Zheng Chenggong was a pirate leader of Ming forces against the Manchu conquerors of China, best known for establishing Chinese control over Taiwan. Zheng Chenggong was born in a small Japanese coastal town to a Japanese mother and a Chinese father, Zheng Zhilong, a maritime adventurer who made a

Purus River, river that rises in several headwaters in southern Ucayali department, Peru. It flows in a generally northeasterly direction through the rainforests of Peru and Acre state, Brazil. Entering Amazonas state, Brazil, the Purus meanders sluggishly northward, eastward, and northeastward to

John Gould: …by his wife, the former Elizabeth Coxon, whose artistic talents were to enhance many of his works until her death in 1841. The five-volume Birds of Europe (1832–37) and Monograph of the Ramphastidae (Toucans) (1834) were so successful that the Goulds were able to spend two years (1838–40) in Australia,…

muscle disease: Inflammatory myopathies: …which is caused by the Coxsackie virus. Affected persons recover completely after a brief period of intense muscular pain and fever.

rowing: History: …pairs, there is also a coxswain, who sits at the stern, steers, calls the stroke, and generally directs the strategy of the race. Rowing events in the Olympic Games have been held for men since 1900 and for women since 1976.

Chosen Women: …by a high priestess, the Coya Pasca, a noblewoman who was believed to be the earthly consort of the sun god. The Virgins, not of noble birth, were village girls selected by officials for their beauty and talent; they were chosen at the age of 8 or 10 and shut…

Pijao, Indian people of the southern highlands of Colombia. By the mid-20th century the Pijao were thought to be extinct; however, in the 1990s, having made a successful argument for “cultural reignition,” they were officially recognized by the Colombian government as an indigenous people.

coydog, hybrid of the domestic dog with the coyote

Coyoacán, delegación (administrative subdivision), central Federal District, central Mexico. It is a large residential area south of central Mexico City, on the La Magdalena River (now channeled underground). Coyoacán was built on the site of a pre-Columbian settlement from which the Spanish

COYOTE, a prostitutes’ rights organization founded in San Francisco in 1973 by ex-prostitute Margo St. James. As part of a shift in the thinking surrounding sex work during the early 1970s, organizations such as COYOTE formed to advocate for prostitutes’ rights and to give voice to the prostitute’s

Coyote, in the mythology and folklore of the North American Plains, California, and Southwest Indians, the chief animal of the age before humans. Coyote’s exploits as a creator, lover, magician, glutton, and trickster are celebrated in a vast number of oral tales (see trickster tale). He was

coyote, (Canis latrans), New World member of the dog family (Canidae) that is smaller and more lightly built than the wolf (Canis lupus). The coyote, whose name is derived from the Aztec coyotl, is found from Alaska southward into Central America but especially on the Great Plains. Historically,

Fremont: Coyote Hills Regional Park, a 1,000-acre (400-hectare) wildlife sanctuary, contains ancient Indian shell mounds and a restored Indian village. Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge is adjacent. Inc. 1956. Pop. (2010) 214,089; Oakland-Fremont-Hayward Metro Division, 2,559,296; San Francisco–Oakland–Fremont Metro Area, 4,335,391; (2020) 230,504;…

Tyra Banks: Television shows: …expand her career, appearing in Coyote Ugly (2000), a rowdy coming-of-age feature film, and releasing a music single, “Shake Ya Body” (2004), which garnered little attention.

coyotillo, (Karwinskia humboldtiana), woody shrub of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) that is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It grows about 1–7 m (3–23 feet) tall and has opposite, oval leaves 2.5–7.5 cm (1–3 inches) long. The small, greenish flowers, which grow in

Antoine Coypel was a French painter who was an important influence in encouraging the Baroque style in French art. Coypel was an artistic prodigy. At the age of 11 he went to Rome with his father, Noël Coypel, who was appointed director of the French Academy there. After three years in Rome,

Charles-Antoine Coypel was a French painter and engraver whose major achievements were in teaching and in the administration at the Royal Academy, where he served as director with zeal and distinction. Coypel’s first teacher was his father, Antoine, whose somewhat stiff artistic style he

Noël Coypel was a French Baroque historical painter who was the founding member of a dynasty of painters and designers employed by the French court during the late 17th and 18th centuries. Made an academician in 1663, Coypel served as director of the French Academy in Rome from 1672 to 1676, and in

nutria, (Myocastor coypus), a large amphibious South American rodent with webbed hind feet. The nutria has a robust body, short limbs, small eyes and ears, long whiskers, and a cylindrical, scaly tail. It can weigh up to 17 kg (37.5 pounds), although 5 to 10 kg is usual; the body measures up to 70

Antoine Coysevox was a French sculptor known for his decorative work at the palace of Versailles and for his portrait busts, which introduced a trend toward the sharpened depiction of individual character. Of Spanish descent, Coysevox became a sculptor to King Louis XIV in 1666 and by 1679 was

Volcher Coiter was a physician who established the study of comparative osteology and first described cerebrospinal meningitis. Through a grant from Groningen, he studied in Italy and France and was a pupil of Fallopius, Eustachius, Arantius, and Rondelet. He became city physician of Nürnberg

Alexander Cozens was a Russian-born British draftsman and painter who, along with his son John Robert Cozens, was one of the leading watercolourists of the 18th century. Son of Richard Cozens, shipbuilder to the tsar of Russia, Alexander settled in England after visiting Rome in 1746 and became a

John Robert Cozens was a British draftsman and painter whose watercolours influenced several generations of British landscape painters. The son of the watercolourist Alexander Cozens, John began to exhibit drawings with the Society of Artists in 1767. The two long visits he paid to the Continent,

Cottian Alps, segment of the Western Alps extending along the French-Italian border between Maddalena Pass and the Maritime Alps (south) and Mont Cenis and the Graian Alps (north). Mount Viso (12,602 feet [3,841 m]) is the highest point. The western spurs are known as the Dauphiné Alps. The main

Cozumel, island in the Caribbean Sea, about 10 miles (16 km) off the eastern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, in Quintana Roo estado (state), southeastern Mexico. Measuring about 29 miles (46 km) from northeast to southwest and averaging 9 miles (14 km) in width, it is the largest of Mexico’s

James Gould Cozzens was an American novelist, whose writings dealt with life in middle-class America. Cozzens grew up on Staten Island, N.Y., graduated from the Kent (Conn.) School (1922), and attended Harvard University for two years. In a year of teaching in Cuba he accumulated background

Cozzi porcelain, soft-paste porcelain made in Venice by Geminiano Cozzi from about 1764 to 1812. Cozzi products, often freely adapted versions of Meissen porcelain, consisted mainly of figures, vases, and tablewares with Rococo decoration that was frequently distinguished by an imaginative

Cozzi porcelain: …porcelain made in Venice by Geminiano Cozzi from about 1764 to 1812. Cozzi products, often freely adapted versions of Meissen porcelain, consisted mainly of figures, vases, and tablewares with Rococo decoration that was frequently distinguished by an imaginative interpretation wholly Italian in style. Rich colours, including red, bluish purple, and…

Conservative Party of Canada, conservative Canadian political party. The party was formed in 2003 by the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party. The idea for a merger of Canada’s main conservative parties arose in the 1990s when national support for the Progressive

organometallic compound: Defining characteristics: …elaborate organic groups include the cyclopentadienyl group, C5H5, in which all five carbon atoms can form bonds with the metal atom. The term metallic is interpreted broadly in this context; thus, when organic groups are attached to the metalloids such as boron (B), silicon (Si),

Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd. (CP), privately owned company that operates one of Canada’s two transcontinental railroad systems. The company was established to complete a transcontinental railroad that the government had begun under the agreement by which British Columbia entered the confederation

polar air mass, air mass that forms over land or water in the higher latitudes. See air mass;

copernicium (Cn), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 112. In 1996 scientists at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung [GSI]) in Darmstadt, Ger., announced the production of atoms of copernicium from fusing zinc-70 with lead-208. The

polar air mass, air mass that forms over land or water in the higher latitudes. See air mass;

CP violation, in particle physics, violation of the combined conservation laws associated with charge conjugation (C) and parity (P) by the weak force, which is responsible for reactions such as the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. Charge conjugation is a mathematical operation that transforms a

Ukraine: Political process: …party in Ukraine was the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU), which was a branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Major legislation approved by the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet originated in, or was approved by, the CPU. A change to the Ukrainian constitution in October 1990 allowed nascent political…

nuclear reactor: The first atomic piles: His reactor, later called Chicago Pile No. 1 (CP-1), was made of pure graphite in which uranium metal slugs were loaded toward the centre with uranium oxide lumps around the edges. This device had no cooling system, as it was expected to be operated for purely experimental purposes at…

computer: From Star Trek to Microsoft: …developed an operating system called CP/M.

Chris Paul is an American professional basketball player who became one of the premier stars of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the early 21st century. Paul’s career single-handedly gives the lie to one of basketball’s enduring myths: the pure point guard. Supposedly, the pure point is

critical path analysis (CPA), technique for controlling and coordinating the various activities necessary in completing a major project. It utilizes a chart that consists essentially of a series of circles, each of which represents a particular part of a project, and lines representing the

Iraq: Post-9/11 tension and the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq: …an entity known as the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), which was headed by a senior American diplomat, assumed the governance of Iraq. An Iraqi governing council appointed by the CPA had limited powers. The primary goal of the CPA was to maintain security and rebuild Iraq’s badly damaged and deteriorated…

South Sudan: …little success until the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), which ended warfare and generated an outline of new measures to share power, distribute wealth, and provide security in Sudan. Significantly, it also granted southern Sudan semiautonomous status and stipulated that a referendum on independence for the region would be held…

accounting: Disclosure and auditing requirements: …who bear the title of certified public accountant (CPA) in the United States and chartered accountant (CA) in the United Kingdom and many other countries with British-based accounting traditions. Their primary task is to investigate the company’s accounting data and methods carefully enough to permit them to give their opinion…

Young Americans for Freedom: …Conservative Union to create the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), an annual event that later developed into one of the largest meetings of conservatives in the United States. YAF’s influence was perhaps greatest in 1980, when it supported Ronald Reagan—who had joined the group’s National Advisory Board in 1962—in his…

sleep apnea: Treatment typically involves continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), which uses a mask (facial or nasal) during sleep to blow air into the upper airway. Although CPAP does not treat the condition itself, which can be resolved only by weight loss or treatment of underlying conditions, it does prevent…

National Public Radio: …Public Broadcasting Act created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), which in 1970 established NPR to provide programming to the nation’s noncommercial and educational radio stations, most of them situated at the low end of the FM radio dial. NPR broadcast its first program—live coverage of U.S. Senate deliberations on…

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), political party of China. Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the CCP has been in sole control of that country’s government. The CCP was founded as both a political party and a revolutionary movement in 1921 by revolutionaries such as Li

Mauricio Macri: …Macri founded the political party Commitment for Change (CPC), which provided the foundation for the successor party, Republican Proposal (PRO). Under his leadership, over the next dozen years, PRO was transformed into Argentina’s first new nationally viable and competitive political party in more than 60 years.

Patricio Aylwin: …became the spokesperson for the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia; CPD). The CPD was a grouping of political parties created in February 1988, originally under the name Command for No (Comando por el No). After the resounding “no” vote that paved the way…

Cape Photographic Durchmusterung (CPD), star catalog listing 454,875 stars of the 11th magnitude or brighter between 18° south declination and the south celestial pole. The CPD was a southern-sky supplement to the Bonner Durchmusterung. The photographic plates required were made between 1885 and

Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), U.S. organization established in 1987 that has sponsored U.S. general election presidential debates since 1988. The stated mission of the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) is In 1987 the chairmen of the Republican and Democratic national committees,

heredity: Extranuclear DNA: Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) contains genes that are involved with aspects of photosynthesis and with components of the special protein-synthesizing apparatus that is active within the organelle. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contains some of the genes that participate in the conversion of the energy of chemical bonds into the…

cytopathic effect (CPE), structural changes in a host cell resulting from viral infection. CPE occurs when the infecting virus causes lysis (dissolution) of the host cell or when the cell dies without lysis because of its inability to

Deborah Meier: …director of the highly regarded Central Park East (CPE) primary school network, based in the East Harlem section of New York City, Meier gained a reputation as an innovator of small schools that forged creative collaborations between educators and the communities in which the classrooms were based. The CPE schools…

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), massive bilateral project to improve infrastructure within Pakistan for better trade with China and to further integrate the countries of South Asia. It is part of the larger Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to improve connectivity, trade, communication, and

epigenomics: Research tools of epigenomics: …before guanine residues, in so-called CpG (cytosine-phosphate-guanine) dinucleotide pairs. This phenomenon appears to be explained by the fact that the enzymes in vertebrates believed to add methyl groups to cytosines recognize CpG dinucleotide pairs almost exclusively. In embryonic stem cells, however, 25 percent of methylcytosines are not in CpG dinucleotides;…

corruption perceptions index (CPI), measure that rates countries on the basis of their perceived level of corruption, on a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 10 (clean). The CPI was created and used by Transparency International, an international nongovernmental organization established in 1993 with

consumer price index, measure of living costs based on changes in retail prices. Such indexes are generally based on a survey of a sample of the population in question to determine which goods and services compose the typical “market basket.” These goods and services are then priced periodically,

personality assessment: Comparison of the MMPI and CPI: The California Psychological Inventory (CPI), for example, is keyed for several personality variables that include sociability, self-control, flexibility, and tolerance. Unlike the MMPI, it was developed specifically for use with “normal” groups of people. Whereas the judgments of experts (usually psychiatric workers) were used in categorizing…

Communist Party of India (CPI), national political party in India whose headquarters are in New Delhi. Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy became head of the CPI in 2012, following his election as general secretary. According to the CPI’s official history, the party was founded in late 1925 in Kanpur (now in

Communist Party of India: …the CPI and form the Communist Party of India (Marxist), or CPI(M). The split weakened the CPI considerably at the national level. The CPI(M) surpassed the CPI’s seat total in the Lok Sabha in 1971 and consistently won two or more times as many seats as the CPI in subsequent…

illicit antiquities: International responses: legislation is the 1983 Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (CCPIA, or CPIA), which allows the U.S. government to respond to requests from other states party to the UNESCO convention to impose import restrictions on certain classes of archaeological or ethnographic material. Import restrictions apply even if material is…

Kyrgyzstan: Political process: During the Soviet period, the Communist Party of Kirgiziya (CPK), a branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), determined the makeup of the government and dominated the political process. The CPK transformed itself into the People’s Democratic Party during the Soviet Union’s collapse and declined in influence…

critical path analysis (CPA), technique for controlling and coordinating the various activities necessary in completing a major project. It utilizes a chart that consists essentially of a series of circles, each of which represents a particular part of a project, and lines representing the

Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), Nepalese Maoist political party that led a successful campaign to overthrow Nepal’s monarchy and replace it with a democratically elected government. The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), or CPN (M), was founded by Pushpa Kamal Dahal—also known as

Nepal: Constitutional monarchy: …205 seats), but the moderate Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)—CPN (UML)—with 69 seats, emerged as a strong opposition party. The two “Pancha” parties usually associated with the old system won only four seats. The elections were thus perceived to constitute a strong endorsement of the 1990 political changes, and…

Battle of Wake Island: …consortium of civilian firms called Contractors Pacific Naval Air Bases (CPNAB) began construction of military facilities on the atoll. By December CPNAB had more than 1,100 construction workers toiling on Wake, but they did not complete their work before the outbreak of war between Japan and the United States. A…

Kwame Nkrumah: Early years: …in June 1949 the new Convention Peoples’ Party (CPP), a mass-based party that was committed to a program of immediate self-government. In January 1950, Nkrumah initiated a campaign of “positive action,” involving nonviolent protests, strikes, and noncooperation with the British colonial authorities.

Cambodia: The 1990s: The incumbent Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) and the former prime minister, Hun Sen, refused to accept the results of the election. In a deal brokered by Prince Sihanouk and approved by the UN, the victorious royalists, led by Sihanouk’s son, Prince Norodom Ranariddh, agreed to form a…

Alex Boncayao Brigade: …on the orders of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Marxist-Leninist (CPP-ML) during the 1980s.

Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition: …decision that provisions of the Child Pornography Prevention Act (CPPA) of 1996 were vague and overly broad and thus violated the free-speech protection contained in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The act specifically proscribed computer-generated or -altered depictions of minors engaging in explicit sexual conduct (so-called “virtual” child…

arthritis: Crystalloid arthritis: Pseudogout is caused by rhomboid-shaped calcium pyrophosphate crystals deposition (CPPD) into the joint space, which leads to symptoms that closely resemble gout. Typically occurring in one or two joints, such as the knee, ankles, wrists, or shoulders, pseudogout can last between one day and four weeks and is self-limiting in…

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), emergency procedure for providing artificial respiration and blood circulation when normal breathing and circulation have stopped, usually as a result of trauma such as heart attack or near drowning. CPR buys time for the trauma victim by supplying

Romania: Political process: Before the 1989 revolution, the Communist Party of Romania was enshrined as the only legal political party and the leading force in Romanian society. The 1991 constitution replaced single-party rule with a democratic and pluralist system, but former communists have maintained prominence in politics through the formation of such parties…

cardiopulmonary resuscitation: …may be summarized as the ABCs of CPR—A referring to airway, B to breathing, and C to circulation.

regulatory agency: …Health Administration (OSHA; 1971), the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC; 1972), the Federal Election Commission (FEC; 1975), the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC; 1975), and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB; 2010).

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the major political party of Russia and the Soviet Union from the Russian Revolution of October 1917 to 1991. (Read Leon Trotsky’s 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.) The Communist Party of the Soviet Union arose from the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social

Paraguay: Labour and taxation: …large government-recognized trade union, the Confederation of Paraguayan Workers (Confederación Paraguaya de Trabajadores; CPT). After Stroessner’s fall, a number of independent union groupings emerged, most notably the Unified Workers Central (Central Unitaria de Trabajadores; CUT). About one-eighth of workers are members of Paraguay’s more than 1,500 labour unions.

CP violation: …a quantitative theory establishing combined CP as a symmetry of nature. Physicists reasoned that if CP were invariant, time reversal T would have to remain so as well. But further experiments, carried out in 1964 by a team led by the American physicists James W. Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch,…

CP violation: …a quantitative theory establishing combined CP as a symmetry of nature. Physicists reasoned that if CP were invariant, time reversal T would have to remain so as well. But further experiments, carried out in 1964 by a team led by the American physicists James W. Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch,…

central processing unit (CPU), principal part of any digital computer system, generally composed of the main memory, control unit, and arithmetic-logic unit. It constitutes the physical heart of the entire computer system; to it is linked various peripheral equipment, including input/output devices

Uzbekistan: Russian and Soviet rule: …authority was held by the Communist Party of Uzbekistan (CPUz), the republic’s branch of the central Communist Party. The core membership of the CPUz, and for decades its majority, consisted of Slavs and others from outside Central Asia who made all important local decisions except those reserved to the Soviet…

Ukraine: Political process: …party in Ukraine was the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU), which was a branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Major legislation approved by the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet originated in, or was approved by, the CPU. A change to the Ukrainian constitution in October 1990 allowed nascent political…

Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), left-wing political party in the United States that was, from its founding in 1919 until the latter part of the 1950s, one of the country’s most important leftist organizations. Its membership reached its peak of 85,000 in 1942, just as

Uzbekistan: Russian and Soviet rule: …authority was held by the Communist Party of Uzbekistan (CPUz), the republic’s branch of the central Communist Party. The core membership of the CPUz, and for decades its majority, consisted of Slavs and others from outside Central Asia who made all important local decisions except those reserved to the Soviet…

Battle of the Chosin Reservoir: Crossing into North Korea: …after considerable debate, ordered the Chinese People’s Volunteers Force (CPVF), under the command of General Peng Dehuai, to move against the Eighth Army, whose lead elements had advanced beyond P’yŏngyang and were marching along two separate routes toward the border with China at the Yalu River.

Slobodan Milošević: …Montenegrin parents and joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (from 1963 the League of Communists of Yugoslavia [LCY]) when he was 18 years old. He graduated from the University of Belgrade with a law degree in 1964 and began a career in business administration, eventually becoming head of the state-owned…

Congressional Quarterly (CQ), group of periodicals published in Washington, D.C., reporting the activities and politics of the U.S. Congress. It was established in 1945 by Henrietta and Nelson Poynter, editor and publisher of the St. Petersburg, Fla., Times. Over the next decade the original

chromium (Cr), chemical element of Group 6 (VIb) of the periodic table, a hard steel-gray metal that takes a high polish and is used in alloys to increase strength and corrosion resistance. Chromium was discovered (1797) by the French chemist Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin and isolated as the metal a year

critically endangered species, an endangered species that faces an extremely high risk of extinction in wild habitats, as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is one of the most well-known objective assessment systems for

conditioning: …hearing this sound is the conditioned response (CR). The strength of conditioning is measured in terms of the number of drops of saliva the dog secretes during test trials in which food powder is omitted after the bell has rung. The dog’s original response of salivation upon the introduction of…

neoprene (CR), synthetic rubber produced by the polymerization (or linking together of single molecules into giant, multiple-unit molecules) of chloroprene. A good general-purpose rubber, neoprene is valued for its high tensile strength, resilience, oil and flame resistance, and resistance to

crab, any short-tailed member of the crustacean order Decapoda (phylum Arthropoda)—especially the brachyurans (infraorder Brachyura), or true crabs, but also other forms such as the anomurans (suborder Anomura), which include the hermit crabs. Decapods occur in all oceans, in fresh water, and on

crabapple, any of several small trees of the genus Malus, in the rose family (Rosaceae). Crabapples are native to North America and Asia. They are widely grown for their attractive growth habit, spring flower display, and decorative fruits. The fruits are much smaller and more tart than the common

Cancer, in astronomy, zodiacal constellation lying in the northern sky between Leo and Gemini, at about 8 hours 25 minutes right ascension and 20° north declination. It contains the well-known star cluster called Praesepe, or the Beehive. Its brighest star, Al Tarf (Arabic for “the end” [of one of

crabapple, any of several small trees of the genus Malus, in the rose family (Rosaceae). Crabapples are native to North America and Asia. They are widely grown for their attractive growth habit, spring flower display, and decorative fruits. The fruits are much smaller and more tart than the common

Christmas cactus: …Thanksgiving, or crab, cactus (Schlumbergera truncata, formerly Epiphyllum truncatum) and S. russelliana. Like other Schlumbergera species, it is native to Brazil, where it grows as an epiphyte in rainforests, mainly on trees or shrubs but sometimes in shady places among rocks. The alternative genus name, Zygocactus, is frequently encountered.

pubic louse, (Phthirus pubis), sucking louse in the human louse family, Pediculidae (suborder Anoplura, order Phthiraptera), that is found principally at the pubic and perianal areas, occasionally on the hairs of the thighs and abdomen, and rarely on other hairy regions of the human body. It is

Crab Nebula, (catalog numbers NGC 1952 and M1), probably the most intensely studied bright nebula, in the constellation Taurus, about 6,500 light-years from Earth. Roughly 10 light-years in diameter, it is assumed to be the remnant of a supernova (violently exploding star) observed by Chinese and

crab plover, (species Dromas ardeola), long-legged, black and white bird of Indian Ocean coasts, related to plovers and allied species of shorebirds. It comprises the family Dromadidae (order Charadriiformes). Crab plovers are tame, noisy birds about 40 cm (16 inches) long. They flock on beaches