David Cronenberg: Rabid, The Fly, and Crash: Crash (1996) is an adaptation of J.G. Ballard’s controversial novel in which a community of disaffected people sexually fetishizes car crashes. Although the films demonstrated Cronenberg’s expanding range as a director, they were generally met with mixed reviews and fared poorly at the box office.…

David Cronenberg: Rabid, The Fly, and Crash: Ballard’s controversial novel in which a community of disaffected people sexually fetishizes car crashes. Although the films demonstrated Cronenberg’s expanding range as a director, they were generally met with mixed reviews and fared poorly at the box office. He found more acclaim (albeit similar commercial reception) for…

crash, any of several rugged fabrics made from yarns that are irregular, firm, strong, and smooth but sometimes raw and unprocessed. Included are gray, bleached, boiled, plain, twill, and fancy-weave crash. The coarsest type is called Russian crash. Linen is generally used for the warp yarn, while

Crash, American dramatic film, released in 2004, that was written and directed by Paul Haggis and that won the Academy Award for best picture in what was widely thought to be an upset over critical and popular favourite Brokeback Mountain. Set in Los Angeles, Crash is a series of confrontations and

United Airlines Flight 232: …of the 1992 TV movie Crash Landing: The Rescue of Flight 232 (also known as A Thousand Heroes), starring Charlton Heston and James Coburn, and it was described in the book Flight 232: A Story of Disaster and Survival (2014) by Laurence Gonzales.

straight edge: …well known punk musicians, including Darby Crash, the lead singer of the Germs, and Sid Vicious, bassist of the Sex Pistols. In the early 1980s, the straight edge subculture began to develop out of the Washington, D.C., hardcore punk scene.

Roswell incident: …civilian witnesses who saw parachute crash test dummies, a severely injured airman parachutist, and charred bodies from an airplane crash during the 1950s. The report proposed that the witnesses “consolidated” the separate events—the Project Mogul materials, the crash test dummies, the airman, and the charred bodies—in their memories. For many…

Richard Crashaw was an English poet known for religious verse of vibrant stylistic ornamentation and ardent faith. The son of a zealous, learned Puritan minister, Crashaw was educated at the University of Cambridge. In 1634, the year of his graduation, he published Epigrammatum Sacrorum Liber (“A

Judd Apatow: …also produced the HBO series Crashing (2017–19), about a comic whose wife leaves him; Apatow directed and wrote several episodes as well. He later cowrote and directed the films The King of Staten Island (2020), a dramedy about a young man struggling after the death of his father, and The…

crasis, in classical Greek, the contraction of two vowels or diphthongs at the end of one word and the beginning of an immediately following word, as kán for kaì án or houmós for ho emós. Crasis is especially common in some lyric poetry and in Old Comedy. The term sometimes refers to word-internal

freshwater jellyfish, any medusa, or free-swimming form, of the genus Craspedacusta, class Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria). Craspedacusta is not a true jellyfish; true jellyfish are exclusively marine in habit and belong to the class Scyphozoa (phylum Cnidaria). Craspedacusta sowerbyi, which is

freshwater jellyfish: Craspedacusta sowerbyi, which is widespread in freshwaters of the Northern Hemisphere, grows to about 2 centimetres (0.8 inch) in diameter. Several hundred short tentacles extend, fringelike, from the margins of the animal’s bell-shaped body.

bivalve: Importance: …are representatives of the genus Crassostrea, notably C. gigas in the western Pacific, C. virginica in North America, and C. angulata in Portugal. Most mussels are cultivated on ropes suspended from floats. The European mussel Mytilus edulis has been introduced into the northern Pacific, and the practice now flourishes widely…

oyster: virginica, the Sydney rock oyster (Crassostrea commercialis) changes sex; born male, it changes to female later in life. It is the most economically important Australian edible oyster.

oyster: gigas, of Japanese coastal waters, is among the largest oysters, attaining lengths of about 30 cm (1 foot). Like C. virginica, the Sydney rock oyster (Crassostrea commercialis) changes sex; born male, it changes to female later in life. It is the most economically important Australian edible oyster.

oyster: …the Pacific coastal waters of North America, grows to about 7.5 cm (3 inches). C. virginica, native to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the West Indies and about 15 cm (6 inches) long, has been introduced into Pacific coastal waters of North America. Up to 50,000,000 eggs may be…

Crassulaceae: Major genera: Crassula, with about 200 species, includes the commonly cultivated jade plant (Crassula ovata), which is native to South Africa. Surprisingly, some species of Crassula have evolved into aquatic plants. Sedum, with some 400 species known as stonecrops, contains many favourite rock-garden plants, and other species…

Saxifragales: Major families: …commonly cultivated Crassula ovata (jade plant) is native to South Africa. Sedum (420 species) contains many favourite rock-garden plants, and other species are grown as pot plants. Surprisingly, some species of Crassula have evolved into aquatic plants.

Crassulaceae, the stonecrop family of about 30 genera and 1,400 species of perennial herbs or low shrubs, the largest family in the order Saxifragales. The family is widespread from tropical to boreal regions but is concentrated in arid regions of the world. Many species are succulents and are

agave: …a photosynthetic pathway known as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), in which carbon dioxide is fixed at night to limit the amount of water lost from the leaf stomata.

agave: …a photosynthetic pathway known as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), in which carbon dioxide is fixed at night to limit the amount of water lost from the leaf stomata.

Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus was a Roman politician who supported the agrarian reforms of the tribune Tiberius Gracchus. Brother of the orator and jurist Publius Mucius Scaevola, Crassus was adopted into the gens (“clan”) of the Licinii. He was the father-in-law of the reformer Gaius

Lucius Licinius Crassus was a lawyer and politician who is usually considered to be one of the two greatest Roman orators before Cicero, the other being Marcus Antonius (143–87). Both men are vividly portrayed in Cicero’s De oratore (55 bce). Crassus launched his legal career in 119 by successfully

Marcus Licinius Crassus was a politician who in the last years of the Roman Republic formed the so-called First Triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Pompey to challenge effectively the power of the Senate. His death led to the outbreak of the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey (49–45). Crassus fled

hawthorn, (genus Crataegus), large genus of thorny shrubs or small trees in the rose family (Rosaceae), native to the north temperate zone. Many species are common to North America, and a number of cultivated varieties are grown as ornamentals for their attractive flowers and fruits. The hawthorn

hawthorn: Common species: The Lavalle hawthorn (C. ×lavallei) is a compact vase-shaped tree with dense glossy foliage.

hawthorn: Common species: The Washington hawthorn (C. phaenopyrum) is famous for its red autumn colour and its abundant clusters of orange-red fruits that persist on the twigs well into winter; it is somewhat susceptible to rust but is otherwise a durable and much-used ornamental. Downy, or red, hawthorn (C.…

hawthorn: Common species: …thorned American species is the cockspur hawthorn (C. crus-galli), with extremely long, slender thorns up to 8 cm (3 inches) long; a thornless variety is also available. The Washington hawthorn (C. phaenopyrum) is famous for its red autumn colour and its abundant clusters of orange-red fruits that persist on the…

hawthorn: Common species: …hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and the smooth hawthorn, also known as whitethorn, (C. laevigata). The smooth hawthorn has given rise to several cultivated varieties with showier flower clusters in pink and red, though it and other ornamental species often suffer from leaf spot, fire blight, and cedar hawthorn rust, which cause…

hawthorn: Common species: …are the common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and the smooth hawthorn, also known as whitethorn, (C. laevigata). The smooth hawthorn has given rise to several cultivated varieties with showier flower clusters in pink and red, though it and other ornamental species often suffer from leaf spot, fire blight, and cedar…

hawthorn: Common species: The Washington hawthorn (C. phaenopyrum) is famous for its red autumn colour and its abundant clusters of orange-red fruits that persist on the twigs well into winter; it is somewhat susceptible to rust but is otherwise a durable and much-used ornamental. Downy, or red, hawthorn (C.…

Cratchit family, fictional characters, an impoverished hardworking and warmhearted family in A Christmas Carol (1843) by Charles Dickens. The family comprises Bob Cratchit, his wife, and their six children: Martha, Belinda, Peter, two smaller Cratchits (an unnamed girl and boy), and the lame but

Crater, constellation in the southern sky at about 11 hours right ascension and 20° south in declination. The brightest star in Crater is Delta Crateris, with a visual magnitude of 3.56. In Greek mythology this constellation is associated with Corvus (Latin: “Raven”) and Hydra (Latin: “Water

krater, ancient Greek vessel used for diluting wine with water. It usually stood on a tripod in the dining room, where wine was mixed. Kraters were made of metal or pottery and were often painted or elaborately ornamented. In Homer’s Iliad the prize offered by Achilles for the footrace at

crater, circular depression in the surface of a planetary body. Most craters are the result of impacts of meteorites or of volcanic explosions. Meteorite craters are more common on the Moon and Mars and on other planets and natural satellites than on Earth, because most meteorites either burn up in

Crater Lake, deep, clear, intensely blue lake located within a huge volcanic caldera in the Cascade Range, southwestern Oregon, U.S., about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Medford. The lake and its surrounding region became Crater Lake National Park in 1902, with an area of 286 square miles (741

volcano: Gas clouds: …the sudden overturn of a crater lake may contain suffocating or poisonous gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide. At Lake Nyos, a crater lake in Cameroon, West Africa, more than 1,700 people were killed by a sudden release of carbon

Crater Lake: …and its surrounding region became Crater Lake National Park in 1902, with an area of 286 square miles (741 square km). By the early 21st century the park had more than 90 miles (145 km) of hiking trails.

volcano: Fissure vents: …fountains along the fissure produce crater rows of small spatter and cinder cones. The fragments that form a spatter cone are hot and plastic enough to weld together, while the fragments that form a cinder cone remain separate because of their lower temperature.

Battle of the Crater, Union defeat on July 30, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861–65), part of the Siege of Petersburg, Virginia. In the final full year of the war, Union forces besieged the town of Petersburg, to the south of the Confederate capital of Richmond. But a well-conceived attempt

mushroom: Other mushrooms: cibarius) and the horn-of-plenty mushroom (Craterellus cornucopioides). Puffballs (family Lycoperdaceae), stinkhorns, earthstars (a kind of puffball), and bird’s nest fungi are usually treated with the mushrooms. Another group of ascomycetes includes the cup fungi, with a cuplike or dishlike fruiting structure, sometimes highly coloured.

cloud rat: …genus Phloeomys (two species), whereas bushy-tailed cloud rats are classified in the genus Crateromys (four species).

cloud rat: Bushy-tailed cloud rats: The Dinigat bushy-tailed cloud rat (C. australis) is about the same size as C. heaneyi and is found only on Dinagat Island, north of Mindanao. It has tawny fur on the head and back and an orange-brown belly.

cloud rat: Bushy-tailed cloud rats: …the most recent being the Panay Island cloud rat (C. heaneyi) in 1996. Additional undiscovered species may live on other Philippine islands. All cloud rats are intimately tied to old-growth tropical forests, and most populations are in danger owing to overhunting and deforestation. Three of the four Crateromys species have…

cloud rat: Bushy-tailed cloud rats: …length of 25 cm, the Ilin bushy-tailed cloud rat (C. paulus) is the smallest of the group, with short, coarse, brown fur, a cream-coloured underside, and a short, hairy, tricoloured tail. It was found on Ilin Island, off the southern coast of Mindoro, but may already be extinct on Ilin…

cloud rat: Bushy-tailed cloud rats: The Luzon bushy-tailed cloud rat (C. schadenbergi) is fairly common in the mountain forests of northern Luzon, but this is the only island on which it is found. It is the largest of the genus, with a body length of 35 to 39 cm, and is…

Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, region of volcanic cones, craters, and lava flows near the foot of the Pioneer Mountains in south-central Idaho, U.S., 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Arco. The craters (more than 35), which have probably been extinct only a few millennia, were part

Craterus was one of the most brilliant generals of the Macedonian king Alexander the Great (ruled 336–323). Accompanying Alexander on his expedition of conquest in Asia, he played a key role in the defeat of the Indian prince Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes (326). During the opening phase of

Crates was an ancient Greek actor and author of comedies. He is considered one of the lesser poets of Attic Old Comedy; his contemporaries were Cratinus and Aristophanes. Crates acted in comedies by Cratinus before he turned to writing. He won three victories at the theatrical contests held as part

Crates of Mallus was a Stoic philosopher, from Mallus in Cilicia, primarily important as a grammarian. His chief work was a commentary on Homer. Leader of the literary school and head of the library of Pergamum, he was the chief representative of the allegorical theory of exegesis, maintaining that

Crates of Thebes was a Cynic philosopher, a pupil of Diogenes. He gave up his fortune and made it his mission to castigate vice and pretense. Hipparchia, daughter of a wealthy Thracian family and sister of the philosopher Metrocles, forced her parents to allow her to join him in his ascetic and

Crateuas was a classical pharmacologist, artist, and physician to Mithradates VI, king of Pontus (120–63 bc). Crateuas’ drawings are the earliest known botanical illustrations. His work on pharmacology was the first to illustrate the plants described; it also classified the plants and explained

Crateuas was a classical pharmacologist, artist, and physician to Mithradates VI, king of Pontus (120–63 bc). Crateuas’ drawings are the earliest known botanical illustrations. His work on pharmacology was the first to illustrate the plants described; it also classified the plants and explained

Cratinus was a Greek poet, regarded in antiquity as one of the three greatest writers, with Eupolis and Aristophanes, of the vigorous and satirical Athenian Old Comedy. Only about 460 fragments survive of Cratinus’ 27 known plays, the earliest of which was written not long after 450 bc. His

Thucydides: Scope and plan of the History: …is known: that three historians, Cratippus (a younger contemporary), Xenophon (who lived a generation later), and Theopompus (who lived in the last third of the 4th century), all began their histories of Greece where Thucydides left off. Xenophon, one might say, began the next paragraph nearly as abruptly as Thucydides…

Crato, city, southern Ceará estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It lies in the Balança Mountains at 1,384 feet (422 metres) above sea level, just southwest of Juazeiro do Norte. It was elevated to city status in 1853. Crato is a commercial centre for a region producing cattle, sugarcane, rice,

craton, the stable interior portion of a continent characteristically composed of ancient crystalline basement rock. The term craton is used to distinguish such regions from mobile geosynclinal troughs, which are linear belts of sediment accumulations subject to subsidence (i.e., downwarping). The

Mabel Cratty was an American social worker, longtime general secretary of the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), under whose leadership the American membership and branches of the organization increased fourfold. Cratty studied briefly at Lake Erie Seminary (now College) and graduated from

Plato: Early dialogues of Plato: The Cratylus (which some do not place in this group of works) discusses the question of whether names are correct by virtue of convention or nature. The Crito shows Socrates in prison, discussing why he chooses not to escape before the death sentence is carried out.…

skepticism: Ancient skepticism: …hand, Heracleitus and his pupil Cratylus thought that the world was in such a state of flux that no permanent, unchangeable truth about it could be found; and Xenophanes, a wandering poet and philosopher, doubted whether humans could distinguish true from false knowledge.

cravat, the name given to the neck scarf worn by Croatian soldiers in the service of the French army during the reign of Louis XIV. The word cravate is a corruption of the French word for “Croatian.” The term came to be applied in England and France to any kind of a neckerchief worn by a man. After

Alejandro Jodorowsky: Early work: …the short La Cravate (1957; The Severed Heads), about a young man (played by Jodorowsky) who falls in love with the proprietor of a shop where one can swap out one’s head. In the early 1960s Jodorowsky, Spanish-born French author Fernando Arrabal, and French artist and author Roland Topor formed…

José Craveirinha was a Mozambican journalist, story writer, and poet. Craveirinha was the son of a Portuguese father and a black Mozambican mother. He was an ardent supporter of the anti-Portuguese group Frelimo during the colonial wars and was imprisoned in 1966. He was one of the pioneers of

Craven, district, administrative county of North Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, England. The traditional name applies to the distinctive limestone country of the central Pennines, where the gritstone-capped summits of Ingleborough, Pen-y-Ghent, and Whernside exceed 2,000 feet (610 metres)

Danie Craven was a South African rugby union football player, coach, and administrator who was one of the most influential and controversial figures in the history of the sport. He was known as “Mr. Rugby” in South Africa. Craven played 16 Test (international) matches for South Africa, primarily as

Danie Craven was a South African rugby union football player, coach, and administrator who was one of the most influential and controversial figures in the history of the sport. He was known as “Mr. Rugby” in South Africa. Craven played 16 Test (international) matches for South Africa, primarily as

Frank Craven was an American actor, director, playwright, and producer who was best known for his performance as the stage manager in his production of Thornton Wilder’s Our Town (performed 1938) and for his domestic comedy The First Year (1920). Born into a theatrical family, he first appeared on

Wes Craven was an American director and screenwriter who was known for his horror films, several of which are classics of the genre. Craven earned an undergraduate degree from Wheaton College (Wheaton, Illinois) in 1963 and went on to earn an M.A. in writing and philosophy from Johns Hopkins

Wes Craven was an American director and screenwriter who was known for his horror films, several of which are classics of the genre. Craven earned an undergraduate degree from Wheaton College (Wheaton, Illinois) in 1963 and went on to earn an M.A. in writing and philosophy from Johns Hopkins

William Craven, earl of Craven was an English courtier known for his long association with the “winter queen” of Bohemia, the English princess Elizabeth, who was the consort of Frederick V, the elector Palatine. A Royalist during the English Civil Wars, Craven provided considerable financial

crayfish, any of numerous crustaceans (order Decapoda, phylum Arthropoda) constituting the families Astacidae (Northern Hemisphere), Parastacidae, and Austroastracidae (Southern Hemisphere). They are closely related to the lobster. Over half of the more than 500 species occur in North America.

London clubs: …months during 1963 at the Crawdaddy Club, operated by promoter Georgio Gomelsky at the Station Hotel in respectable Richmond upon Thames, London. When the Stones left on a national tour to promote their first single, the Yardbirds, featuring guitar prodigy Eric Clapton, took their place at the Crawdaddy. Other suburban…

Rock criticism: …1966 by editor Paul Williams, Crawdaddy! was the first magazine devoted to the notion of rock as the crucial aesthetic medium through which the emergent counterculture articulated its dreams and aspirations. A year later a 21-year-old entrepreneur, Jann Wenner, started Rolling Stone in the hippie capital, San Francisco, California. Both…

crayfish, any of numerous crustaceans (order Decapoda, phylum Arthropoda) constituting the families Astacidae (Northern Hemisphere), Parastacidae, and Austroastracidae (Southern Hemisphere). They are closely related to the lobster. Over half of the more than 500 species occur in North America.

Crawford, county, northwestern Pennsylvania, U.S., bordered to the west by Ohio. It consists of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau. Pymatuning State Park borders Pymatuning Reservoir in the southwestern corner of the county. Other waterways include Conneaut, Cussewago, French, and Oil creeks

Appalachian Mountains: Study and exploration: …Timothy Nash, discoverer of the Crawford Notch (1771), which made possible communication between the coast and the Connecticut River valley; and Sir William Logan, first director of Canada’s geologic survey, who made a cross section of the geologic formation of the Gaspé Peninsula in 1844 and became the first European…

Ruth Crawford Seeger was a U.S. composer. She studied piano as a child and was self-taught as a composer until she entered the American Conservatory. After early works influenced by Alexander Scriabin, she wrote several astonishing serial pieces, including her String Quartet (1931). She married the

voter ID law: … upheld the Indiana law in Crawford v. Marion County Election Board. In subsequent years several other states adopted new strict or nonstrict voter ID laws or replaced their existing nonstrict laws with strict ones. Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Shelby County v. Holder (2013), which had invalidated a provision…

Antonin Scalia: Judicial philosophy: , his majority opinion in Crawford v. Washington (2004), which found that the use of out-of-court statements by witnesses who are not present at trial violates the Sixth Amendment’s confrontation clause (which protects the right of criminal defendants to confront the witnesses against them). Scalia believed that issues that fell…

alkaline-earth metal: History: …London chemists William Cruickshank and Adair Crawford in 1789 on examining a mineral (strontium carbonate) found in a lead mine at Strontian in Argyllshire, Scotland. Beryllia (beryllium oxide) was extracted from the mineral beryl and recognized as an earth by the French analytical chemist Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin in 1798. Though at…

Beau Geste: Susan Hayward, and Broderick Crawford.

Tampa Bay Rays: Matt Garza, Evan Longoria, and Carl Crawford, the Rays posted a 95–67 record—a 29-game improvement from their 2007 mark of 66–96—and qualified for the first playoff appearance in the franchise’s history as AL East Division champions. In the American League Championship Series, the Rays bested the defending world champion Boston…

Cheryl Crawford was an American actress and theatre producer. She acted with the Theatre Guild from 1923 and became its casting manager (1928–30). She helped found the Group Theatre in 1931. A cofounder of the Actors Studio in 1947, she went on to serve as its executive producer. Her notable

Joan Crawford: Crawford’s adopted daughter Christina published Mommie Dearest (1978), an account of the harsh childhood that Christina and an adopted brother had at their mother’s hands, and a film version was produced in 1981.

Cindy Crawford is an American fashion model and television personality who first gained fame in the 1980s and was among the first “supermodels.” Crawford grew up in DeKalb, Illinois, near Chicago, where her father worked as an electrician and her mother was employed as a bank teller. In 1982, while

Cindy Crawford is an American fashion model and television personality who first gained fame in the 1980s and was among the first “supermodels.” Crawford grew up in DeKalb, Illinois, near Chicago, where her father worked as an electrician and her mother was employed as a bank teller. In 1982, while

F. Marion Crawford was an American novelist noted for the vividness of his characterizations and settings. In his youth Crawford was shuttled between Italy and America; though he later chose to live in Italy, he remained a U.S. citizen and visited the country frequently. He became acquainted with

F. Marion Crawford was an American novelist noted for the vividness of his characterizations and settings. In his youth Crawford was shuttled between Italy and America; though he later chose to live in Italy, he remained a U.S. citizen and visited the country frequently. He became acquainted with

Isabella Valancy Crawford was a major 19th-century Canadian poet and one of the first important woman poets in Canada. She is especially noted for her vivid descriptions of the Canadian landscape. Details of Crawford’s life are sketchy. The daughter of a physician who emigrated to Canada in 1858,

Janie Crawford, fictional character, the spirited protagonist of Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale

Joan Crawford was an American motion-picture actress who made her initial impact as a vivacious Jazz Age flapper but later matured into a star of psychological melodramas. She developed a glamorous screen image, appearing often as a sumptuously gowned, fur-draped, successful career woman. Crawford

The Knack…and How to Get It: …the film, Colin (played by Michael Crawford), a shy teacher, begs his housemate Tolen (Ray Brooks), who has the knack of bedding any woman he wants, to give him advice on how to do the same. Conflict arises when Colin finally meets his dream girl, Nancy (Rita Tushingham), whom his…

Ruth Crawford Seeger was a U.S. composer. She studied piano as a child and was self-taught as a composer until she entered the American Conservatory. After early works influenced by Alexander Scriabin, she wrote several astonishing serial pieces, including her String Quartet (1931). She married the

Thomas Crawford was a Neoclassical sculptor best known for his colossal Statue of Freedom, which was posthumously cast and hoisted atop the dome of the Capitol in Washington, D.C., amid great festivities in 1863. Crawford studied drawing at the National Academy of Design and trained as a

Beau Geste: Susan Hayward, and Broderick Crawford.

William H. Crawford was an American political leader of the early U.S. republic; he finished third in electoral votes in the four-candidate race for president in 1824. After living in Virginia and South Carolina, the Crawford family moved to Georgia, where William attended Moses Waddel’s Carmel

William H. Crawford was an American political leader of the early U.S. republic; he finished third in electoral votes in the four-candidate race for president in 1824. After living in Virginia and South Carolina, the Crawford family moved to Georgia, where William attended Moses Waddel’s Carmel

Crawfordsville, city, seat (1823) of Montgomery county, west-central Indiana, U.S., on Sugar Creek, 46 miles (74 km) northwest of Indianapolis. Founded in 1823, it was named for Colonel William Crawford, an Indian fighter and popular politician who served (1815–25) in the cabinets of Presidents

John Crawfurd was a Scottish Orientalist and East India Company employee who successfully combined scholarship and diplomatic abilities. Trained as a doctor in Edinburgh, Crawfurd was first appointed, at age 20, to the North-West Provinces of India. He was transferred in 1808 to Penang (Pinang),

Gertrude Ederle: …leading exponent of the eight-beat crawl (eight kicks for each full arm stroke) and between 1921 and 1925 held 29 national and world amateur swimming records. In 1922 she broke seven records in a single afternoon at Brighton Beach, New York. At the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris she was…