Angel (1971; Juan Angel’s Birthday). Benedetti had the misfortune of peaking as a writer at the same time as Carlos Fuentes, Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa, and others who brought about what is known as the “boom of the Latin…

mineral deposit: Magmatic cumulates: …magmatic segregation are called magmatic cumulates. While a magma may start as a homogeneous liquid, magmatic segregation during crystallization can produce an assemblage of cumulates with widely differing compositions. Extreme segregation can sometimes produce monomineralic cumulates; a dramatic example occurs in the Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa, where cumulus…

meteorite: Achondrites: The eucrites are subdivided into cumulate eucrites and basaltic eucrites. Cumulate eucrites are like terrestrial gabbros in that they seem to have formed at depth in Vesta and crystallized quite slowly. By contrast, basaltic eucrites are similar to terrestrial basalts, apparently having formed at or near Vesta’s surface and cooled…

distribution function, mathematical expression that describes the probability that a system will take on a specific value or set of values. The classic examples are associated with games of chance. The binomial distribution gives the probabilities that heads will come up a times and tails n − a

cumulative incidence, in epidemiology, estimate of the risk that an individual will experience an event or develop a disease during a specified period of time. Cumulative incidence is calculated as the number of new events or cases of disease divided by the total number of individuals in the

percentile, a number denoting the position of a data point within a numeric dataset by indicating the percentage of the dataset with a lesser value. For example, a data point that falls at the 80th percentile has a value greater than 80 percent of the data points within the dataset. Percentiles are

repetitive strain injury (RSI), any of a broad range of conditions affecting muscles, tendons, tendon sheaths, nerves, or joints that result particularly from excessive and forceful use. Strain, rapid movement, or constrained or constricted posture may be other causes. Examples of repetitive strain

climate: Cloud types: …irregular stirring or turbulence, (3) cumuliform clouds formed by penetrative convection, and (4) orographic clouds formed by the ascent of air over hills and mountains.

volcanic dome, any steep-sided mound that is formed when lava reaching the Earth’s surface is so viscous that it cannot flow away readily and accumulates around the vent. Sometimes domes are produced by repeated outpourings of short flows from a summit vent, and, occasionally, extremely viscous

cloud: …three heights is called a cumulonimbus. A cloud at the surface is called a fog.

volcanic dome, any steep-sided mound that is formed when lava reaching the Earth’s surface is so viscous that it cannot flow away readily and accumulates around the vent. Sometimes domes are produced by repeated outpourings of short flows from a summit vent, and, occasionally, extremely viscous

cloud: …may produce drizzle, whereas the cumulus type sometimes yields showers.

atmosphere: Cloud formation within the troposphere: Cumulus congestus clouds extend into the middle troposphere, while deep, precipitating cumuliform clouds that extend throughout the troposphere are called cumulonimbus. Cumulonimbus clouds are also called thunderstorms, since they usually have lightning and thunder associated with them. Cumulonimbus clouds develop from cumulus humulus and cumulus…

atmosphere: Cloud formation within the troposphere: …lower troposphere, are known as cumulus humulus when they are randomly distributed and as stratocumulus when they are organized into lines. Cumulus congestus clouds extend into the middle troposphere, while deep, precipitating cumuliform clouds that extend throughout the troposphere are called cumulonimbus. Cumulonimbus clouds are also called thunderstorms, since they…