Claudia Jones

Claudia Jones (born  February 21, 1915, Port of Spain, Trinidad—died December 24, 1964, London, England) was a Trinidadian social and political activist and journalist who advocated for Black individuals, women, and workers in both the United States and England. Her early experience of racism in the United States shaped her thinking as an adult, and she often asserted that for a liberation movement to be successful, the liberation of the Black woman worker was essential. Jones is frequently credited with helping lay the groundwork for intersectional feminism, a philosophy that became popular in the 21st century, which recognizes that different types of inequality often exacerbate one another. She also helped organize the first (1959) West Indian Carnival in London. The festivities subsequently grew into the Notting Hill Carnival, an annual summer street festival featuring Caribbean food, dance, and costumes.

Early life and education

Jones was born Claudia Vera Cumberbatch in 1915, when the islands of Trinidad and Tobago were part of the British West Indian colonies. In 1924 Cumberbatch and her family moved to the United States and settled in Harlem, New York. As a young child, Cumberbatch witnessed the exploitative work practices that Black women had to endure. Her mother, Sybil Cumberbatch, was a garment worker, probably overworked and underpaid. She died only a few years after arriving in Harlem. During the Great Depression, Claudia Cumberbatch’s father, Charles Cumberbatch, lost his job, leaving the family destitute. Claudia Cumberbatch developed tuberculosis, likely owing to poor living conditions, and she had to spend a year in a sanatorium. Nonetheless, she graduated from Wadleigh High School, New York City, in 1935.

Activism with the Communist Party

About this time Cumberbatch became involved with social activism and began to publicize the struggles of the working class. She also helped organize rallies and demonstrations defending the accused in the Scottsboro case, a major civil rights controversy surrounding the prosecution of nine young Black men charged with the rape of two white women. In 1936 Cumberbatch joined the Communist Party of the United States of America and the Young Communist League. She wrote articles for the league’s journal, the Daily Worker, and quickly gained leadership positions within a number of organizations, including the National Peace Council and the Women’s Commission of the Communist Party USA. In 1940 she married Abraham Scholnick (divorced 1947), but she began using the last name Jones in an effort to remain anonymous while expressing her political beliefs freely.

Although a committed communist, Jones often wrote about the limits of the doctrine. To Jones, communism could not be successful if it did not consider the working Black woman. Her thinking was perhaps best laid out in the article “An End to the Neglect of the Problems of the Negro Woman!” (1949), which appeared in Political Affairs, a monthly Marxist magazine. Jones discussed how Black women were “super-exploited” by being subjected to sexism, racism, and classicism. She argued that the oppression of Black women undermined not only the success of the Black community but also of women and the working class in general.

Jones’s activism and involvement with communism and socialism brought her to the attention of the U.S. government. She was arrested on a number of occasions during the Red Scare (roughly between 1947 and 1954; sometimes called McCarthyism). During this time Jones was diagnosed with a heart condition, and, after a stint in prison in 1955 for “un-American activities,” she suffered her first heart attack. That same year Jones, who had never become a U.S. citizen, was deported to England.

Founding of the West Indian Gazette and the Notting Hill Carnival

Jones settled in London, where thousands of individuals from the Caribbean had settled after World War II. Many immigrants had responded to calls from the government to help rebuild the city and to fill labour shortages. Jones joined the Communist Party in Britain, but her critiques of the patriarchy and of racism were met with hostility. She became involved in other organizations, including the Caribbean Labour Congress and the West Indian Forum and Committee on Racism and International Affairs. In 1958 Jones and Amy Ashwood Garvey founded the West Indian Gazette, one of the first major Black newspapers in England. The paper reported on political events in the United Kingdom, the Caribbean, and Africa. It also became Jones’s vehicle for expressing her views on imperialism, racism, and sexism.

That summer tensions between the white working-class population and the West Indian immigrants living in the Notting Hill and Shepherd’s Bush neighbourhoods of London erupted in violence. For a week, hundreds of mostly young white individuals attacked Caribbean people and their properties. Similar violence occurred outside the city, particularly in Nottingham. To counteract the negative situation, Jones helped organize a carnival celebration in 1959 to showcase West Indian culture. The celebration later expanded into the Notting Hill Carnival, which continued to draw some two million spectators annually in the early 21st century.

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Later life and death

From London, Jones kept up with the American civil rights movement. In 1963, in support of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the March on Washington, she organized a march to the U.S. embassy in London. Jones, who struggled with health issues for most of her adulthood, died a year later at age 49 on Christmas Eve.